scholarly journals Do Physicians Respond to the Costs and Cost-Sensitivity of Their Patients?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Carrera ◽  
Dana P. Goldman ◽  
Geoffrey Joyce ◽  
Neeraj Sood
Keyword(s):  
Price Change ◽  
Fortune 500 ◽  
Price Sensitivity ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Cost Of Drugs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time

We use individual level data on purchases of cholesterol-lowering drugs to study the responses of physicians and patients to variation in the cost of drugs. In a sample of first-time statin prescriptions to employees from 12 Fortune 500 firms, we find that co-pay variation across plans has a small effect on the choice of drug, and this effect does not vary with patient income. After the highly publicized patent expiration of Zocor, however, prescriptions for this drug increased substantially, especially for lower income patients. Our analysis suggests that physicians can perceive the price sensitivity of their patients and adjust their initial prescriptions accordingly, but only in response to a large and universal price change. (JEL D14, G22, I11, I13, L65)

scholarly journals Automation, Occupational Earnings Trends, and the Moderating Role of Organized Labor

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Parolin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Union Coverage ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Earnings Trends ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Routine-biased technological change has emerged as the dominant explanation for the differential earnings growth of occupations at greater risk of automation, such as machine operators or office clerks, relative to less routine occupations. In contrast, this paper finds that the declining earnings returns to an occupation’s routine task intensity (RTI) can largely be attributed to the decline of organized labor. Using individual-level data on 3.3 million employed adults across the United States from 1983 to 2017, this paper finds that organized labor has two countervailing effects on occupations at greater risk of automation. First, higher union coverage within a state and industry inhibits the decline in earnings returns to an occupation’s RTI. Second, higher union coverage hastens the decline in employment shares of occupations with higher RTI. The result is that occupations at greater risk of automation experience more favorable earnings growth where unions are more resilient, but at the cost of accelerated declines in their employment shares. Counterfactual analyses demonstrate that if union coverage in the United States had remained stable at 1983 levels, the earnings returns to an occupation’s RTI might not have declined from 1983 to 2017, and the observed pattern of occupational earnings polarization in the 1990s might not have occurred. However, the mean RTI of occupations might have declined by an additional 21 percent from 1983 to 2017 relative to the observed decline. The findings suggest that the social consequences of automation are conditional on the strength of organized labor.

Support for radical left parties in Western Europe: social background, ideology and political orientations

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ramiro
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
First Time ◽  
Radical Left

Radical left parties (RLP) have been significant actors in many Western European party systems since the expansion of mass democracy. In some cases, they have been very relevant forces in terms of popular support. Despite this fact, they have not received a great deal of attention in past decades from a comparative perspective. Through examination of the role of an important set of factors, this article provides, for the first time, a cross-national empirical account of the variation in voting for RLPs across Western Europe, based on individual-level data. It evaluates the effect of key socio-demographic and attitudinal individual-level variables on the RLP vote. The findings point to the continuing relevance of some social and political factors traditionally associated with votes for RLPs, and to the relevance of attitudinal variables.

scholarly journals Low-Information Voting: Evidence From Instant-Runoff Elections

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1012-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Michael Alvarez ◽  
Thad E. Hall ◽  
Ines Levin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Rank Ordering ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Voter Decision Making ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
Runoff Elections

How do voters make decisions in low-information contests? Although some research has looked at low-information voter decision making, scant research has focused on data from actual ballots cast in low-information elections. We focus on three 2008 Pierce County (Washington) Instant-Runoff Voting (IRV) elections. Using individual-level ballot image data, we evaluate the structure of individual rankings for specific contests to determine whether partisan cues underlying partisan rankings are correlated with choices made in nonpartisan races. This is the first time that individual-level data from real elections have been used to evaluate the role of partisan cues in nonpartisan races. We find that, in partisan contests, voters make avid use of partisan cues in constructing their preference rankings, rank-ordering candidates based on the correspondence between voters’ own partisan preferences and candidates’ reported partisan affiliation. However, in nonpartisan contests where candidates have no explicit partisan affiliation, voters rely on cues other than partisanship to develop complete candidate rankings.

scholarly journals Fintech Borrowers: Lax Screening or Cream-Skimming?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Di Maggio ◽  
Vincent Yao
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Personal Credit ◽  
Hard Information ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Cream Skimming ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Unique Individual

Abstract We study the personal credit market using unique individual-level data covering fintech and traditional lenders. We show that fintech lenders acquire market share by lending first to higher-risk borrowers and then to safer borrowers, and rely mainly on hard information to make credit decisions. Fintech borrowers are significantly more likely to default than neighbor individuals with the same characteristics borrowing from traditional financial institutions. Furthermore, they tend to experience a short-lived reduction in the cost of credit, because their indebtedness increases more than non-fintech borrowers after loan origination. However, fintech lenders’ pricing strategies are likely to take this into account.

scholarly journals Do You Want Sustainable Olympics? Environment, Disaster, Gender, and the 2020 Tokyo Olympics

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12879
Author(s):  
Eiji Yamamura
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Great East Japan Earthquake ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Sustainable Society ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Cost

The slogans of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics were “symbol of resilience from the Great East Japan Earthquake” and “Compact Olympics”. The Olympics were also expected to demonstrate “gender equality” and to enhance sustainability in modern society. However, in practice, the cost of the Tokyo Olympics 2020 was far greater than estimated. The slogan was changed to “symbol of overcoming COVID-19” although in reality, infection spread dramatically during the games. Overall, the 2020 Tokyo Olympics did not turn out as expected or meet the expectations of the populace. Using individual-level data, we tested how and to what extent Japanese proponents of a sustainable society supported the compact Olympics announced in 2016. The key findings are: (1) most people support policies for environmental protection, gender equality, and disaster prevention and (2) they would have wished to reduce public expenditure for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Further examination with a questionnaire yielded similar results for the male but not for the female sample.

What Affects Invalid Voting? A Review and Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Kouba ◽  
Jakub Lysek
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Quality Of Democracy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Compulsory Voting ◽  
Level Data ◽  
First Time

Research on invalid voting has expanded rapidly over the past few years. This review article for the first time examines its principal findings and provides a new theoretical perspective on the origins of invalid votes based on a two-dimensional framework. The main results of 54 studies using both individual-level and aggregate-level data as well as the results of experimental and qualitative studies are analysed. The meta-analysis of all existing aggregate-level studies finds that compulsory voting, quality of democracy, fragmentation and closeness of the electoral race play important roles in explaining invalid voting. On the other hand, the research is accompanied by many theoretical and empirical contradictions that hamper the accumulation of knowledge in this field. We therefore conclude by suggesting the challenges for future research.

scholarly journals Automation, Occupational Earnings Trends, and the Moderating Role of Organized Labor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Parolin
Keyword(s):  
Social Consequences ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Union Coverage ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Machine Operators ◽  
Earnings Trends ◽  
The Cost

Routine-biased technological change has emerged as the dominant explanation for the differential earnings growth of occupations at greater risk of automation, such as machine operators or office clerks, relative to less routine occupations. In contrast, this paper finds that the declining earnings returns to an occupation’s routine task intensity (RTI) can largely be attributed to the decline of organized labor. Using individual-level data on 3.3 million employed adults across the 50 United States from 1983-2017, this paper finds that organized labor has two countervailing effects on occupations at greater risk of automation. First, higher union coverage within a state and industry inhibits the decline in earnings returns to an occupation’s RTI. Second, higher union coverage hastens the decline in employment shares of occupations with higher RTI. The result is that occupations at greater risk of automation experience more favorable earnings growth where unions are more resilient, but at the cost of accelerated declines in their employment shares. Counterfactual analyses demonstrate that if union coverage in the U.S. had remained stable at 1983 levels, the earnings returns to an occupation’s RTI might not have declined from 1983-2017, and the observed pattern of occupational earnings polarization in the 1990s might not have occurred. However, the mean RTI of occupations might have declined by an additional 21 percent from 1983-2017 relative to the observed decline. The findings suggest that the social consequences of automation are conditional on the strength of organized labor.

An Evaluation of Provincial Macroeconomic Performance in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
Hoi Le Quoc ◽  
Nam Pham Xuan ◽  
Tuan Nguyen Anh
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Macroeconomic Performance ◽  
Economic Development Strategy ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Development Objectives ◽  
First Time

The study was targeted at developing a methodology for constructing a macroeconomic performance index at a provincial level for the first time in Vietnam based on 4 groups of measurements: (i) Economic indicators; (ii) oriented economic indicators; (iii) socio-economic indicators; and (iv) economic - social – institutional indicators. Applying the methodology to the 2011 - 2015 empirical data of all provinces in Vietnam, the research shows that the socio-economic development strategy implemented by those provinces did not provide balanced outcomes between growth and social objectives, sustainability and inclusiveness. Many provinces focused on economic growth at the cost of structural change, equality and institutional transformation. In contrast, many provinces were successful in improving equality but not growth. Those facts threaten the long-term development objectives of the provinces.

scholarly journals Autism Tsunami: the Impact of Rising Prevalence on the Societal Cost of Autism in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Blaxill ◽  
Toby Rogers ◽  
Cynthia Nevison
Keyword(s):  
Forecast Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Cost Categories ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe cost of ASD in the U.S. is estimated using a forecast model that for the first time accounts for the true historical increase in ASD. Model inputs include ASD prevalence, census population projections, six cost categories, ten age brackets, inflation projections, and three future prevalence scenarios. Future ASD costs increase dramatically: total base-case costs of $223 (175–271) billion/year are estimated in 2020; $589 billion/year in 2030, $1.36 trillion/year in 2040, and $5.54 (4.29–6.78) trillion/year by 2060, with substantial potential savings through ASD prevention. Rising prevalence, the shift from child to adult-dominated costs, the transfer of costs from parents onto government, and the soaring total costs raise pressing policy questions and demand an urgent focus on prevention strategies.

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