scholarly journals Police Force in the Formation of the Modern State: Development and Transformation of the Police Force in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-66
Author(s):  
Ahmet Çırakoğlu ◽  
Hüdayi Sayın
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Senior Administrators ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Pahlavi Dynasty ◽  
Security Organizations

Public security was unable to achieve any systematic order until the start of urbanization. With the formation of modern cities, the need to ensure the security of people and their living spaces were met primarily by city administrators and then by regular internal security organizations. This article discusses Iran’s security system as it existed in the pre-modern period and the internal security strategies that transformed in line with the modern understanding of the state. The concept of internal security in Iran has gone through the following four main phases: (1) military methods that had been applied by the senior administrators of the states that had ruled the region before the Qajar Dynasty, (2) the first professionalization that saw the Nazmiyya Organization established in the Qajar Dynasty through efforts to separate policing from military service, (3) the re-militarization of internal security services and focus on intelligence activities during the Pahlavi Dynasty that had been established after the Rıza Han coup, and (4) the ideological appearance of the police organization accompanied by the theo-political orientation that emerged after the 1979 Revolution. This text discusses these four phases in detail.

Temporary Housing and Unsettled Population: Drivers of Urban Change in Early Modern Marseille and Rome

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 118-140
Author(s):  
Eleonora Canepari
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Mobile Population ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper argues that unsettled people, far from being “marginal” individuals, played a key role in shaping early modern cities. It does so by going beyond the traditional binary between rooted and unstable people. Specifically, the paper takes the temporary places of residence of this “unsettled” population – notably inns (garnis in France, osterie in Italy) – as a vantage point to observe social change in early modern cities. The case studies are two cities which shared a growing and highly mobile population in the early modern period: Rome and Marseille. In the first section, the paper focuses on two semi-rural neighborhoods. This is to assess the impact of mobility in shaping demographic, urbanistic, and economic patterns in these areas. Moving from the neighborhood as a whole to the individual buildings which composed it, the second section outlines the biographies of two inns: Rome’s osteria d’Acquataccio and Marseille’s hôtel des Deux mondes. In turn, this is to evaluate changes and continuities over a longer period of time.

Militarism will persist in new Uganda police command

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Police Force ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Inspector General ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Senior Officers

Subject Ugandan security sector reshuffles. Significance On March 4, President Yoweri Museveni dismissed long-serving Inspector General of Police (IGP) Kale Kayihura and Security Minister Henry Tumukunde, between whom there was a fierce rivalry. Kayihura’s fate had been rumoured for months amid allegations he was acting as an agent for Rwandan interests. Tumukunde’s dismissal more likely reflects collateral damage, as the president seeks to maintain a perception of balance in the security services while easing tensions between Kampala and Kigali. Impacts The militia-like ‘crime preventers’ recruited by Kayihura will be informally disbanded but not demobilised in a structured manner. Police structures will be consolidated by abolishing units that duplicate others' responsibilities. The constant reshuffles of senior officers that marked Kayihura’s tenure will come to a halt. Loyalist military elites will maintain close control of the police force.

scholarly journals A Community of Councillors: Tudor Government and Prosopography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connor Huddlestone
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Privy Council ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Collective Biography ◽  
Patterns Of Interaction

The Tudor privy council was the executive board of the English state and its members the leading political players of the era. Historians of Tudor politics have traditionally focused on kings and great men. When they deal with the privy council, they treat councillors in isolation, only exploring their links with others during moments of political strife. The result is a historiography dominated by faction and division. A prosopographical approach – a form of collective biography that helps identify the shared elements in a group’s experiences, and foregrounds the relations between its members - allows us to look at this group of men as a group, and in so doing to see them differently. Their many shared experiences - a childhood spent together at the same grammar school, a tour of Europe’s universities as young adults, joint military service, marriage into the same family, or time spent together hunting, hawking, and feasting - makes it much harder to divide councillors into neat opposing camps. More broadly, this paper uses the case-study of Tudor privy councillors to illustrate how tools taken from the Digital Humanities can enhance and expand the prosopographical approach: in particular modern relational database software moves us beyond simply identifying common themes in the lives of the members of this group, and allows us to explore patterns of interaction between them. Such an approach, moreover, has the potential to enhance our understanding of many other groups of the early modern period. ​

scholarly journals The relationship of organizational culture to job satisfaction of civil servants in security sectors: A field study: علاقة الثقافة التنظيمية بالرضا الوظيفي للموظفين المدنيين في القطاعات الأمنية: دراسة ميدانية

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (22) ◽  
pp. 163-144
Author(s):  
Mansour Ahmed Alwadai, Maadi Muhammad Al Madhab Mansour Ahmed Alwadai, Maadi Muhammad Al Madhab
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Organizational Climate ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
The Military ◽  
Descriptive Survey ◽  
Security Organizations

This study aims to identify the reality of the organizational culture in the General Directorate of Public Security and its relationship to the job satisfaction of civil employees working in this directorate, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the role of the organizational culture prevailing in security organizations in influencing the level of job satisfaction of the civil employees working in them, and those who are not subject to the military service regulations Rather, they work according to the civil service system, with the aim of reaching recommendations that contribute to achieving job satisfaction for those employees so that they contribute to raising the efficiency and effectiveness of security organizations. The descriptive-survey approach was used as a methodology to conduct this study, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for the study, as the study was applied to a sample of civil employees in the General Directorate in Riyadh, whose number reached (120), and a number of results were reached, the most important of which are (low level of job satisfaction among employees Civilians working in public security, and the existence of a direct statistically significant relationship at the level (0.01) between organizational culture and job satisfaction of civil employees working in security sectors). The study recommended the necessity to reconsider granting civil servants working in the security sectors salaries, incentives and allowances commensurate with their duties, and that is comparable to what is granted to their fellow military personnel who carry out the same tasks, which contributes to increasing the level of their loyalty and affiliation with the security sectors in which they work. Developing the career path for civil employees working in the security sectors, in line with their job capabilities, educational levels and job grades, as well as working to increase the awareness of leaders in the security sectors of the importance of organizational culture in creating a positive organizational climate that encourages creativity and productivity and enhances levels of loyalty, belonging and organizational commitment and increases of the motivation of the employees.

scholarly journals Maintaining Zero Trust With Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
William R. Simpson ◽  
◽  
Kevin E. Foltz
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Partner Organization ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Security Properties ◽  
Supplemental Services ◽  
High Level ◽  
Security Standards

Federated activity presents a challenge for enterprises with high-level security architectures. Federation involves information sharing among services and with working partners, coalition partners, first responders, and other organizations. Federation may be unilateral or bilateral with similar or dissimilar information-sharing goals. Strong internal security, including zero trust controls, often do not extend cleanly across enterprise boundaries, potentially leading to insecure shortcuts and workarounds that can become the rule instead of the exception. This paper presents methods for an enterprise to extend its zero trust security policies to include federation partners. It applies to federation partners that support the same security policies with compatible standards and services and to partners that provide a similar but incompatible security framework, a subset of required security services, or no security services. The partner organization may be fully trusted, partially trusted, or untrusted. Even for trusted partners, the services may not meet required security standards. Our solution combines selected partner security services, internal services, derived credentials, delegated authorities, and supplemental services to form the federation security architecture based on zero trust premises to the maximum extent. This paper uses the Zero Trust for Enterprise (ZTE) architecture as the starting point for a secure enterprise and addresses the challenge of extending this model to federate with different types of partners. We review the security approach, the security properties, and several options for an enterprise to maintain the ZTE security properties while enabling federated sharing with other enterprises that have different capabilities and levels of trust

C2. FORMER HEADS OF SHIN BET REFLECT ON ISRAEL'S PRESENT AND FUTURE, JERUSALEM, 14 NOVEMBER 2003.

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-185
Keyword(s):  
Internal Security ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Security Service ◽  
Wide Range

This long, free-flowing, and wideranging conversation among four former heads of Israel's internal security service (variously referred to as Shin Bet, General Security Services [GSS], and Shabak) was organized, moderated, recorded, and written up by Yedi'ot Aharonot reporters Alex Fishman and Sima Kadman. The ex-GSS directors are (in order of their service) Avraham Shalom (December 1980––September 1986), Yaakov Peri (April 1988––March 1995), Carmi Gillon (March 1995––February 1996), and Ami Ayalon (February 1996––May 2000). The men, whose meeting had apparently been sought by Ayalon to secure backing for his peace initiative (see Doc. A1 above), addressed with unprecedented frankness a wide range of issues from overall political directions to the effectiveness of closures and targeted killings from a security standpoint. The translated article was distributed by Gush Shalom and is available online at www.gush-shalom.org.

The Regime’s Struggle against Internal Opposition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pesach Malovany ◽  
Amatzia Baram ◽  
Kevin M. Woods ◽  
Ronna Englesberg
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Security Organizations

This chapter deals with the regime’s struggle against internal opposition and the internal security problem after 1991, and how it responded to it. These included open resistance by different factions of the population (mainly Shiites), which continued even after the brutal suppression of the Intifada (March 1991), as well as growing attempts in the 1990s by various elements in the armed forces to stage a military coup. These developments caused Saddam to place defending the regime against internal threats at the top of his agenda, whereas the struggle against external threats was considered to be of secondary importance. The regime’s chief response was to strengthen Iraq’s intelligence and security organizations and enlarge the forces that defend the regime, and employing harsh measures against any opposition.

Renewed Philippine peace push could be problematic

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Peace Process ◽  
Congressional Elections ◽  
Police Force ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Content Type ◽  
National Liberation Front ◽  
Sticking Point

Significance This follows the Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC) signing the BBL bill on June 16. The new administrative arrangements envisaged by the BBL are integral to the government’s peace process with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). Making progress in the peace process has taken on new urgency given the battle underway in Marawi City. Impacts In the 2019 mid-term congressional elections, some candidates may campaign against the BBL. Calls for a separate Bangsamoro police force are likely to be a sticking point. Progress in the Bangsamoro peace process is unlikely to have much effect on the faltering communist peace effort. However, it could in time aid Philippine internal security and counterterrorism. Peace in Mindanao would be followed by development investment, especially on infrastructure.

The Return of the Siloviki: An Introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rochlitz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Political Liberalization ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Security Services ◽  
The World ◽  
Russian Politics ◽  
Vladimir Putin ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

After a period of relative political liberalization under president Dmitry Medvedev, Russia’s security services have again started to play a central role in Russian politics with Vladimir Putin’s return to the presidency in 2012. In this issue of Russian Politics, we analyze three different aspects of this return of the siloviki: the way they think and see the world, how the relationship between governors and siloviki affects economic development at the regional level, and how the strengthening of the siloviki since 2012 compares to the strengthening of the Chinese internal security services, which took place during the same time. We identify a new assertiveness of Russia’s siloviki, as well as a centralization of power around Vladimir Putin through the dismissal of other influential heavyweights within Russia’s security services, and speculate what this might mean for Russia’s short- to mid-term future.

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