Changes in Body Composition, Energy Metabolism, and Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Korean Professional Female Ballet Dancers Before and After Ballet Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Soo Youn Kim ◽  
Jung Ho Cho ◽  
Ji Hyun Lee ◽  
Jae Hyun Jung
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Ballet Dancers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dependent Sample

This study investigated changes in body composition, energy balance, and appetite-regulating hormones in professional female ballet dancers before and after 3 days of ballet performances. The subjects were 43 professional female ballet dancers in Korea. The mean age of the subjects was 25.9 ± 2.8 years, and they had over 13 years of ballet training on average. For body composition, the body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (%BF), lean body mass (LBM), and total body water (TBW) were evaluated. By way of blood analysis the serum levels of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin were examined. The calculations of energy intake (EI) and expenditure (EE) were based on journals that were self-recorded by the subjects for 14 days. For statistical analysis, the dependent sample t-test was applied (p < 0.05). The results showed no significant change in %BF, but the BMI, LBM, and TBW increased significantly in the post-performance measurement. Energy balance results demonstrated a significant increase in EI and decrease in EE. Both the ghrelin and leptin levels increased significantly. Although reported energy intake increased after performances, it remained below estimated energy requirements. Ballet dancers should be aware of the need to maintain energy balance in order to optimize their health and performance.

scholarly journals Energy balance dynamics during short-term high-intensity functional training

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Schubert ◽  
Elyse A. Palumbo
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Activity Energy

CrossFit (CF; CrossFit Inc., Washington, DC, USA) is a form of high-intensity functional training that focuses on training across the entire spectrum of physical fitness. CF has been shown to improve a number of indicators of health but little information assessing energy balance exists. The purpose of the present study was to investigate energy balance during 1 week of CF training. Men and women (n = 21; mean ± SD; age, 43.5 ± 8.4 years; body mass index, 27.8 ± 4.9 kg·m−2), with ≥3 months CF experience, had body composition assessed via air displacement plethysmography before and after 1 week of CF training. Participants wore ActiHeart monitors to assess total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure, and CF energy expenditure (CF EE). Energy intake was assessed from TEE and Δ body composition. CF EE averaged 605 ± 219 kcal per 72 ± 10 min session. Weekly CF EE was 2723 ± 986 kcal. Participants were in an energy deficit (TEE: 3674 ± 855 kcal·day−1; energy intake: 3167 ± 1401 kcal·day−1). Results of the present study indicate that CF training can account for a significant portion of daily activity energy expenditure. The weekly expenditure is within levels shown to induce clinically meaningful weight loss in overweight/obese populations.

scholarly journals Techniques for the study of energy balance in man

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinos Elia ◽  
Rebecca Stratton ◽  
James Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Body Segments

Energy balance can be estimated in tissues, body segments, individual subjects (the focus of the present article), groups of subjects and even societies. Changes in body composition in individual subjects can be translated into changes in the energy content of the body, but this method is limited by the precision of the techniques. The precision for measuring fat and fat-free mass can be as low as 0.5 kg when certain reference techniques are used (hydrodensitometry, air-displacement plethysmography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and approximately 0.7 kg for changes between two time points. Techniques associated with a measurement error of 0.7 kg for changes in fat and fat-free mass (approximately 18MJ) are of little or no value for calculating energy balance over short periods of time, but they may be of some value over long periods of time (18 MJ over 1 year corresponds to an average daily energy balance of 70 kJ, which is <1% of the normal dietary energy intake). Body composition measurements can also be useful in calculating changes in energy balance when the changes in body weight and composition are large, e.g. >5–10 kg. The same principles can be applied to the assessment of energy balance in body segments using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Energy balance can be obtained over periods as short as a few minutes, e.g. during measurements of BMR. The variability in BMR between individuals of similar age, weight and height and gender is about 7–9%, most of which is of biological origin rather than measurement error, which is about 2%. Measurement of total energy expenditure during starvation (no energy intake) can also be used to estimate energy balance in a whole-body calorimeter, in patients in intensive care units being artificially ventilated and by tracer techniques. The precision of these techniques varies from 1 to 10%. Establishing energy balance by measuring the discrepancy between energy intake and expenditure has to take into consideration the combined validity and reliability of both components. The measurement error for dietary intake may be as low as 2–3% in carefully controlled environments, in which subjects are provided only with certain food items and bomb calorimetry can be undertaken on duplicate samples of the diet. Reliable results can also be obtained in hospitalised patients receiving enteral tube feeding or parenteral nutrition as the only source of nutrition. Unreliability increases to an unknown extent in free-living subjects eating a mixed and varied diet; thus, improved methodology is needed for the study of energy balance.

scholarly journals Energy intake, physical activity and body weight: a simulation model

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Jeroen H. H. L. M. Donkers ◽  
Elisabeth W. H. M. Fredrix ◽  
Piet oekhoudt
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass

In adults, body mass (BM) and its components fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) are normally regulated at a constant level. Changes in FM and FFM are dependent on energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). The body defends itself against an imbalance between EI and EE by adjusting, within limits, the one to the other. When, at a given EI or EE, energy balance cannot be reached, FM and FFM will change, eventually resulting in an energy balance at a new value. A model is described which simulates changes in FM and FFM using EI and physical activity (PA) as input variables. EI can be set at a chosen value or calculated from dietary intake with a database on the net energy of foods. PA can be set at a chosen multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR) or calculated from the activity budget with a database on the energy cost of activities in multiples of BMR. BMR is calculated from FFM and FM and, if necessary, FFM is calculated from BM, height, sex and age, using empirical equations. The model uses existing knowledge on the adaptation of energy expenditure (EE) to an imbalance between EI and EE, and to resulting changes in FM and FFM. Mobilization and storage of energy as FM and FFM are functions of the relative size of the deficit (EI/EE) and of the body composition. The model was validated with three recent studies measuring EE at a fixed EI during an interval with energy restriction, overfeeding and exercise training respectively. Discrepancies between observed and simulated changes in energy stores were within the measurement precision of EI, EE and body composition. Thus the consequences of a change in dietary intake or a change in physical activity on body weight and body composition can be simulated.

Whole body and regional body composition changes following 10-day hypoxic confinement and unloading–inactivity

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadej Debevec ◽  
Adam C. McDonnell ◽  
Ian A. Macdonald ◽  
Ola Eiken ◽  
Igor B. Mekjavic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Regional Body Composition ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Composition Changes

Future planetary habitats will expose inhabitants to both reduced gravity and hypoxia. This study investigated the effects of short-term unloading and normobaric hypoxia on whole body and regional body composition (BC). Eleven healthy, recreationally active, male participants with a mean (SD) age of 24 (2) years and body mass index of 22.4 (3.2) kg·m−2 completed the following 3 10-day campaigns in a randomised, cross-over designed protocol: (i) hypoxic ambulatory confinement (HAMB; FIO2 = 0.147 (0.008); PIO2 = 93.8 (0.9) mm Hg), (ii) hypoxic bed rest (HBR; FIO2 = 0.147 (0.008); PIO2 = 93.8 (0.9) mm Hg), and (iii) normoxic bed rest (NBR; FIO2 = 0.209; PIO2 = 133.5 (0.7) mm Hg). Nutritional requirements were individually precalculated and the actual intake was monitored throughout the study protocol. Body mass, whole body, and regional BC were assessed before and after the campaigns using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The calculated daily targeted energy intake values were 2071 (170) kcal for HBR and NBR and 2417 (200) kcal for HAMB. In both HBR and NBR campaigns the actual energy intake was within the targeted level, whereas in the HAMB the intake was lower than targeted (–8%, p < 0.05). Body mass significantly decreased in all 3 campaigns (–2.1%, –2.8%, and –2.0% for HAMB, HBR, and NBR, respectively; p < 0.05), secondary to a significant decrease in lean mass (–3.8%, –3.8%, –4.3% for HAMB, HBR, and NBR, respectively; p < 0.05) along with a slight, albeit not significant, increase in fat mass. The same trend was observed in the regional BC regardless of the region and the campaign. These results demonstrate that, hypoxia per se, does not seem to alter whole body and regional BC during short-term bed rest.

scholarly journals Basal Metabolic Rate Declines During Long-Distance Migratory Flight in Great Knots

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 838-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil F. Battley ◽  
Anne Dekinga ◽  
Maurine W. Dietz ◽  
Theunis Piersma ◽  
Sixian Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migratory Flight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Para Determinar

Abstract Great Knots (Calidris tenuirostris) make one of the longest migratory flights in the avian world, flying almost 5500 km from Australia to China during northward migration. We measured basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body composition in birds before and after this flight and found that BMR decreased 42%. The mass-specific BMR based on lean mass decreased 33%. We also starved a group of pre-migratory Great Knots in captivity to determine whether they showed the same reduction in BMR without having undergone the hard work of flight. The captive birds showed a similar range and reduction of BMR values as the wild birds. Exponents of relationships between BMR and body mass in different comparisons were high, indicating large changes in BMR as a function of body mass. Analysis of the body composition of ten wild and three captive birds found that the flight muscle mass and intestine mass positively correlated with BMR. La Tasa Metabolica Basal Disminuye durante Vuelos Migratorios de Larga Distancia en Calidris tenuirostris Resumen. Calidris tenuirostris realiza uno de los vuelos migratorios más largos entre las aves, volando desde Australia hasta China durante la migración al norte. Medimos la tasa metabólica basal (TMB) y la composición corporal en aves antes y después del vuelo y encontramos que TMB se reduce en 42%. La TMB específica por masa, o sea la TMB corregida por masa magra, se redujo en 33%. También expusimos un grupo premigratorio de Calidris tenuirostris a un periodo de ayuno en cautiverio, para determinar si mostraban una tasa de reducción similar en la TMB sin haber soportado la dura tarea de volar. Las aves en cautiverio mostraron un rango y una reducción de los valores de la TMB similares a los de las aves en libertad. Los exponentes de la relación entre TMB y masa corporal en diferentes comparaciones fueron altos, indicando grandes cambios de la TMB en función de la masa corporal. El análisis de la composición corporal de diez aves libres y tres en cautiverio mostró que la masa de los músculos del vuelo y la masa de los intestinos esta positivamente correlacionada con la TMB.

Influence of photoperiod on cold-adapted thermogenesis and endocrine aspects in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Wanlong Zhu ◽  
Fang Yang ◽  
Zhengkun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Tupaia Belangeri ◽  
Short Days

Environmental factors play an important role in the regulation of a mammal’s physiology and behavior. Consequently, particular species may provide valuable models for understanding the regulation of energy balance. In the present study, tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) were transferred from a short to a long day photoperiod in cold conditions, in order to test our prediction that short photoperiod may stimulate an increase in thermogenic capacity and energy intake in tree shrews. During the first four weeks of acclimation to short days, T. belangeri increased body mass, whereas during the second four weeks of acclimation to long days, the body mass of tree shrews decreased compared with the short day group. The increase in body mass reflected a significant increase in absolute amounts of body components, such as carcass mass. During long photoperiod associated with cold exposure, livers, kidney, and small intestine mass decreased. T. belangeri decreased resting metabolic rate and energy intake after exposure to long days while during the exposure to short days the shrews started to maintain a stable level after 28 days. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with body mass, as well as resting metabolic rate and energy intake. The results show that T. belangeri may provide an attractive novel model system for investigation of the regulation of body mass and energy balance at individual levels. Leptin is potentially stimulated by the photoperiod and cold exposure and is responsible for body mass regulation and thermogenesis in T. belangeri.

Aerobic Training, Resistance Training, or Their Combination as a Means to Fight against Excess Weight and Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Students—Which Is the Most Effective Modality? A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ahmed SAID ◽  
Mohamed Abdelmoneim Abdelrahman ◽  
Mohamed Shaab Alibrahim ◽  
Ahmed Abdel Hamed Kotb
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Before And After

This study aimed to determine the effects of either aerobic training (AT) or resistance training (RT) or both (A+RT) on obesity and its comorbidities in young adults. A total of 61 participants, aged 21.74 ± 1.42 years and with a body mass (BM) index (BMI) of 36.21 ± 2.43 kg/m2, were randomized for 12 weeks into control (CONT, n = 14), AT (n =13), RT (n = 16), and A+RT (n = 14) groups. BM, body composition, and cardiovascular disease risk (CVR) factors were assessed before and after intervention. BM did not change in the CONT and RT groups but decreased significantly by 7.5 kg in the AT (p ≤ 0.05) and 8.82 kg in the A+RT (p ≤ 0.05) groups, respectively. Significant reductions were also noted in waist circumference, BMI, and body fat percentage in the exercising groups. The most significant variations were in the A+RT group. HDL-C concentrations were increased after A+RT by 2.39 mg/dL. Significant reductions were also noted in VLDL-C concentrations (−2.84 mg/dL) in the A+RT group. AT alone is effective in improving BM and body composition, while RT alone improves the body composition and A+RT ensures better outcomes concerning BM, body composition, HDL-C, and VLDL-C. Novelty bullets: ●Aerobic training alone is effective in improving body mass and body composition. ●Resistance training alone improves the body composition. ●The combination of aerobic and resistance exercises ensures better outcomes for body mass, body composition, HDL-C, and VLD-C.

scholarly journals Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rusek ◽  
Joanna Baran ◽  
Justyna Leszczak ◽  
Marzena Adamczyk ◽  
Rafał Baran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pelvic Obliquity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Older Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The main goal of our study was to determine how the age of children, puberty and anthropometric parameters affect the formation of body composition and faulty body posture development in children. The secondary goal was to determine in which body segments abnormalities most often occur and how gender differentiates the occurrence of adverse changes in children’s body posture and body composition during puberty. The study group consisted of 464 schoolchildren aged from 6–16. Body posture was assessed with the Zebris system. The composition of the body mass was tested with Tanita MC 780 MA body mass analyzer and the body height was measured using a portable stadiometer PORTSTAND 210. The participants were further divided due to the age of puberty. Tanner division was adopted. The cut-off age for girls is ≥10 years and for boys it is ≥12 years. The analyses applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis and the t-test. The accepted level of significance was p < 0.05. The pelvic obliquity was lower in older children (beta = −0.15). We also see that age played a significant role in the difference in the height of the right pelvis (beta = −0.28), and the difference in the height of the right shoulder (beta = 0.23). Regression analysis showed that the content of adipose tissue (FAT%) increased with body mass index (BMI) and decreased with increasing weight, age, and height. Moreover, the FAT% was lower in boys than in girls (beta negative equal to −0.39). It turned out that older children (puberty), had greater asymmetry in the right shoulder blade (p < 0.001) and right shoulder (p = 0.003). On the other hand, younger children (who were still before puberty) had greater anomalies in the left trunk inclination (p = 0.048) as well as in the pelvic obliquity (p = 0.008). Girls in puberty were characterized by greater asymmetry on the right side, including the shoulders (p = 0.001), the scapula (p = 0.001) and the pelvis (p < 0.001). In boys, the problem related only to the asymmetry of the shoulder blades (p < 0.001). Girls were characterized by a greater increase in adipose tissue and boys by muscle tissue. Significant differences also appeared in the body posture of the examined children. Greater asymmetry within scapulas and shoulders were seen in children during puberty. Therefore, a growing child should be closely monitored to protect them from the adverse consequences of poor posture or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fields ◽  
Justin Merrigan ◽  
Jason White ◽  
Margaret Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

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