scholarly journals Measuring the Macroeconomic Impact of Carbon Taxes

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Gilbert E. Metcalf ◽  
James H. Stock
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Macroeconomic Impact ◽  
The Impact

Policymakers often express concern about the impact of carbon taxes on employment or GDP. Using a new dataset on carbon tax rates, we estimate the macroeconomic impacts of these taxes on GDP and employment growth rates for various specifications and samples. Our point estimates suggest a zero to modest positive impact on GDP and total employment growth rates. More importantly, we find no robust evidence of a negative effect of the tax on employment or GDP growth. For the European experience at least, we find no support for the view that carbon taxes are job or growth killers.

Factors of Macroeconomic Dynamics in the Transition to the Information Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Леонид Басовский ◽  
Leonid Basovskiy ◽  
Елена Басовская ◽  
Elena Basovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

The study was made of the relationship between GDP growth rates and individual components of its final use by combining factor analysis using the principal component method and regression analysis. The period from 1955 to 1980 was studied using data on the average annual growth rate of components over fiveyear periods in the countries of the non-socialist world. The growth rates of the various components of the use of GDP at different stages as the fourth technical and economic structure of the fourth dominates and the development of crisis phenomena in the economy has had a variable impact on economic growth. During the crisis period, the impact of the growth of all components of using GDP on economic growth has dropped sharply. The greatest role in this period was played by the growth of current expenditures of the state. Comparison of the structure of the use of GDP using factor analysis by the method of principal components was carried out by the average annual values for the period from 1950 to 1980. As the development crisis approaches, as the models show, the influence of factors of the structure of using GDP on economic growth decreases. During the entire period, high levels of government spending had a negative effect on economic growth. The impact of exports and imports was positive for the entire period studied. Overcoming the crisis in the economies of developed countries led to a transition to a positive impact of investment on economic growth.

Evaluating the Impact of Carbon Taxes on the Optimal Design of Distributed Energy Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 2420-2424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhou ◽  
Pei Liu ◽  
Jian Yun Zhang ◽  
Zheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Model ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Optimal Configuration ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Distributed Energy System ◽  
The Impact

Distributed energy systems can play an essential role in providing energy with substantial environmental and other benefits. This paper presents a multi-objective optimization model for the planning of distributed energy systems, aiming at simultaneous minimization of the total annual cost and greenhouse gas emissions. The impact of carbon tax rates on the optimal configuration and performance of a distributed energy system is evaluated based on the optimization model. A review of international policies on carbon taxes is performed for estimation of future carbon tax rates in China. Results show that the potential carbon tax in the future may not have significant impacts on the optimal configuration of a distributed energy system.

The Impact of Employee Empathy on Brand Trust in Organizational Complaint Response Emails: A Closer Look at Linguistic Realization

2021 ◽  
pp. 232948842110323
Author(s):  
Rebecca Van Herck ◽  
Sofie Decock ◽  
Bernard De Clerck ◽  
Liselot Hudders
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Brand Trust ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Customer Complaints ◽  
Moderation Effects ◽  
Complaint Handling ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Handling Quality ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the effect of linguistic realizations of employee empathy (LREE) on brand trust in email responses to customer complaints. We explore possible mediating effects of perceived empathy and perceived complaint handling quality and we look into moderation effects of compensation (Study 1) or customer’s acceptance of blame (Study 2). Our aim is to find out if LREE have a negative or positive impact on the customer in cases of partial refunds, either because LREE are being perceived as insincere or as genuine expressions of concern. The results of two experiments show that LREE positively influence brand trust through higher perceived empathy and perceived complaint handling quality. However, the expected negative effect is not found, as LREE are more effective in a low versus high compensation condition. The effectiveness itself is not influenced by the acceptance of blame when a partial refund is offered.

Every coin has two sides: the impact of time pressure on employees’ knowledge hiding

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianchun Zhang ◽  
Zhu Yao ◽  
Wan Qunchao ◽  
Fu-Sheng Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Knowledge ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Knowledge Hiding ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Time pressure is the most common kind of work pressure that employees face in the workplace; the existing research results on the effect of time pressure are highly controversial (positive, negative, inverted U-shaped). Especially in the era of knowledge economy, there remains a research gap in the impact of time pressure on individual knowledge hiding. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of different time pressure (challenge and hindrance) on knowledge hiding and to explain why there is controversy about the effect of time pressure in the academics. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected two waves of data and surveyed 341 R&D employees in China. Moreover, they used regression analysis, bootstrapping and Johnson–Neyman statistical technique to verify research hypotheses. Findings The results show that challenge time pressure (CTP) has a significant negative effect on knowledge hiding, whereas hindrance time pressure (HTP) has a significant positive effect on knowledge hiding; job security mediates the relationship between time pressure and knowledge hiding; temporal leadership strengthen the positive impact of CTP on job security; temporal leadership can mitigate the negative impact of HTP on job security. Originality/value The findings not only respond to the academic debate about the effect of time pressure and point out the reasons for the controversy but also enhance the scholars’ attention and understanding of the internal mechanism between time pressure and knowledge hiding.

scholarly journals Impact of unemployment and income on entrepreneurship in post-apartheid South Africa: 1994–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darma Mahadea ◽  
Irrshad Kaseeram
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
National Development ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Background: South Africa has made significant progress since the dawn of democracy in 1994. It registered positive economic growth rates and its real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita increased from R42 849 in 1994 to over R56 000 in 2015. However, employment growth lagged behind GDP growth, resulting in rising unemployment. Aim and setting: Entrepreneurship brings together labour and capital in generating income, output and employment. According to South Africa’s National Development Plan, employment growth would come mainly from small-firm entrepreneurship and economic growth. Accordingly, this article investigates the impact unemployment and per capita income have on early stage total entrepreneurship activity (TEA) in South Africa, using data covering the 1994–2015 period. Methods: The methodology used is the dynamic least squares regression. The article tests the assertion that economic growth, proxied by real per capita GDP income, promotes entrepreneurship and that high unemployment forces necessity entrepreneurship. Results: The regression results indicate that per capita real GDP, which increases with economic growth, has a highly significant, positive impact on entrepreneurial activity, while unemployment has a weaker effect. A 1% rise in real per capita GDP results in a 0.16% rise in TEA entrepreneurship, and a 1% rise in unemployment is associated with a 0.25% rise in TEA. Conclusion: There seems to be a strong pull factor, from income growth to entrepreneurship and a reasonable push from unemployment to entrepreneurship, as individuals without employment are forced to self-employment as a necessity, survival mechanism. Overall, a long-run co-integrating relationship seems plausible between unemployment, income and entrepreneurship in South Africa.

scholarly journals FNGOs and financial inclusion: Investigating the impact of microcredit on employment growth in Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Yawo Atiase ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Samia Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Employment Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
The Impact

Financial non-governmental organizations (FNGOs) are regulated microfinance institutions that operate with a social welfare logic in the delivery of microcredit to the financially excluded in Ghana. The microcredit is aimed at supporting the financially excluded individuals to create sustainable micro and small enterprises (MSEs) for the generation of both skilled and unskilled employment. From the institutional theory perspective, this study aims at investigating the impact of microcredit provided by FNGOs on employment growth among MSEs in Ghana. The major contribution of this study is the fact that, there is a little study on FNGOs and their impact on employment growth in the Ghanaian context. Therefore, this is one of the few studies that highlights the role of FNGOs in promoting financial inclusion through the provision of microcredit for employment generation purposes. Through a multiple regression analysis, the study uses primary data collected from 506 MSEs in Ghana. The results show that microcredit which is flexible in repayment mode, accessible and adequate has a positive impact on employment generation among MSEs in Ghana. However, the current cost of microcredit in Ghana has a negative impact on employment growth among MSEs.

scholarly journals Does Customer Demotion Jeopardize Loyalty?

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tillmann Wagner ◽  
Thorsten Hennig-Thurau ◽  
Thomas Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Loyalty Programs ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Loyalty Intentions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scenario Study

Hierarchical loyalty programs award elevated customer status (e.g., “elite membership”) to consumers who meet a predefined spending level. However, if a customer subsequently falls short of the required spending level, firms commonly revoke that status. The authors investigate the impact of such customer demotion on loyalty intentions toward the firm. Building on prospect theory and emotions theory, the authors hypothesize that changes in customer status have an asymmetric negative effect, such that the negative impact of customer demotion is stronger than the positive impact of status increases. An experimental scenario study provides evidence that loyalty intentions are indeed lower for demoted customers than for those who have never been awarded a preferred status, meaning that hierarchical loyalty programs can drive otherwise loyal customers away from a firm. A field study using proprietary sales data from a different industry context demonstrates the robustness of the negative impact of customer demotion. The authors test the extent to which design variables of hierarchical loyalty programs may attenuate the negative consequences of status demotions with a second experimental scenario study and present an analytical model that links status demotion to customer equity to aid managerial decision making.

scholarly journals Phosphorus and Zinc Fertilization Influence Crop Growth Rates and Total Biomass of Coarse vs. Fine Types Rice Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1356
Author(s):  
Amanullah ◽  
Inamullah ◽  
Jawaher Alkahtani ◽  
Mohamed Soliman Elshikh ◽  
Mona S. Alwahibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
The Impact

Under the rice–wheat cropping system (RWS), the continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility, and reduce crop growth and total rice biomass. In RWS, both phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are considered important nutritional constraints for reducing rice crop growth rates (CGR) and total biomass/biological yield (BY). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120 kg P ha−1) and zinc rates (0, 5, 10, 15 kg Zn ha−1) on CGR and BY of three rice genotypes [fine (Bamati-385) versus coarse (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj)] in Northwestern Pakistan during summer 2011 (Y1) and 2012 (Y2). The results revealed that higher CGR at various growth stages and total BY was obtained with the integrated use of higher phosphorus (80 and 120 kg P ha−1) and zinc rates (10 and 15 kg Zn ha−1). The lower CGR and BY were recorded when P and Zn were not applied (control) or when P and Zn were applied alone. In the case of rice genotypes, the highest CGR and BY were recorded for the hybrid rice (Pukhraj) than the other two genotypes. The CGR was increased to the highest level at the heading stage as compared to tillering and physiological maturity. The increase in CGR had a positive impact on the total BY of rice cultivars. The increase in BY had a positive relationship with grain yield and grower’s income. It was concluded from the study that the combined application of higher P and Zn rates to the coarse rice genotypes (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj) could increase CGR, total BY, crop productivity and profitability.

Investigation of the lake-effect on the local thunderstorm activity around the Lake Fertő, Hungary

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayane Karapetyan ◽  
Veronika Barta
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Thunderstorm Activity ◽  
Lightning Activity ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

<p>Natural and artificial lakes are able to change the climate of their surroundings. These modifications are collectively known as lake effects and range from microscale to synoptic scale. The presence of the lake can cause negative effect on the local thunderstorm activity in summertime decreasing the convection and precipitation over lakes due to the greater stability created by the lower atmosphere and the colder surfaces of the lake [1, 2]. However, it also can have a positive impact on thundercloud generation when the temperature difference between air in 850 mb height and near earth's surface is more than 13 C causing instability in the atmosphere [3].</p><p> </p><p>The main objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of Lake Fertő (Neusiedler See, located in Hungary and Austria) on local thunderstorm activity by applying statistical analysis on meteorological and lightning data and event studies. Data of the Blitzortung lightning location network, local meteorological data (temperature, precipitation) measured at stations around the lake, water temperature measured at Fertőrákos and temperature measured at 850 mb in Vienna station were used for the analysis. The local thunderstorm activity was investigated during summertime (May - September) in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Lightning distribution maps above and around the lake for the investigated period have been determined based on the Blitzortung data.</p><p> </p><p>According to the lightning distribution maps we can not observe any positive impact of the lake on the lightning activity when water temperature was higher than the air temperature around the lake. Furthermore, we can not conclude that there is a clear negative effect of the lake on the lightning activity based on the lightning distribution maps when the air temperature is higher than the water temperature. Nevertheless, there are some months when it seems a clear border between the lightning activity measured above the lake and at the coast (e. g. in June and July 2015, June 2016). The negative effect also seems to appear in some cases of the investigated local individual thunderstorms, namely the thunderstorm activity is larger above the surrounding surface than directly above the lake. This seems to strengthen the hypothesis that "Deep convection is not often formed in summer above the lakes, and existing storms dissipate significantly when moving above the lakes due to the greater stability created by the lower atmosphere and the colder surfaces of the lake" [1].</p><p> </p><p>[1] Lyons, W. A., Some effects of Lake Michigan upon sqall lines and summertime convention. Proc. 9th Conf. Great Lakes Research, Great Lakes Res. Div. Publ. No. 15, University of Michigan, 259–273, 1966</p><p>[2] Scott, R. W., & Huff, F. A. . Impacts of the Great Lakes on Regional Climate Conditions. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 22(4), 845–863., 1996</p><p>[3] Wilson, J. W. : Effect of Lake Ontario on precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev. 105, 207–214., 1977</p>

scholarly journals Sectoral Responses, Macroeconomic Impact and Household Welfare: GST Policy for Malaysia Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
Juliana Mohd Abdul Kadir ◽  
Mohamed Aslam Gulam Hassan ◽  
Zarinah Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Household Welfare ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Macroeconomic Impact ◽  
The Impact

Goods and services tax (GST) has been a controversial topic in Malaysia when it was first implemented. This study examines the impact of the GST on the Malaysian economy from three major perspectives. First, it investigates the consequent changes in sectoral responses, including output and prices for 15 main sectors. Second, the study presents the results of GST impact on seven macroeconomic variables, namely, consumption, investment, government revenue, government expenditure, export, import, and gross domestic product. Third, the results of household welfare are discussed. A computable general equilibrium model is utilized to simulate GST impact on the Malaysian economy, and a simple comparative static model is performed. The results prove that the higher the GST rate, the higher is the impact on each sector. The sectors most affected by GST are communication and ICT, and the electricity and gas sectors. By contrast, agriculture, forestry and logging, and the petroleum and natural gas sectors are the least affected. Consumption and investment receive the largest negative effect, whereas government revenue and expenditure show the largest positive effect. The study likewise finds that by lowering GST rate, the welfare loss was minimized and the higher-income groups were affected more than the lower-income groups.

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