scholarly journals A Study on the Metallurgical Characteristic of Hammer Scale Produced through Traditional Iron-making Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 738-747
Author(s):  
Sung Mo Cho ◽  
Nam Chul Cho
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Microstructure Observation ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Smelting Method ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Direct Smelting

This study attempted to investigate the metallurgical characteristic through material scientific analysis of hammer scale produced as a direct smelting method restoration experiment for each raw material of iron. To this end, four hammer scale groups were set up, respectively, by experimenting with Gyeongju-Gampo Iron sand and Yangyang Iron ore. For the analysis, principal component analysis, compound analysis, microstructure observation, and chemical composition were confirmed. As a result of principal component analysis, as forging and refining progressed, the content of Fe increased and the content of non-metallic objects decreased. As a result of compound analysis, iron oxide-based compounds were identified. As a result of confirming microstructure and chemical composition, Wüstite and Fayalite were observed overall, and agglomerated Wüstite were observed in some. Magnetite on shape of polygon and pillar was observed. In addition, it was confirmed that internal defects, impurities, and non-metallic interventions gradually decreased. In the future, it is necessary to investigate the metallurgical characteristic through material scientific analysis of hammer scale produced through restoration experiments using various raw material of iron, and compare them with those excavated from Iron manufacture ruins.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Variability of Leaf and Berry oils from Corsican Juniperus macrocarpa

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300
Author(s):  
Joséphine Ottavioli ◽  
Ange Bighelli ◽  
Joseph Casanova ◽  
Félix Tomi
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Main Component ◽  
C Nmr

The chemical composition of five leaf oil samples and eighteen berry oil samples from Corsican Juniperus macrocarpa have been investigated by GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR. The composition of berry oils was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons with α-pinene (56.4-78.9%) as main component followed by myrcene (2.2-11.9%). Germacrene D (4.5-103%) was the major sesquiterpene. The contents of the main components of leaf oils varied drastically from sample to sample: α-pinene (28.7-76.4%), δ3-carene (up to 17.3%), β-phellandrene (up to 12.3%), manoyl oxide (up to 8.1%). The occurrence of the unusual ( Z)-pentadec-6-en-2-one (0.1-1.2%) should be pointed out. Statistical analysis (Principal Component Analysis and k- means partition) suggested a unique group with atypical samples.

Karakter Giffen Pada Komoditas Arang Tempurung Kelapa

Liquidity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Pitri Yandri
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Limited Availability ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
New Energy

The problem of rising fossil energy faced with the limited availability of the commodity in the future. Therefore, it needs new energy sources to tackle the issue. An alternative that can help the economy is the utilization of waste coconut shell that is processed into charcoal. With using principal component analysis, the result of the estimation indicates, there is a unique character that is contained in the shell charcoal commodity. The character of shell charcoal is closed to Giffen goods behavior. The most logical answer is because charcoal is the main raw material of shell burning for a restaurant that has a menu that was burned; and it becomes the unique preferences of the restaurant. They prefer barbecuing their food menu by using charcoal rather than other fuels such as stove, which uses kerosene and LPG. It is because barbecuing with charcoal will produce a better aroma than using the stove with fuel kerosene or LPG.

Evaluation of Chemical Composition of Eucalyptus Wood Extracts after Different Storage Times Using Principal Component Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flaviano O. Silvério ◽  
Luiz C. A. Barbosa ◽  
Paulo H. Fidêncio ◽  
Mariluze P. Cruz ◽  
Célia R. A. Maltha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Wood Extracts ◽  
Storage Times

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Malt Types

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1124
Author(s):  
Vesela Shopska ◽  
Rositsa Denkova-Kostova ◽  
Mina Dzhivoderova-Zarcheva ◽  
Desislava Teneva ◽  
Petko Denev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Maillard Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Products

Malt is the main raw material for beer production, which determines not only its taste and aroma profile, but to a large extent its biological value, as well. The aim of the present research was to determine the antioxidant profile of different malt types as a basis for the development of new types of beer with increased antioxidant activity. In the present study the main brewing characteristics, the phenolic profile and the antioxidant potential of 20 malt types used in craft breweries in Bulgaria have been examined. The main brewing characteristics have been determined by the standardized methods of the European Brewing Convention. Malt phenolic content was determined by two methods, and antioxidant potential by five different methods. Based on a statistical factor analysis performed by the principal component analysis, it was confirmed that there was a relationship between malt color and phenolic compounds content. The principal component analysis confirmed that there was a link between the content of the Maillard reaction products and malt biological activity. Malts with the highest degree of heat treatment were characterized by the highest antioxidant activity, which was due to the content of Maillard reaction products with antioxidant capacity.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Efficiency of Chemical and Thermochemical Depolymerization Methods for Lignin Valorization: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Approach

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Khaled Younes ◽  
Ahmad Moghrabi ◽  
Sara Moghnie ◽  
Omar Mouhtady ◽  
Nimer Murshid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Suitable Alternative

Energy demand and the use of commodity consumer products, such as chemicals, plastics, and transportation fuels, are growing nowadays. These products, which are mainly derived from fossil resources and contribute to environmental pollution and CO2 emissions, will be used up eventually. Therefore, a renewable inexhaustible energy source is required. Plant biomass resources can be used as a suitable alternative source due to their green, clean attributes and low carbon emissions. Lignin is a class of complex aromatic polymers. It is highly abundant and a major constituent in the structural cell walls of all higher vascular land plants. Lignin can be used as an alternative source for fine chemicals and raw material for biofuel production. There are many chemical processes that can be potentially utilized to increase the degradation rate of lignin into biofuels or value-added chemicals. In this study, two lignin degradation methods, CuO–NaOH oxidation and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis, will be addressed. Both methods showed a high capacity to produce a large molecular dataset, resulting in tedious and time-consuming data analysis. To overcome this issue, an unsupervised machine learning technique called principal component analysis (PCA) is implemented.

Fatty acids evaluation by Principal Component Analysis for the traceability of Sicilian and Calabrian olive oils

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Caridi ◽  
Antonio Francesco Mottese ◽  
Maurizio Messina ◽  
Maurizio D'Agostino
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Olive Oils ◽  
Product Authenticity ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Background and Objectives: In this article a comprehensive study was carried out for Sicilian and Calabrian olive oils authenticity evaluation through chemometric analyses, correlating botanical and geographical origins with samples chemical composition. Method: A total of eighteen Sicilian and Calabrian (southern Italy) olive oil samples were analyzed through gas chromatography (GC). Results: The fatty acids concentration in the investigated samples followed the subsequent order: oleic (C18:1) > palmitic (C16) > linoleic (C18:2) > stearic (C18) > palmitoleic (C16:1) > linoleic (C18:3). The 2D Scatterplot (Principal Component Analysis) showed that, among the analyzed oils, six clusters stand out, which seem to consistently group samples in relation to the cultivars and cultivation areas that share the territorial proximity (same province). Conclusions: Experimental results demonstrated that it is possible to strictly relate, through the PCA, olive oils to their geographical and botanical provenance, thus becoming a useful tool for evaluating product authenticity and to guarantee it to the consumers.

scholarly journals Raman spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis to quantitatively analyze four crystallographic phases of explosive CL-20

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (41) ◽  
pp. 23348-23352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan He ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Shiliang Huang ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Xuemei Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
New Method ◽  
Raman Shift ◽  
Set Up

Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data was performed to calculate the characteristic Raman shift region of CL-20, and a new method for the quantitative determination of polymorphic impurities in ε-CL-20 was set up.

scholarly journals Composition and Variability of the Essential Oil of the Flowers of Lavandula stoechas from Various Geographical Sources

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore La Bella ◽  
Teresa Tuttolomondo ◽  
Giacomo Dugo ◽  
Giuseppe Ruberto ◽  
Claudio Leto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Percentage Content ◽  
Lavandula Stoechas

Samples of flowers of wild Lavandula stoechas L. spp. stoechas populations were collected in three areas of Sicily (Italy) and were characterized in agronomic and chemical terms. Essential oil (EO) was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. GC-FID and GC-MS analyses permitted identification of 89 compounds from the EO. The samples were separated into 3 groups using PCA (Principal Component Analysis) statistical method, with reference to the chemical composition of the EO. All three Sicilian populations of lavender were identified as the fenchone chemotype with percentage content ranged between 52.8–71.1%. The population of Partinico showed the highest dry weight of flowers per plant (221.3 g), but the lowest EO yield (0.37%). The essential oils of the three wild Sicilian populations of L. stoechas L. spp. stoechas showed a greater chemical differentiation than those obtained from other Mediterranean areas.

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