scholarly journals Explaining the Evolution of Educational Attainment in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Castro ◽  
Daniele Coen-Pirani
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Education Quality ◽  
College Graduation ◽  
Heterogeneous Learning ◽  
Over Time

We study the evolution of educational attainment of the 1932–1972 cohorts using a human capital investment model with heterogeneous learning ability. Inter-cohort variation in schooling is driven by changes in skill prices, tuition, and education quality over time, and average learning ability across cohorts. Under static expectations the model accounts for the main empirical patterns. Rising skill prices for college explain the rapid increase in college graduation until the 1948 cohort. The decline in average learning ability, calibrated to match the evolution of test scores, explains half of the stagnation in college graduation between the 1948 and 1972 cohorts. (JEL I23, I24, I26, J24, J31, N32)

Solar Renewable Energy Credit Price Volatility and Investment Returns: Have Policies Stranded Capital Investment?

Commonwealth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Youssefi ◽  
Patrick L. Gurian
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Investment Returns

Pennsylvania is one of a number of U.S. states that provide incentives for the generation of electricity by solar energy through Solar Renewal Energy Credits (SRECs). This article develops a return on investment model for solar energy generation in the PJM (mid-­Atlantic) region of the United States. Model results indicate that SREC values of roughly $150 are needed for residential scale systems to break even over a 25-­year project period at 3% interest. Market prices for SRECs in Pennsylvania have been well below this range from late 2011 through the first half of 2016, indicating that previous capital investments in solar generation have been stranded as a result of steep declines in the value of SRECs. A simple conceptual supply and demand model is developed to explain the sharp decline in market prices for SRECs. Also discussed is a possible policy remedy that would add unsold SRECs in a given year to the SREC quota for the subsequent year.

Attitudes, Beliefs, Intentions, and Metaphors Over Time and in Place

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-156
Author(s):  
Michael J. Camasso ◽  
Radha Jagannathan
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Human Capital Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Generational Effects ◽  
Individual Achievement ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 6 provides the results from the descriptive and multivariate analyses of family member responses to attitude and belief questions regarding trust, redistributive justice, human capital investment, centrality of work, intentions to work, risk-taking, cooperative attitudes/intentions, and individual achievement. The importance of metaphorical meaning is also addressed. Employing ordinary least squares, binomial, and multinomial logit regressions, the authors find that trust, risk-taking, cooperative attitudes, and individual achievement are consequential in distinguishing families in Sweden, Italy, the United States, and India. They also find strong generational effects with millennials expressing significantly different attitudes and beliefs than those of their grandparents on redistributive justice, human capital investment, the centrality of work, risk-taking, and individual achievement. They find little evidence to support the utility of cultural metaphors, as defined by Gannon and associates, as an emic device to capture cultural value orientation.

scholarly journals Diminished Health Returns of Educational Attainment Among Immigrant Adults in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Sharon Cobb ◽  
Adolfo G. Cuevas ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Graduation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Objectives: Marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker health effects of educational attainment for socially marginalized groups compared to the socially privileged groups. Most of the existing literature on MDRs, however, has focused on marginalization due to race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Thus, very limited information exists on MDRs of educational attainment among immigrant populations in the United States.Aims: Building on the MDRs framework and using a nationally representative sample of US adults, we compared immigrant and native-born adults for the effects of educational attainment on psychological distress, self-rated health (SRH), and chronic diseases (CDs).Methods: The 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) has enrolled 33,672 individuals who were either immigrant (n = 6,225; 18.5%) or native born (n = 27,429; 81.5%). The independent variable (IV) was educational attainment, which was treated as a categorical variable. The dependent variables included psychological distress, SRH, and CDs, all of which were dichotomous variables. Age, gender, race, ethnicity, and region were confounders. Immigration (nativity status) was the moderator.Results: Higher educational attainment was associated with lower odds of psychological distress, poor SRH, and CDs. However, immigration showed a significant statistical interaction with college graduation on all outcomes, which were suggestive of smaller protective effects of college graduation on psychological distress, poor SRH, and CDs for immigrant than native-born adults.Conclusions: In the US, the associations between educational attainment and psychological distress, SRH, and CDs are all weaker for immigrant than native-born adults. To prevent health disparities, it is essential to decompose health inequalities that are due to low educational attainment from those that are due to diminished returns of educational attainment (i.e., MDRs). There is a need to help highly educated immigrant adults secure positive health outcomes, similar to their native-born counterparts. Such changes may require bold and innovative economic, public, and social policies that help immigrant adults to more effectively mobilize their educational attainment to secure tangible outcomes. Elimination of health disparities in the US requires efforts that go beyond equalizing access to education.

An Analysis of Fraudulent Qui Tam Actions Over Time in the United States

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Fitzner ◽  
Charlie Bennett ◽  
June McKoy ◽  
Cara Tigue
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Over Time

Top 100 most-cited articles on medical imaging applications of artificial intelligence: a bibliometric analysis (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Ziyan Yu ◽  
Shuolan Jing ◽  
Honghu Jiang ◽  
Chunxia Wang
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Medical Physics ◽  
Medical Image Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Independent Learning ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Core Technology

BACKGROUND Artificial intelligence (AI) has penetrated into almost every aspect of our lives and is rapidly changing our way of life. Recently, the new generation of AI taking machine learning and particularly deep convolutional neural network theories as the core technology, has stronger learning ability and independent learning evolution ability, combined with a large amount of learning data, breaks through the bottleneck limit of model accuracy, and makes the model efficient use. OBJECTIVE To identify the 100 most cited papers in artificial intelligence in medical imaging, we performed a comprehensive bibliometric analysis basing on the literature search on Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). METHODS The 100 top-cited articles published in “AI, Medical imaging” journals were identified using the Science Citation Index Database. The articles were further reviewed, and basic information was collected, including the number of citations, journals, authors, publication year, and field of study. RESULTS The highly cited articles in AI were cited between 72 and 1,554 times. The majority of them were published in three major journals: IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, Medical Image Analysis and Medical Physics. The publication year ranged from 2002 to 2019, with 66% published in a three-year period (2016 to 2018). Publications from the United States (56%) were the most heavily cited, followed by those from China (15%) and Netherlands (10%). Radboud University Nijmegen from Netherlands, Harvard Medical School in USA, and The Chinese University of Hong Kong in China produced the highest number of publications (n=6). Computer science (42%), clinical medicine (35%), and engineering (8%) were the most common fields of study. CONCLUSIONS Citation analysis in the field of artificial intelligence in medical imaging reveals interesting information about the topics and trends negotiated by researchers and elucidates which characteristics are required for a paper to attain a “classic” status. Clinical science articles published in highimpact specialized journals are most likely to be cited in the field of artificial intelligence in medical imaging.

Forecasting Interconnections in International Housing Markets: Evidence from the Dynamic Model Averaging Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-103
Author(s):  
Hardik A. Marfatia
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Model Averaging ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Dynamic Model Averaging ◽  
Over Time

In this paper, I undertake a novel approach to uncover the forecasting interconnections in the international housing markets. Using a dynamic model averaging framework that allows both the coefficients and the entire forecasting model to dynamically change over time, I uncover the intertwined forecasting relationships in 23 leading international housing markets. The evidence suggests significant forecasting interconnections in these markets. However, no country holds a constant forecasting advantage, including the United States and the United Kingdom, although the U.S. housing market's predictive power has increased over time. Evidence also suggests that allowing the forecasting model to change is more important than allowing the coefficients to change over time.

Voting Together

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Wong
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Saint Paul ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Skills ◽  
Identity Narratives ◽  
Hmong Americans ◽  
Hmong American

This book examines the political experience of the Hmong Americans immigrants, who first came to the United States as refugees of Vietnam War. In growing numbers, candidates of Hmong American ethnicity have competed successfully in elections to win seats in local and state legislative bodies in California, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. At the same time, average levels of Hmong American educational attainment still lag far behind levels in the U.S. population and high rates of poverty persist. Their relatively high levels of political engagement defy the logic of resource-based theories of voting, which explain a greater propensity of some individuals to vote resources available to them, such as higher levels of educational attainment or income compared to others Intergenerational mechanisms of social voting underlie political participation of Hmong Americans. Individuals are mobilized to vote through intergenerational social connections already established in associational, neighborhood, ethnic community, family, and clan networks. Identity narratives adapted to modern-day circumstances and popular notions from ancient oral texts serve to motivate collective action to redress of disparities of economic opportunity and cultural misrecognition. Only when local institutions effectively teach civic and political skills to immigrants and their descendants can political participation be sustained and deepened to combine voting with effective policy advocacy, the building of alliances across racial-ethnic divides, and collective action. The research included interviews of community leaders and grassroots residents from diverse backgrounds, primarily in three cities: Fresno, California; Saint Paul, Minnesota; and Hickory, North Carolina.

The New Economic Populism and the Future of Inequality in the United States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Franko ◽  
Christopher Witko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
The Face ◽  
Over Time

The authors conclude the book by recapping their arguments and empirical results, and discussing the possibilities for the “new economic populism” to promote egalitarian economic outcomes in the face of continuing gridlock and the dominance of Washington, DC’s policymaking institutions by business and the wealthy, and a conservative Republican Party. Many states are actually addressing inequality now, and these policies are working. Admittedly, many states also continue to embrace the policies that have contributed to growing inequality, such as tax cuts for the wealthy or attempting to weaken labor unions. But as the public grows more concerned about inequality, the authors argue, policies that help to address these income disparities will become more popular, and policies that exacerbate inequality will become less so. Over time, if history is a guide, more egalitarian policies will spread across the states, and ultimately to the federal government.

Biopsychosocial Patterning of Multimorbidity and Its Consequences

2018 ◽  
pp. 220-236
Author(s):  
Elliot Friedman ◽  
Beth LeBreton ◽  
Lindsay Fuzzell ◽  
Elizabeth Wehrpsann
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronic Medical Conditions ◽  
Quality Of Life Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Over Time

By many estimates the majority of adults over age 65 have two or more chronic medical conditions (multimorbidity) and are consequently at increased risk of adverse functional outcomes. Nonetheless, many older adults with multimorbidity are able to maintain high levels of function and retain good quality of life. Research presented here is designed to understand the influences that help ensure better functional outcomes in these older adults. This chapter presents findings that draw on data from the Midlife in the United States study. The independent and interactive contributions of diverse factors to multimorbidity and changes in multimorbidity over time are reviewed. The degree that multimorbidity increases risk of cognitive impairment and disability is examined. The role of inflammation as a mediator is considered. Multimorbidity is increasingly the norm for older adults, so better understanding of factors contributing to variability in multimorbidity-related outcomes can lead to improved quality of life.

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