scholarly journals Assessment of the Efficiency of Chemical and Thermochemical Depolymerization Methods for Lignin Valorization: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Approach

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Khaled Younes ◽  
Ahmad Moghrabi ◽  
Sara Moghnie ◽  
Omar Mouhtady ◽  
Nimer Murshid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Suitable Alternative

Energy demand and the use of commodity consumer products, such as chemicals, plastics, and transportation fuels, are growing nowadays. These products, which are mainly derived from fossil resources and contribute to environmental pollution and CO2 emissions, will be used up eventually. Therefore, a renewable inexhaustible energy source is required. Plant biomass resources can be used as a suitable alternative source due to their green, clean attributes and low carbon emissions. Lignin is a class of complex aromatic polymers. It is highly abundant and a major constituent in the structural cell walls of all higher vascular land plants. Lignin can be used as an alternative source for fine chemicals and raw material for biofuel production. There are many chemical processes that can be potentially utilized to increase the degradation rate of lignin into biofuels or value-added chemicals. In this study, two lignin degradation methods, CuO–NaOH oxidation and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis, will be addressed. Both methods showed a high capacity to produce a large molecular dataset, resulting in tedious and time-consuming data analysis. To overcome this issue, an unsupervised machine learning technique called principal component analysis (PCA) is implemented.

Karakter Giffen Pada Komoditas Arang Tempurung Kelapa

Liquidity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Pitri Yandri
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Limited Availability ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
New Energy

The problem of rising fossil energy faced with the limited availability of the commodity in the future. Therefore, it needs new energy sources to tackle the issue. An alternative that can help the economy is the utilization of waste coconut shell that is processed into charcoal. With using principal component analysis, the result of the estimation indicates, there is a unique character that is contained in the shell charcoal commodity. The character of shell charcoal is closed to Giffen goods behavior. The most logical answer is because charcoal is the main raw material of shell burning for a restaurant that has a menu that was burned; and it becomes the unique preferences of the restaurant. They prefer barbecuing their food menu by using charcoal rather than other fuels such as stove, which uses kerosene and LPG. It is because barbecuing with charcoal will produce a better aroma than using the stove with fuel kerosene or LPG.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Malt Types

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1124
Author(s):  
Vesela Shopska ◽  
Rositsa Denkova-Kostova ◽  
Mina Dzhivoderova-Zarcheva ◽  
Desislava Teneva ◽  
Petko Denev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Maillard Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Products

Malt is the main raw material for beer production, which determines not only its taste and aroma profile, but to a large extent its biological value, as well. The aim of the present research was to determine the antioxidant profile of different malt types as a basis for the development of new types of beer with increased antioxidant activity. In the present study the main brewing characteristics, the phenolic profile and the antioxidant potential of 20 malt types used in craft breweries in Bulgaria have been examined. The main brewing characteristics have been determined by the standardized methods of the European Brewing Convention. Malt phenolic content was determined by two methods, and antioxidant potential by five different methods. Based on a statistical factor analysis performed by the principal component analysis, it was confirmed that there was a relationship between malt color and phenolic compounds content. The principal component analysis confirmed that there was a link between the content of the Maillard reaction products and malt biological activity. Malts with the highest degree of heat treatment were characterized by the highest antioxidant activity, which was due to the content of Maillard reaction products with antioxidant capacity.

scholarly journals A Study on the Metallurgical Characteristic of Hammer Scale Produced through Traditional Iron-making Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 738-747
Author(s):  
Sung Mo Cho ◽  
Nam Chul Cho
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Microstructure Observation ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Smelting Method ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Direct Smelting

This study attempted to investigate the metallurgical characteristic through material scientific analysis of hammer scale produced as a direct smelting method restoration experiment for each raw material of iron. To this end, four hammer scale groups were set up, respectively, by experimenting with Gyeongju-Gampo Iron sand and Yangyang Iron ore. For the analysis, principal component analysis, compound analysis, microstructure observation, and chemical composition were confirmed. As a result of principal component analysis, as forging and refining progressed, the content of Fe increased and the content of non-metallic objects decreased. As a result of compound analysis, iron oxide-based compounds were identified. As a result of confirming microstructure and chemical composition, Wüstite and Fayalite were observed overall, and agglomerated Wüstite were observed in some. Magnetite on shape of polygon and pillar was observed. In addition, it was confirmed that internal defects, impurities, and non-metallic interventions gradually decreased. In the future, it is necessary to investigate the metallurgical characteristic through material scientific analysis of hammer scale produced through restoration experiments using various raw material of iron, and compare them with those excavated from Iron manufacture ruins.

scholarly journals Research and Analysis on Market Value Management in China Based on Method of Rank-Sum Ratio and Principal Component Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Yaqian Pan ◽  
Wenxin Song ◽  
Yanjun Xv
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Weak Links ◽  
Value Management ◽  
Market Values

<p>Since 2005, China has implemented the split-share reform. After entering the full-circulation era of stock equity, the pursuit for maximize the company value has turned into the primary goal of listed companies in the course of their management and development. Thus, they attach great importance to the concept of market value management. The management of stockholders in listed companies began to pay attention to the inner values and the performances in the stock market of their enterprises, and thereby the concept of market value management is established. However, the weak efficiency of China’s capital market has resulted in the deviation between market values and inner values of companies. Thus, companies need to implement market value management and devise corresponding solutions so that two kinds of values can be well-matched.</p>This paper presents the definition of market value management at first. Next, it studies the background of the emergence of market value management as well as its development status in China, which are also compared with the overseas value management. And then, it makes a literature review and analyzes Economic Value Added Evaluation System (EVA), a performance evaluation system of market value management. It adopts the method of Rank Sum Ratio (RSR)and Principal Component Analysis to make empirical analyses,which evaluates the level of market value management of listed companies in China and discovers the weak links existing in the process of market value management .This paper eventually puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.

scholarly journals Does Venture Capital Investment Spur Innovation? A Cross-Countries Analysis

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824402110030
Author(s):  
Nawab Khan ◽  
Haitao Qu ◽  
Jing Qu ◽  
ChunMiao Wei ◽  
Shihao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Venture Capital ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Composite Effect ◽  
Venture Capital Investment ◽  
Analysis Methodology

This article examines venture capital composite impact on innovation. For this purpose, we made venture capital index using principal component analysis methodology to test the composite impact of venture capital impact on innovation. We constructed our sample of 41 countries on the basis of venture capital fundraising from 2006 to 2016. First, we empirically tested index individual component, for which we used ordinary least square regression with robust standard error. In the second stage, we made VC index using principal component analysis methodology to analyze the composite effect of VC on patents generation. Empirical results show strong significant venture capital investment impact on patents generations. Overall, our findings suggest that venture capital investment significantly spur innovation, when we analyzed the individual factors of the index as well as compositely. These results encourage governments and policy makers to promote innovation through facilitating venture capital investment which provide an alternative source of finance to startups which find hard to raise fund in conventional fund market. This also suggest that policy maker should consider the composite effect of the venture capital in an economy to robustly encourage innovation.

A German version of the Intermittent Claudication Questionnaire (ICQ): cultural adaptation and validation

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirchberger ◽  
Finger ◽  
Müller-Bühl
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Intermittent Claudication ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
German Version ◽  
Average Completion Time ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Related Quality

Background: The Intermittent Claudication Questionnaire (ICQ) is a short questionnaire for the assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). The objective of this study was to translate the ICQ into German and to investigate the psychometric properties of the German ICQ version in patients with IC. Patients and methods: The original English version was translated using a forward-backward method. The resulting German version was reviewed by the author of the original version and an experienced clinician. Finally, it was tested for clarity with 5 German patients with IC. A sample of 81 patients were administered the German ICQ. The sample consisted of 58.0 % male patients with a median age of 71 years and a median IC duration of 36 months. Test of feasibility included completeness of questionnaires, completion time, and ratings of clarity, length and relevance. Reliability was assessed through a retest in 13 patients at 14 days, and analysis of Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency. Construct validity was investigated using principal component analysis. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlating the ICQ scores with the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) as well as clinical measures. Results: The ICQ was completely filled in by 73 subjects (90.1 %) with an average completion time of 6.3 minutes. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient reached 0.75. Intra-class correlation for test-retest reliability was r = 0.88. Principal component analysis resulted in a 3 factor solution. The first factor explained 51.5 of the total variation and all items had loadings of at least 0.65 on it. The ICQ was significantly associated with the SF-36 and treadmill-walking distances whereas no association was found for resting ABPI. Conclusions: The German version of the ICQ demonstrated good feasibility, satisfactory reliability and good validity. Responsiveness should be investigated in further validation studies.

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