The Common Application and Student Choice

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 460-464
Author(s):  
Brian Knight ◽  
Nathan Schiff
Keyword(s):  
Student Choice ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
First Choice ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Application ◽  
Over Time

We study the effects of the Common Application (CA) platform, which allows students to submit a single application to multiple institutions, on student choice. Using individual-level data from freshman surveys over the period 1982-2014, we develop two proxies for student choice, one based upon the number of applications submitted and another based upon students attending non-first-choice institutions. Using these proxies, we first document sharp increases in student choice over time. Linking these outcomes to the timing of CA membership, we provide evidence of a link between CA entry and increased student choice.

scholarly journals The Economic Pay-Offs to Informal Training: Evidence from Routine Service Work

ILR Review ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangmin Liu ◽  
Rosemary Batt
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Supervisor Training ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Telephone Operators ◽  
Productivity Gains ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Informal Training

This study examines the relationship between informal training and job performance among 2,803 telephone operators in a large unionized U.S. telecommunications company. The authors analyze individual-level data on monthly training hours and job performance over a five-month period in 2001 as provided by the company's electronic monitoring system. The results indicate that the receipt of informal training was associated with higher productivity over time, when unobserved individual heterogeneity is taken into account. Workers with lower pre-training proficiency showed greater improvements over time than did those with higher pre-training proficiency. Finally, whether the trainer was a supervisor or a peer also mattered: workers with below-average pre-training proficiency achieved greater productivity gains through supervisor training, while workers with average pre-training proficiency achieved greater productivity gains through peer training.

scholarly journals Enriching Meta-Analytic Models of Summary Data: A Thought Experiment and Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blakeley B. McShane ◽  
Ulf Böckenholt
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Analytic Models ◽  
Summary Data

Meta-analysis typically involves the analysis of summary data (e.g., means, standard deviations, and sample sizes) from a set of studies via a statistical model that is a special case of a hierarchical (or multilevel) model. Unfortunately, the common summary-data approach to meta-analysis used in psychological research is often employed in settings where the complexity of the data warrants alternative approaches. In this article, we propose a thought experiment that can lead meta-analysts to move away from the common summary-data approach to meta-analysis and toward richer and more appropriate summary-data approaches when the complexity of the data warrants it. Specifically, we propose that it can be extremely fruitful for meta-analysts to act as if they possess the individual-level data from the studies and consider what model specifications they might fit even when they possess only summary data. This thought experiment is justified because (a) the analysis of the individual-level data from the studies via a hierarchical model is considered the “gold standard” for meta-analysis and (b) for a wide variety of cases common in meta-analysis, the summary-data and individual-level-data approaches are, by a principle known as statistical sufficiency, equivalent when the underlying models are appropriately specified. We illustrate the value of our thought experiment via a case study that evolves across five parts that cover a wide variety of data settings common in meta-analysis.

Inflation, Unemployment and Canadian Federal Voting Behaviour

1988 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Archer ◽  
Marquis Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIdentifying the effect of macro-economic performance on levels of partisan support in Canada has attracted considerable attention. Findings in Canada, as elsewhere, often diverge depending upon whether aggregate or individual-level data are used. This study employs individual-level data from 1974 to 1984 to examine the effect of changes in unemployment and inflation on support for the various parties. Controlling for partisan and leader effects, we find that the electoral effect of inflation and unemployment is highly variable over time, and is in an unstable partisan direction. Indeed, at times the partisan effect was perverse.

The Contrasting Effects of Education on Fertility over Time Casalguidi, 1819–1960

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Matteo Manfredini ◽  
Marco Breschi ◽  
Alessio Fornasin
Keyword(s):  
Birth Control ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Reproductive Behaviors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Transitional Phase ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Education has been frequently claimed to shape demographic outcomes. Mortality, fertility, and nuptiality have all been attested to be affected to some extent by education attainment. This article investigates the effects of education on fertility over time in a rural Italian community once controlled for potential confounders. Using individual-level data drawn from various sources, the study analyzes the role of education in shaping reproductive behaviors not only during the demographic transition (1890–1960) but also in the pretransitional period (1819–59). The results highlight the contrasting effects of literacy on fertility, which passed from a positive association in the ancien régime to a negative one in the transitional phase. Educated couples were therefore forerunners in the process of fertility decline because they were not only in the position to be the most pressed to control reproduction but also because they were likely aware of reproductive mechanisms, had the knowledge of more effective birth-control methods, had the economic possibility to get them, and had the necessary capacity to use them.

The impact of mass-level ideological orientations on immigration policy preferences over time

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-291
Author(s):  
Jens Peter Frølund Thomsen ◽  
Arzoo Rafiqi
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mass Level ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper introduces a dynamic perspective on how (personal) political ideology shapes reactions to immigration policies at the mass level. Greater ethnic diversity and growing calls for multiculturalism represent a disproportionately greater challenge to rightists because they value conformity, tradition, and stability more than leftists. Consequently, we hypothesize that the impact of political ideology on opposition to immigration has become stronger over time. Analyses show that: (a) leftists were less opposed to immigration than rightists in both 2002 and 2014, and (b) rightists have become more opposed to immigration in the time between 2002 and 2014, whereas leftists’ reactions remained stable across this period. We tested our motivated reasoning hypothesis in a repeated cross-sectional (fixed effects regression) analysis of individual-level data from 18 countries (N = 55,367). The individual-level data on political ideology and immigration policy preferences is from the European Social Survey data sets fielded in 2002 and 2014.

scholarly journals The Widening Socio-Economic Gap in UK Higher Education

2004 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 75-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Galindo-Rueda ◽  
Oscar Marcenaro-Gutierrez ◽  
Anna Vignoles
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Education System ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Tuition Fees ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Uk Higher Education ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This paper provides up-to-date empirical evidence on the socio-economic gap in higher education (HE) participation, for the period spanning the introduction of tuition fees. We assess whether the gap has widened and ask whether the socio-economic gap emerges on entry into university or much earlier in the education system. We do this in two ways. Firstly we consider the likelihood of going to university for school leavers in poor neighbourhoods and analyse changes in this likelihood over time. Secondly, we use more detailed individual level data to model the determinants of HE participation, focusing on changes in the relationship between family background and HE participation over time. We find that the growth in HE participation amongst poorer students has been remarkably high, mainly because it was starting from such a low base. However, the gap between rich and poor, in terms of HE participation, has widened during the 1990s. Children from poor neighbourhoods have become relatively less likely to participate in HE since 1994/5, as compared to children from richer neighbourhoods. This trend started before the introduction of tuition fees. Much of the class difference in HE participation seems to reflect inequalities at earlier stages of the education system.

scholarly journals Approximating instantaneous vaccine efficacy from cumulative vaccine efficacy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin van Zandvoort ◽  
Andrew Clark ◽  
Mark Jit ◽  
Stefan Flasche
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Vaccine Protection ◽  
Survival Analyses ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Over Time

AbstractFew methods exist to estimate vaccine efficacy and its decay following immunisation. Existing methods are largely based on survival analyses such as Poisson or Cox-regression, applied to individual-level data from randomised placebo-controlled trials (RCTs), however, such are often not easily available for analysing pooling evidence across trials. Hence, cumulative vaccine efficacy (VE), the commonly reported endpoint, is implicitly assumed a reasonable proxy for the instantaneous vaccine efficacy (iVE). This assumption is violated if the relative risk (RR) of vaccinated vs unvaccinated is not constant over time, i.e. if vaccine efficacy changes after immunisation. We propose a method to overcome this issue. We use estimates of VE stratified by time since completed immunisation, and estimate time-dependent iVE. We validate the method against simulated data for two forms of vaccine protection: all-or-nothing protection and leaky protection. We illustrate how VE estimates are biased by time-dependent effects in the baseline force of infection and in iVE. Our proposed method improves upon available iVE estimation techniques, particularly if the vaccine induced leaky-like protection and the disease outcome is rare.

Meta-analyses in environmental and occupational health

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 443-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P A Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Consultancy Firm ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Over Time

ObjectivesMeta-analyses are considered generally as the highest level of evidence, but concerns have been voiced about their massive, low-quality production. This paper aimed to evaluate the landscape of meta-analyses in the field of occupational and environmental health and medicine.MethodsUsing relevant search terms, all meta-analyses were searched for, but those published in 2015 were assessed for their origin, whether they included randomised trials and individual-level data and whether they had authors from the industry or consultancy firms.ResultsPubMed searches (last update February 2017) identified 1251 eligible meta-analyses in this field. There was a rapid increase over time (n=16 published in 1995 vs n=163 published in 2015). Of the 163 eligible meta-analyses published in 2015, 49 were from China, followed at a distance by the USA (n=19). Only 16 considered randomised (intervention) trials and 13 included individual-level data. Only 1 of the 150 meta-analyses had industry authors and none had consultancy firm authors. As an example of conflicting findings, 12 overlapping meta-analyses addressed mobile phones and brain cancer risk and they differed substantially in number of studies included, eligibility criteria and conclusions.ConclusionsThere has been a major increase in the publication of meta-analyses in occupational and environmental health over time, with the majority of these studies focusing on observational data, while a commendable fraction used individual-level data. Authorship is still limited largely to academic and non-profit authors. With massive production of meta-analyses, redundancy needs to be anticipated and efforts should be made to safeguard quality and protect from bias.

Dynamics of the Inner Elite in Dictatorships: Evidence from North Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paasha Mahdavi ◽  
John Ishiyama
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Science Inquiry ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Web Scraping ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Over Time

How does the circle of inner elites evolve over time in dictatorships? We draw on theories of authoritarian power-sharing to shed light on the evolution of politics in North Korea. Given challenges in collecting individual-level data in this context, we employ web-scraping techniques that capture inspection visits by the dictator as reported by state-run media to assemble network data on elite public co-occurrences. We test the durability of this network since Kim Jong-un's rise to power in December 2011 to find suggestive evidence of elite purging. Our findings contribute to the broader literature on authoritarian elite dynamics and to subnational studies on power-sharing in communist states. Importantly, our approach helps bring the study of North Korean politics more firmly in the mainstream of political science inquiry.

scholarly journals Race and the Ideological Transformation of the Democratic Party: Evidence from the Bayou State

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Hood
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
The South ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Ideological Transformation ◽  
Over Time

There is little doubt that the Democratic Party in the South has become decidedly more liberal over the last several decades. Not as much is known, however, about the extent of this ideological shift (measured in some quantifiable metric), nor the exact causes of this phenomenon. Many have credited the noted ideological sea change with the en masse re-enfranchisement of blacks in the region. In order to test the validity of this claim, aggregate-level data from Louisiana were combined with individual-level survey data to create an ideological profile for the Democratic Party in the Bayou State. Decomposing the transformation by racial groups leads to a counterintuitive finding: over time, blacks have actually served as a moderating force within the party structure. In addition, the white contingent of the Democratic Party has become increasingly more liberal as the proportion of blacks within the party structure has increased.

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