scholarly journals Current aspects on vaccines and immunization in the dog and cat. Part I. General aspects-Vaccines and vaccinations in the dog

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. MYLONAKIS (Μ.Μ. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
A. F. KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) ◽  
K. G. PLEVRAKI (Κ.Γ. ΠΛΕΥΡΑΚΗ)
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Hyperimmune Serum ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
General Aspects

Immunoprophylaxis plays a pivotal role within the frame of contemporary preventive medicine, enabling the practicing veterinarian to control the most common infectious diseases that may pose a threat on the health status or life itself in the dog and cat. Passive immunization is the administration of preformed antibodies in animals of the same or different species. An alternative to maternal immunity, the natural way of passive immunity, is the use of hyperimmune serum or plasma in colostrum-deprived neonates, in unvaccinated puppies and kittens that belong to high risk groups and in immunocompromised animals. In small animal practice the main vaccine types currently in use for vaccination, an active immunization procedure, include the modified live vaccines, the inactivated and the subunit vaccines. The sound knowledge of these vaccines special features and the potential causes of vaccination failures are essential if a successful vaccination schedule is to be implemented. Vaccinations can start at the 6th week of life in colostrum-afforded neonates while in colostrum-deprived puppies at the 4th week with the use of inactivated vaccines. In the dog, infectious diseases such as distemper, infectious hepatitis, leptospirosis (L. canicola, L. icterohaemorrhagiae), rabies, infectious tracheobronchitis, parvovirus infection, Coronavirus enteritis and babesiosis can be prevented by the use of vaccines which are currently available.

Antisera, Toxoids, Vaccines and Tuberculins in Prophylaxis and Treatment

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 430-430
Author(s):  
C. ARDEN MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Biological Products

This book begins: "Biological products used in infectious diseases may be divided into three groups, namely: 1) Sera of various types for prophylaxis and treatment by passive immunization; 2) Prophylactics, such as toxins, toxoids, and vaccines (both bacterial and viral), for active immunization; 3) Diagnostic products, such as diluted toxins and tuberculins, used by the clinician to detect the presence or absence of immunity and also of allergy. Most of these materials come within the scope of this book.

PREVENTION OF VIRAL DISEASES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 862-874
Author(s):  
Robert J. Warren ◽  
Frederick C. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The Family ◽  
Specific Source

Although the control of infectious hepatitis leaves much to be desired, certain measures can be taken. When a specific source of infection can be identified, such as shellfish, or the parenteral introduction of infected serum or blood, epidemiologic control can be effective in eliminating the source of infection and the use of gammaglobulin may protect those already exposed. When transmission occurs by intimate contact, such as within the family or where sanitary measures cannot be employed, passive immunization should be initiated. There are no immediate prospects for active immunization.

scholarly journals The Road towards Polyclonal Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulins (Hyperimmune Serum) for Passive Immunization in COVID-19

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Daniele Focosi ◽  
Marco Tuccori ◽  
Massimo Franchini
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Early Disease ◽  
Hyperimmune Serum ◽  
The Road ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Pros And Cons

Effective treatments specific for COVID-19 are still lacking. In the setting of passive immunotherapies based on neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), randomized controlled trials of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which have been granted emergency use authorization, have suggested benefit in early disease course (less than 72 hours from symptoms and seronegative). Meanwhile, polyclonal immunoglobulins (i.e., hyperimmune serum), derived either from CCP donations or from animals immunized with SARS-CoV-2 antigens, are likely to become the next nAb-derived candidate. We here discuss the pros and cons of hyperimmune serum versus CCP and mAb, and summarize the ongoing clinical trials of COVID-19 hyperimmune sera.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Diseases

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz-Josef Schmitt ◽  
Khrystyna Hrynkevych
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
F Protein ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Repeated Infections ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Underlying Diseases

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an RNA virus that causes annual ARI outbreaks during winter with mild URTI in the general population, but with severe LRTI particularly among young children (bronchiolitis), patients with underlying diseases and people >65 years of age. RSV does not induce a long-lasting protective immunity and repeated infections throughout life are the norm. Basically, all children have been infected by 2 years of age and of those hospitalized, >50% are <3 months and 75% are <6 months of age. The overall CFR is 1/500. For adults ≥65 years, RSV hospitalization rates are 90–250/105. There is no specific therapy, general preventive measures include general hygiene and isolation/separation of patients. A monoclonal anti-F-protein antibody is available for passive immunization of selected high-risk children. It requires monthly injections, comes at a high cost and has limited efficacy (50% against RSV hospitalization). Active immunization failed in the past, probably as the post-fusion conformation of the F-protein was used. Long-acting monoclonal antibodies (for infants) as well as stabilized pre-fusion F-protein vaccines (for immunization of pregnant women, children, older adults) produced on various platforms are in late stages of clinical development.

Remembering As We Look Ahead: The Three E's and Firearm Injuries

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
MARK D. WIDOME
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Accident Prevention ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Childhood Injury ◽  
Firearm Injuries ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Look Ahead

There was a little man, and he had a little gun, And his bullets were made of lead, lead, lead; He went to the brook, and he saw a little duck, And he shot it through the head, head, head. —Mother Goose Four decades ago, Harry Dietrich,1 a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics' newly established Accident Prevention Committee, described a developmentally based approach to the prevention of childhood injury. Dietrich stressed the great need for protection ("passive immunization") for the young child and for safety education ("active immunization") as the child matures. It was also in the early 1950s that George Wheatley, the first chairman of the Accident Prevention Committee, popularized the "three E's"2—education, enforcement, and engineering—as a framework for developing and categorizing strategies to prevent injuries.

Effect of immunization with prostaglandin metabolites on gastrointestinal ulceration

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (6) ◽  
pp. G723-G730 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Redfern ◽  
E. Lee ◽  
M. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Prostaglandin E2 ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Gastric Ulceration ◽  
Separate Group ◽  
Control Plasma ◽  
Gastrointestinal Ulceration ◽  
Donor Plasma

Active immunization of rabbits with a 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha-thyroglobulin conjugate induced gastrointestinal ulceration, whereas active immunization of rabbits with 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin E2-thyroglobulin conjugate or with thyroglobulin alone did not result in ulceration. Passive immunization of a separate group of rabbits with 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha-hyperimmune plasma, obtained from actively 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha-immunized donor rabbits that had ulcers, induced gastric ulceration within 9 days, whereas passive immunization of rabbits with control plasma, obtained from donor rabbits actively immunized with thyroglobulin alone, did not induce ulceration. Ulcerogenic donor plasma containing antibody to 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha neutralized the inhibitory actions of prostacyclin on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, indicating that this antibody cross-reacted with prostacyclin. In contrast, plasma containing antibodies to 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin E2 cross-reacted only slightly with prostaglandin E2. Thus antibodies to inactive metabolites of prostaglandins induce ulceration only if these antibodies cross-react with an endogenous, "cytoprotective" prostaglandin.

scholarly journals Challenges and opportunities to understanding genetics of fungal diseases: towards a functional genomics approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariolina Bruno ◽  
Vasiliki Matzaraki ◽  
Frank L van de Veerdonk ◽  
Vinod Kumar ◽  
Mihai G. Netea
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Immune Related Genes

Infectious diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and human pathogens have long been recognized as one of the main sources of evolutionary pressure, resulting in a high variable genetic background in immune-related genes. The study of the genetic contribution to infectious diseases has undergone tremendous advances over the last decades. Here, focusing on genetic predisposition to fungal diseases, we provide an overview of the available approaches for studying human genetic susceptibility to infections, reviewing current methodological and practical limitations. We describe how the classical methods available, such as family-based studies and candidate-gene studies, have contributed to the discovery of crucial susceptibility factors for fungal infections. We will also discuss the contribution of novel unbiased approaches to the field, highlighting their success but also their limitations for the fungal immunology field. Finally, we show how a systems genomics approach can overcome those limitations and can lead to efficient prioritization and identification of genes and pathways with a critical role in susceptibility to fungal diseases. This knowledge will help stratify patients at risk groups and, subsequently, develop early appropriate prophylactic and treatment strategies.

General aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Alex Sandro Rolland Souza ◽  
Melania Maria Ramos Amorim ◽  
Adriana Suely de Oliveira Melo ◽  
Alexandre Magno Delgado ◽  
Anna Catharina Magliano Carneiro da Cunha Florêncio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
Transmission Prevention ◽  
Narrative Literature Review ◽  
General Aspects

Abstract Objectives: to review the available literature on the general aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infec-tion. Methods: this is a narrative literature review carried out from March to September 2020. Results: COVID-19 caused by the new coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2, grows with devas-tating effects worldwide. The literature describes epidemiological data and mortality risk groups of the disease, which presents a high rate of transmission. Prevention is the most effective way to fight the disease, persisting the absence of strong evidence on the treatment. Vaccines are not yet available. Dexamethasone is effective in reducing mortality in severe forms. Conclusions: despite great efforts, as the number of confirmed cases increases, evidence on transmission, incidence, disease progression, lethality, effects and outcomes remain limited and without any high levels of evidence. Studies are still necessary for all aspects of the disease.

CORRESPONDENCE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-453
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
Chairman Committee

Editor's Comment: The above letter was submitted to Dr. John J. Miller, Chairman, Committee on Immunization and Therapeutic Procedures for Acute Infectious Diseases, for an opinion. He has replied that "In the forthcoming revision of the Report of the Committee on Immunization and Therapeutic Procedures for Acute Infectious Diseases, the following statements on this subject will appear: Under the heading of "Contraindications to Active Immunization Procedures" appears: "The existence of poliomyelitis in epidemic proportions in the community should be a signal for the reconsideration of injections and vaccination.

8. Looking ahead

2015 ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Marta L. Wayne ◽  
Benjamin M. Bolker
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Transmission Control ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
The Impact

‘Looking ahead’ shows how our understanding of disease ecology and evolution has revolutionized disease management. By developing transmission control strategies to close the encounter filter and vaccines and treatments to close the compatibility filter, we have reduced the misery caused by infectious disease. But what is the outlook for the future control of infectious diseases? We cannot eradicate infectious disease. Living things have parasitized one another since the beginning of life itself. New zoonotic diseases will continue to emerge, and existing diseases will continually evolve to escape our methods of control. Despite this stark reality, we can minimize the impact of disease even if we can never fully conquer it.

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