scholarly journals Analysis and Criticism of the Comparative Historical Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-199
Author(s):  
Teyfur Erdoğdu

Comparative history which intellectually emerged at the end of the 18th century, is a method of explaining, analyzing and interpreting the similarities or the differences which are put forth as a result of comparing the various historical units. The purposes of the method are; to reveal the subjects which can not be performed without comparison, to make generalizations with obtained data from comparison of individual events, to give broader perspective to historians. While reaching the aim the temporal/spatial/social etc. features should be considered. This article reveals general features to be considered in the comparative history and then discusses the mistakes in using this method and critics about these mistakes.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Mansyur Mansyur

Saranjana is a mystical city that is a myth for the people of Pulau Laut, South Kalimantan. Rumours about this mysterious city became increasingly excited because its existence, but not recorded on the map of Indonesia. Therefore it is very interesting to examine from a historical point of view. The purpose of this paper is to uncover the historical side of the occult city suggestion on Pulau Laut. This study using the method of history is a method to test and analyze the critical records and relics of the past. The historical method consists of four stages, namely heuristics (data collection), source criticism, interpretation (interpreting facts) and historiography. The results show exist of Saranjana in a place between fact and myth. In conclusion, there are two hypotheses that the Saranjana is ethnic state Dayak Samihim tribe. Then the second hypothesis, that Saranjana is (only) the dream country of Prince Purabaya in the 18th century AD.


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Ahmad Athoillah

This paper discusses the process of forming identities carried out by the Hadhrami community in Batavia throughout the late 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The taking of the topic was motivated by the strong social identity of the Hadhrami community in Batavia, especially in religion and economy since the 19th century to the present. The problem of this research is about the form and process of forming Hadhrami social identity from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. To answer these problems, a critical historical method is used by using various historical sources and relevant reference studies.Some of the results obtained from this study are various historical realities, such as the formation of social religious symbols including mosques and religious teaching forum. Some important things are the formation of economic identities such as wholesale trade, shipping businesses and property businesses. In addition, there were also shifting settlements from Hadhrami over the Koja people in Pekojan in the early 19th century, as well as the shift of the Hadhrami to the inland of Batavia in the late 19th century. These various realities ultimately affected various forms and processes of forming the social identity of the Hadhrami community, such as the material aspects, language, behavior, and collective ideas of the Hadhrami community especially at the beginning of the 19th century. Generally the Hadhrami community had transformed themselves and their collective parts into colonial society in Batavia until the beginning of the 20th century.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Shevchenko А. ◽  
Kudin S.

The article examines the main directions of improving the methodology of comparative history of law in the context of comparative legal science. It is proved that the comparative historical approach includes a basic comparative historical method, and taking about the principles of interdisciplinary, it can integrate the methodological capabilities of those tools that are used in other areas of scientific knowledge. It is found that the comparative historical method integrates the existing ways, methods and techniques of comparative knowledge of all forms of reflection of historical and legal reality. It is revealed that the use of a comparative historical approach and method in the area of comparative history of law allows us to learn the general, special and unique in the historical and legal development of diverse manifestations and forms of reflection of historical and legal reality in relation to various "non-legal" phenomena. It is proved that such knowledge is based on the integration of subject knowledge and the plurality of their understanding. It is found that the comparative-historical approach can attract the possibilities of methodological approaches used in the Humanities and social Sciences and adapted to the knowledge of legal reality (anthropological, humanistic, civilization). In the comparative history of law area, they «aim» at the scientific study of historical and legal reality, and the comparative-historical approach integrates the acquired knowledge for the purpose of comparative research of the historical and legal development of its manifestations and forms of reflection. It is established that the comparative-historical approach not only integrates this knowledge, but also "processes" it in the comparative perspective of knowledge. It is proved that it becomes possible to receive and accumulate substantive knowledge about the historical dynamics of human and civil rights and freedoms, the legal status of various sectors of the population in any spatial geographical scope with the variety of their forms reflect, subject to the identification of common and different", "equal and opposite"; it becomes possible to clarify the common and different», «equal and opposite to the historical development of "human right" in different societies. It is proved that the comparative historical approach based on the recognition of the equivalence of the "legal values" of all civilizations and the fact that any civilization can not be considered as an ideal model, searches for and integrates the common and different", "identical and opposite", "common and different", "confrontational-dangerous", "sensational, explosive", that caused in history the non-perception and rejection of the "legal values" of other civilizations. Key words: legal science, comparative history of law, methodology, comparative historical approach, historical-legal reality.


Author(s):  
Т.И. Акимова

В статье рассматривается проблема «галантного диалога» как авторской стратегии в творчестве А.Д. Кантемира, которая проявляется, прежде всего, в эпистолярном жанре XVIII века и реализуется в трактате «Разговоры о множестве миров» Б. Фонтенеля. Под «галантным диалогом» понимаются равноуважительные отношения в общении собеседников при сохранении ими статусных ролей, которые влияют на изменение в первую очередь авторского статуса в литературе. Сама установка на «разговор» вне официоза, то есть сложившейся риторической системы, уже означала поворот российской словесности в сторону ее дериторизации, а также более активное проявление авторского начала. А.Д. Кантемир, который находился у истоков новой российской литературы, освобожденной от мощного религиозного наполнения, обращается в поиске «свободного» литературного канона к Фонтенелю, защищающего, как известно, в споре между древними и новыми авторами позицию Ш. Перро, провозгласившего галантность - качеством новой французской литературы. В статье рассматриваются составляющие элементы «галантного диалога» А. Кантемира с сестрой Марией, среди которых называются: любезное обращение к адресату, шифрование или придумывание прозвища для известного лица, имени которого не называется; заверения в любви и рыцарской преданности, афористические высказывания, свидетельствующие о знании собеседником светского общества. При помощи культурно-исторического метода выявляется не только генезис рассматриваемого явления, но и обозначается специфика развития «галантного диалога» в русской литературе XVIII века. Результат данного исследования позволяет по-новому взглянуть на отечественный литературный процесс XVIII века с точки зрения развития авторского начала в российской литературе, увидеть проявление тех литературных закономерностей, которые в полной мере проявят себя в литературной ситуации второй половины XVIII века, а точнее в период царствования императрицы Екатерины II. The article considers the problem of "gallant dialogue" as an author 's strategy in the work of A.D. Cantemir, which manifests itself, first of all, in the epistolar genre of the 18th century and is implemented in the tract "Talk of many worlds" by B. Fontenel. "Gallant dialogue" refers to equal respectful relations in the dialogue of interlocutors while maintaining status roles, which affect the change of copyright status in the literature in the first place. The installation itself on the "conversation" outside the waitosis, that is, the established rhetorical system, has already meant the turn of Russian language towards its deritorization, as well as a more active manifestation of the author 's beginning. A.D. Cantemir, who was at the origin of new Russian literature freed from powerful religious content, turns in the search for a "free" literary canon to Fontenel, defending, as is known, in the dispute between ancient and new authors the position of Sh Perro, who proclaimed gallantry - the quality of new French literature. The article considers the constituent elements of A. Cantemir's "gallant dialogue" with his sister Maria, among which are called: courtesy of the addressee, encryption or inventing a nickname for a famous person whose name is not called; assurances of love and knightly devotion, aphoristic statements testifying to the knowledge of secular society by the interlocutor. The cultural and historical method identifies not only the genesis of the phenomenon in question, but also the specifics of the development of the "gallant dialogue" in the Russian literature of the 18th century. The result of this study makes it possible to take a new look at the domestic literary process of the 18th century from the point of view of the development of the author 's beginning in Russian literature, to see the manifestation of those literary patterns that will fully manifest themselves in the literary situation of the second half of the 18th century, or more precisely during the reign of Empress Catherine II.


Author(s):  
Sadia Afrin

The main purpose of this research paper is to acquire an understanding of the continuously changing status of Hindu women from antiquity (Prevedic era, c1500-1100BCE) to modernity (Early Modern Era, 18th Century). In my paper I will try to establish my point that the Hindu religion, which is seen today to subdue women the most, once esteemed them highly and with the passing centuries gradually their status degraded. Therefore the fluctuating status of Hindu women resembles a downward graph. The methodology will be historical method of qualitative research. As Primary source I will take resort to Hindu Core Scriptures (both Sruti & Smriti) and for secondary source will receive help from historical records, books, journals, reports and websites.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Sh M Khapizov ◽  
M G Shekhmagomedov

The article is devoted to the study of inscriptions on the gravestones of Haji Ibrahim al-Uradi, his father, brothers and other relatives. The information revealed during the translation of these inscriptions allows one to date important events from the history of Highland Dagestan. Also we can reconsider the look at some important events from the past of Hidatl. Epitaphs are interesting in and of themselves, as historical and cultural monuments that needed to be studied and attributed. Research of epigraphy data monuments clarifies periodization medieval epitaphs mountain Dagestan using record templates and features of the Arabic script. We see the study of medieval epigraphy as one of the important tasks of contemporary Caucasian studies facing Dagestani researchers. Given the relatively weak illumination of the picture of events of that period in historical sources, comprehensive work in this direction can fill gaps in our knowledge of the medieval history of Dagestan. In addition, these epigraphs are of great importance for researchers of onomastics, linguistics, the history of culture and religion of Dagestan. The authors managed to clarify the date of death of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi, as well as his two sons. These data, the attraction of written sources and legends allowed the reconstruction of the events of the second half of the 18th century. For example, because of the epidemic of plague and the death of most of the population of Hidatl, this society noticeably weakened and could no longer maintain its influence on Akhvakh. The attraction of memorable records allowed us to specify the dates of the Ibrahim-Haji pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, as well as the route through which he traveled to these cities.


Author(s):  
M. McNEIL

Erasmus Darwin was the focus and embodiment of provincial England in his day. Renowned as a physician, he spent much of his life at Lichfield. He instigated the founding of the Lichfield Botanic Society, which provided the first English translation of the works of Linnaeus, and established a botanic garden; the Lunar Society of Birmingham; the Derby Philosophical Society; and two provincial libraries. A list of Darwin's correspondents and associates reads like a "who's who" of eighteenth century science, industry, medicine and philosophy. His poetry was also well received by his contemporaries and he expounded the evolutionary principles of life. Darwin can be seen as an English equivalent of Lamarck, being a philosopher of nature and human society. His ideas have been linked to a multitude of movements, including the nosological movement in Western medicine, nineteenth century utilitarianism, Romanticism in both Britain and Germany, and associationist psychology. The relationships between various aspects of Darwin's interests and the organizational principles of his writings were examined. His poetical form and medical theory were not peripheral to his study of nature but intrinsically linked in providing his contemporaries with a panorama of nature. A richer, more integrated comprehension of Erasmus Darwin as one of the most significant and representative personalities of his era was presented.


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