Influence of photoperiod on cold-adapted thermogenesis and endocrine aspects in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Wanlong Zhu ◽  
Fang Yang ◽  
Zhengkun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Tupaia Belangeri ◽  
Short Days

Environmental factors play an important role in the regulation of a mammal’s physiology and behavior. Consequently, particular species may provide valuable models for understanding the regulation of energy balance. In the present study, tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) were transferred from a short to a long day photoperiod in cold conditions, in order to test our prediction that short photoperiod may stimulate an increase in thermogenic capacity and energy intake in tree shrews. During the first four weeks of acclimation to short days, T. belangeri increased body mass, whereas during the second four weeks of acclimation to long days, the body mass of tree shrews decreased compared with the short day group. The increase in body mass reflected a significant increase in absolute amounts of body components, such as carcass mass. During long photoperiod associated with cold exposure, livers, kidney, and small intestine mass decreased. T. belangeri decreased resting metabolic rate and energy intake after exposure to long days while during the exposure to short days the shrews started to maintain a stable level after 28 days. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with body mass, as well as resting metabolic rate and energy intake. The results show that T. belangeri may provide an attractive novel model system for investigation of the regulation of body mass and energy balance at individual levels. Leptin is potentially stimulated by the photoperiod and cold exposure and is responsible for body mass regulation and thermogenesis in T. belangeri.

Effects of photoperiod on body mass, thermogenesis and serum leptin in Apodemus draco during cold exposure

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-long Zhu ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Lihua Meng ◽  
Zheng-kun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Long Day

Many small mammals respond to seasonal changes in photoperiod by altering body mass and adiposity. These animals may provide valuable models for understanding the regulation of energy balance. In the present study, we examined the effect on body mass, resting metabolic rate, food intake and body composition in cold-acclimated Apodemus draco by transferring them from a short to long day photoperiod. During the first 4 weeks of exposure to short days, A. draco’s body mass decreased. After the next 4 weeks of exposure to long days, body mass increased in the long day group compared to the short day group. This increase in body mass reflected significant increases in absolute amounts of body components, including wet carcass mass, dry carcass mass and body fat mass. Liver, kidney, and small intestine were enlarged due to longer photoperiod during cold exposure. A. draco increased its resting metabolic rate and energy intake after exposure to long days. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with body mass, body fat mass, resting metabolic rate as well as energy intake. All of the results indicate that A. draco may provide an attractive novel animal model for investigation of the regulation of body mass and energy balance at the organismal levels. Leptin is potentially involved in the photoperiod-induced body mass regulation and thermogenesis of A. draco during cold exposure.

Effects of food restriction on body mass, energy metabolism and thermogenesis in a tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-na Gong ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Wan-long Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Tupaia Belangeri ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThis study investigates the energy strategies of a small mammal in response to food shortages as a function of food restriction (FR), metabolic rate and ambient temperature. We subjected tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) to FR and measured body mass, survival rate, resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Cold-exposed animals restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake had significantly increased RMR and NST and decreased body mass and survival rates compared with those kept at room temperature on the same FR level. Animals classified has having a high RMR consumed 30.69% more food than those classified as having a low RMR, but showed no differences in body mass or survival when restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake. These results indicate that tree shrews, known for their relatively high metabolic rates, are sensitive to periods of FR, which supports the metabolic switch hypothesis. Our findings are also consistent with the prediction that small mammals with food hoarding behaviors, like tree shrews, may have a lower tolerance for food shortages than non-hoarding species.

Changes in Body Composition, Energy Metabolism, and Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Korean Professional Female Ballet Dancers Before and After Ballet Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Soo Youn Kim ◽  
Jung Ho Cho ◽  
Ji Hyun Lee ◽  
Jae Hyun Jung
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Ballet Dancers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dependent Sample

This study investigated changes in body composition, energy balance, and appetite-regulating hormones in professional female ballet dancers before and after 3 days of ballet performances. The subjects were 43 professional female ballet dancers in Korea. The mean age of the subjects was 25.9 ± 2.8 years, and they had over 13 years of ballet training on average. For body composition, the body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (%BF), lean body mass (LBM), and total body water (TBW) were evaluated. By way of blood analysis the serum levels of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin were examined. The calculations of energy intake (EI) and expenditure (EE) were based on journals that were self-recorded by the subjects for 14 days. For statistical analysis, the dependent sample t-test was applied (p < 0.05). The results showed no significant change in %BF, but the BMI, LBM, and TBW increased significantly in the post-performance measurement. Energy balance results demonstrated a significant increase in EI and decrease in EE. Both the ghrelin and leptin levels increased significantly. Although reported energy intake increased after performances, it remained below estimated energy requirements. Ballet dancers should be aware of the need to maintain energy balance in order to optimize their health and performance.

scholarly journals Effects of food restriction on body mass, energy metabolism and thermogenesis in a tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Peng Hong-bi ◽  
Hou Dong-min ◽  
Zhang Di ◽  
Zhu Wan-long
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Switch ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Abstract The metabolic switch hypothesis refers to an ability to adjust metabolic rate. It plays a key role in animals adapted to periods of food shortage, enabling them to “switch down” their resting metabolic rate and to survive and maintain their weight indefinitely on limited rations. The present study investigates the energy strategies of a small mammal in response to food shortages as a function of food restriction, metabolic rate and ambient temperature. We subjected tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) to food restriction and measured body mass, survival rate, resting metabolic rate, non-shivering thermogenesis and cytochrome c oxidase activity of brown adipose tissue. Cold-exposed animals restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake had significantly increased resting metabolic rate and non-shivering thermogenesis and decreased body mass and survival rates compared with those kept as control group on the same ood restriction level. Animals classified as having a high resting metabolic rate consumed 30.69% more food than those classified as having a low resting metabolic rate, but showed no differences in body mass or survival when restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake. These results indicate that tree shrews, known for their relatively high metabolic rates, are sensitive to periods of food restriction, which supports the metabolic switch hypothesis. Our findings are also consistent with the prediction that small mammals with food hoarding behaviors, like tree shrews, may have a lower tolerance for food shortages than non-hoarding species.

Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mullie ◽  
Pieter Maes ◽  
Laurens van Veelen ◽  
Damien Van Tiggelen ◽  
Peter Clarys
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rest Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake and Energy Expenditure in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3394
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Purcell ◽  
Ryan J. Marker ◽  
Marc-Andre Cornier ◽  
Edward L. Melanson
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass

Many breast cancer survivors (BCS) gain fat mass and lose fat-free mass during treatment (chemotherapy, radiation, surgery) and estrogen suppression therapy, which increases the risk of developing comorbidities. Whether these body composition alterations are a result of changes in dietary intake, energy expenditure, or both is unclear. Thus, we reviewed studies that have measured components of energy balance in BCS who have completed treatment. Longitudinal studies suggest that BCS reduce self-reported energy intake and increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Although some evidence suggests that resting metabolic rate is higher in BCS than in age-matched controls, no study has measured total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in this population. Whether physical activity levels are altered in BCS is unclear, but evidence suggests that light-intensity physical activity is lower in BCS compared to age-matched controls. We also discuss the mechanisms through which estrogen suppression may impact energy balance and develop a theoretical framework of dietary intake and TDEE interactions in BCS. Preclinical and human experimental studies indicate that estrogen suppression likely elicits increased energy intake and decreased TDEE, although this has not been systematically investigated in BCS specifically. Estrogen suppression may modulate energy balance via alterations in appetite, fat-free mass, resting metabolic rate, and physical activity. There are several potential areas for future mechanistic energetic research in BCS (e.g., characterizing predictors of intervention response, appetite, dynamic changes in energy balance, and differences in cancer sub-types) that would ultimately support the development of more targeted and personalized behavioral interventions.

Resting Metabolic Rate and Thermic Effect of a Meal in Low- and Adequate-Energy Intake Male Endurance Athletes

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Thompson ◽  
Melinda M. Manore ◽  
James S. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Thermic Effect

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) were determined in 13 low-energy intake (LOW) and 11 adequate-energy intake (ADQ) male endurance athletes. The LOW athletes reported eating 1,490 kcal·day-1less than the ADQ group, while the activity level of both groups was similar. Despite these differences, both groups had a similar fat-free mass (FFM) and had been weight stable for at least 2 years. The RMR was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the LOW group compared to the values of the ADQ group (1.19 vs. 1.29 kcal·FFM-1·hr-l, respectively); this difference represents a lower resting expenditure of 158 kcal·day-1. No differences were found in TEM between the two groups. These results suggest that a lower RMR is one mechanism that contributes to weight maintenance in a group of low- versus adequate-energy intake male athletes.

scholarly journals Resting metabolic rate is associated with hunger, self-determined meal size, and daily energy intake and may represent a marker for appetite

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillipa Caudwell ◽  
Graham Finlayson ◽  
Catherine Gibbons ◽  
Mark Hopkins ◽  
Neil King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Daily Energy

Effects of exercise on fluid exchange and body composition in man during 14-day bed rest

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Greenleaf ◽  
E. M. Bernauer ◽  
L. T. Juhos ◽  
H. L. Young ◽  
J. T. Morse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fluid Exchange ◽  
Isotonic Exercise

To determine the cause of the body weight loss during bed rest (BR), fluid balance and anthropometric measurements were taken from seven men (19–21 yr) during three 2-wk BR periods which were separated by 3-wk ambulatory recovery periods. Caloric intake was 3,073 +/- 155 (SD) kcal/day. During two of the three BR periods they performed supine isotonic exercise at 68% of VO2max on the ergometer for 1 h/day; or supine isometric exercise at 21% of maximal leg extension force for 1 min followed by a 1-min rest for 1 h/day. No prescribed exercise was given during the other BR period. During BR, body weight decreased slightly with no exercise (-0.43 kg, NS), but decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by -0.91 kg with isometric and by -1.77 kg with isotonic exercise. About one-third of the weight reduction with isotonic exercise was due to fat loss (-0.69 kg) and, the remainder, to loss of lean body mass (-0.98 kg). It is concluded that the reduction in body weight during bed rest has two major components: First, a loss of lean body mass caused by assumption of the horizontal body position that is independent of the metabolic rate. Second, a loss of body fat content that is proportional to the metabolic rate.

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