The Price of Gasoline and New Vehicle Fuel Economy: Evidence from Monthly Sales Data

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Klier ◽  
Joshua Linn
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
Gasoline Price ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Gasoline Tax ◽  
Model Year ◽  
Identification Strategy ◽  
Unique Dataset

This paper uses a unique dataset of monthly new vehicle sales by detailed model from 1978 to 2007, and implements a new identification strategy to estimate the effect of the price of gasoline on individual vehicle model sales. We control for unobserved vehicle and consumer characteristics by using within model year changes in the price of gasoline and sales. We find a significant sales response, suggesting that the gasoline price increase from 2002 to 2007 explains nearly half of the decline in market share of US manufacturers. On the other hand, an increase in the gasoline tax would only modestly raise average fuel economy. (JEL H25, L11, L62, L71)

Industry Specialization by Auditors

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris E. Hogan ◽  
Debra C. Jeter
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Scale Economies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industry Specialization ◽  
Audit Market ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Regulated Industries ◽  
Concentration Levels ◽  
Over Time

Dramatic changes in recent years in the audit market suggest the timeliness of an investigation of trends in auditor concentration and an extension of prior research (e.g., Danos and Eichenseher 1982). In recent press, large audit firms have claimed that specialization is a goal of increasing importance. Peat Marwick, for example, has restructured along industry lines, claiming to be recruiting professionals for national teams of multidisciplinary experts organized to “focus on the same industry to serve clients optimally.” On the other hand, litigation concerns might prompt auditors to diversify their risks by diversifying their clientele. In this study, we examine trends in industry specialization from 1976 to 1993 and the industry factors which may affect specialization; whether market share increases are greater for audit firms classified as specialists; and whether the nation's largest audit firms have increased their market share in the industries which they have identified as their focus industries. We find evidence that concentration levels have increased over this period, consistent with the claims of the large audit firms. We find that auditor concentration levels are higher in regulated industries, in more concentrated industries and in industries experiencing rapid growth, but lower in industries with a high risk of litigation. Levels of concentration have increased over time in nonregulated industries providing evidence that scale economies or superior efficiencies of heavy-involvement auditors are not limited to regulated industries but extend to nonregulated industries as well. We also find that for the audit firms classified as market leaders at the beginning of the year, market share has increased over time, whereas market share has declined for firms with a smaller share at the beginning of the year. This suggests that there are returns to investing in specialization.

scholarly journals The Effects of Losing a Business Group Affiliation

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 3036-3074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borja Larrain ◽  
Giorgo Sertsios ◽  
Francisco Urzúa I
Keyword(s):  
Business Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Affiliation ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Capital Misallocation ◽  
Editorial Decision ◽  
Business Group Affiliation ◽  
Industry Peers ◽  
Published Paper ◽  
Identification Strategy

Abstract We propose a novel identification strategy for estimating the effects of business group affiliation. We study two-firm business groups, some of which split up during the sample period, leaving some firms as stand-alone firms. We instrument for stand-alone status using shocks to the industry of the other group firm. We find that firms that become stand-alone reduce leverage and investment. Consistent with collateral cross-pledging, the effects are more pronounced when the other firm had high tangibility. Consistent with capital misallocation in groups, the reduction in leverage is stronger in firms that had low (high) profitability (leverage) relative to industry peers. Received July 3, 2017; editorial decision April 7, 2018 by Editor Wei Jiang. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.

Positive motivation to harm

2018 ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
Anthony Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Market Share ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Responsibility ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Structural Deficit ◽  
Status Recognition ◽  
Positive Motivation

This chapter offers evidence to suggest that harm is not something done to precarious workers by social forces and structural deficit but also something inflicted upon each other. The culture of targets and competitive individualism creates the conditions for conflict between managers, co-workers and customers, all of whom seek some degree of status, recognition or security from the infliction of harm on others. Evidence shows managers targeting employees, the emergence of cliques, often management led, which inflict harm on those outside the group, customers willing to belittle, infantilise and abuse employees, and co-workers seeking competitive advantage at the expense of others. This positive motivation to harm reflects the absence of an ethical responsibility for the other and, in some cases, represents the emergence of a subjectivity imbued with the ‘special liberty’ to act as one pleases in order to maximise market share and opportunities within a culture of competition and individual advantage.

Study of the Fuel Consumption of ECMS Applied to a HEV

2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 2173-2178
Author(s):  
Ping Sun ◽  
Xiu Min Yu ◽  
Wei Dong ◽  
Ling He
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Analytical Formulation ◽  
Multiple Power

Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is integrated with the engine, the motor and the battery and so on. HEV has a significantly better fuel efficiency compared with conventional vehicles due to its multiple power sources. To evaluate fuel economy, HEV and its subsystem modeling methodologies were provided through the analysis of energy flow. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) was built based on the prototype. The ECMS implementation analytical formulation was developed. The equivalency factor, one for charging and the other for discharging, each of them was different during a driving cycle. In a certain drive, only a subset of them generates a trend close to zero, which indicates charge-sustainability.

Vehicle Model Year and Crash Outcomes: A CIREN Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 560-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel E. Ryb ◽  
Patricia C. Dischinger ◽  
Shiu Ho
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Model ◽  
Model Year

scholarly journals Gasoline Taxes and Consumer Behavior

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanjun Li ◽  
Joshua Linn ◽  
Erich Muehlegger
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Prices ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Gasoline Price ◽  
Consumer Responses ◽  
Gasoline Tax ◽  
Retail Gasoline ◽  
Gasoline Taxes ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
Automobile Use ◽  
Robust Evidence

Gasoline taxes can be employed to correct externalities from automobile use and to raise government revenue. Our understanding of the optimal gasoline tax and the efficacy of existing taxes is largely based on empirical analysis of consumer responses to gasoline price changes. In this paper, we examine directly how gasoline taxes affect gasoline consumption as distinct from tax-inclusive retail gasoline prices. We find robust evidence that consumers respond more strongly to gasoline tax changes under a variety of model specifications. We discuss two potential reasons for our main findings as well as their implications. (JEL D12, H21, H25, H31, L71, Q35)

Emissions From Heavy-Duty Trucks Converted to CNG

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Fritz ◽  
R. I. Egbuonu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Chassis Dynamometer ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Energy Equivalent ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Gas Fuel ◽  
Model Year

Emissions are reported for four heavy-duty trucks, which were converted to operate on compressed natural gas fuel. Two 1988 model year Ford F700 Series trucks equipped with 7.0 L gasoline engines and two 1986 model year GMC trucks equipped with DDC 8.2 L diesel engines were tested on a heavy-duty chassis dynamometer in a baseline condition and again after conversion to natural gas. The vehicles were tested over the EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule for Heavy-Duty Vehicles and at no-load curb idle. Regulated emissions of NOx, CO, HC, and diesel particulate, along with nonmethane hydrocarbons, are reported in grams/mile. Fuel economy is reported in energy-equivalent miles per gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel.

Fuel Efficiency Comparison Between a Conventional and a Hybrid Vehicle Using a Model Based on MATLAB/Simulink and ADAMS

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian S. Fan ◽  
Amir Khajepour ◽  
Mehrdad Kazerani
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Hybrid Vehicle ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Simulation Platform ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Matlab Simulink ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Fuel Economy Improvement

Recent development of hybrid vehicles in the automotive industry has demonstrated the capability of reducing fuel consumption while maintaining vehicle performance. The purpose of this paper is to present a hybrid vehicle model created in MATLAB and ADAMS, and its fuel economy improvement over a conventional vehicle system. The hybrid vehicle model discussed in this paper utilizes the Honda IMA (Integrated Motor Assist) architecture. The powertrain components’ power output calculation and the control logic were modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, while the mechanical inertial components were modeled in ADAMS. Communication between MATLAB and ADAMS was established by ADAMS/Controls. The vehicle model created using MATLAB and ADAMS provides a more accurate, more realistic, and a highly flexible simulation platform. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the MATLAB/ADAMS hybrid vehicle model, simulation results were compared to the published data of ADVISOR. Fuel economy of hybrid and conventional vehicle models were compared using the EPA New York City Cycle (NYCC) and the Highway Fuel Economy Cycle (HWFET). The hybrid vehicle demonstrated 8.9% and 14.3% fuel economy improvement over the conventional vehicle model for the NYCC and HWFET drive cycles, respectively. The MATLAB/ADAMS vehicle model presented in this paper, demonstrated the fuel economy advantage of the hybrid vehicle over the conventional vehicle model, while offering a simulation platform that is modular, flexible, and can be conveniently modified to create different types of vehicle models.

scholarly journals Advertising, Market Share, And Profitability In The Greek Consumer Industry

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Ventoura–Neokosmidi
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Firm Profitability ◽  
Fast Moving Consumer Goods ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Section Analysis

An empirical investigation of the relationship between advertising to sales ratio, market share and firm profitability was carried out. Cross section analysis was used over 36 companies that produce fast moving consumer goods, for the year 2002. This paper finds that market share has a positive impact on firm profitability. In contrast to our expectation, the influence of market share is greater than that of advertising to sales ratio. To further examine the contribution of each explanatory variable after the other has been included in the model, the partial F?test was used. The obtained results verify the cross section analysis results.

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