Neuroacting drugs and its pharmacological response in relation to different stress status: A review

This article intended to review many methods and types of stressors in the previous works of literaturethat describe the role of these stressors to induce modifications and alterations in the pharmacological response of the drugs acting on the nervous system (neuroacting drugs) in human and animal models. The current review focus on the different methods for inducing stress status which categorized as chemical, physical and miscellaneous stressors that affect on the well-known pharmacological response of the neuroacting drugs and by which mechanism can the stressor induce a modification in the drug target response with mentioning the findings related to changes in the pharmcologiacal response of the neuroacting drugs in previous literature. In conclusion, most studies suggest an alteration of the pharmacological response of neuroacting drugs, commonly by potentiating their efficacy and subsequent toxicity, due to different stressful methods, which may be obligated to the direct and indirect receptor modification (pharmacodynamic interaction) in addition to the direct pharmacokinetic influence on the essential parameters of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the neuroacting drugs.

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The Role of the JC Virus in Central Nervous System Tumorigenesis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21176236 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (17) ◽

pp. 6236

Author(s):

Nicholas Ahye ◽

Anna Bellizzi ◽

Dana May ◽

Hassen S. Wollebo

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Brain Tumor ◽

Animal Models ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Jc Virus ◽

Tumor Formation ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Merkel Cell

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. The study of DNA tumor-inducing viruses and their oncoproteins as a causative agent in cancer initiation and tumor progression has greatly enhanced our understanding of cancer cell biology. The initiation of oncogenesis is a complex process. Specific gene mutations cause functional changes in the cell that ultimately result in the inability to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation effectively. The human neurotropic Polyomavirus JC (JCV) belongs to the family Polyomaviridae and it is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in an immunosuppressed state. Sero-epidemiological studies have indicated JCV infection is prevalent in the population (85%) and that initial infection usually occurs during childhood. The JC virus has small circular, double-stranded DNA that includes coding sequences for viral early and late proteins. Persistence of the virus in the brain and other tissues, as well as its potential to transform cells, has made it a subject of study for its role in brain tumor development. Earlier observation of malignant astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in PML, as well as glioblastoma formation in non-human primates inoculated with JCV, led to the hypothesis that JCV plays a role in central nervous system (CNS) tumorigenesis. Some studies have reported the presence of both JC viral DNA and its proteins in several primary brain tumor specimens. The discovery of new Polyomaviruses such as the Merkel cell Polyomavirus, which is associated with Merkel cell carcinomas in humans, ignited our interest in the role of the JC virus in CNS tumors. The current evidence known about JCV and its effects, which are sufficient to produce tumors in animal models, suggest it can be a causative factor in central nervous system tumorigenesis. However, there is no clear association between JCV presence in CNS and its ability to initiate CNS cancer and tumor formation in humans. In this review, we will discuss the correlation between JCV and tumorigenesis of CNS in animal models, and we will give an overview of the current evidence for the JC virus’s role in brain tumor formation.

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The Enteric Nervous System in Inflammation and Pain: The Role of Proteinase-Activated Receptors

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1155/2003/683731 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 589-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Nathalie Vergnolle

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Animal Models ◽

Enteric Nervous System ◽

Neurogenic Inflammation ◽

Pain Perception ◽

Visceral Pain ◽

Signalling Molecules ◽

Proteinase Activated Receptors ◽

Intestinal Hypersensitivity

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays a pivotal role in inflammatory and nociceptive processes. Drugs that interact with the ENS have recently raised considerable interest because of their capacity to regulate numerous aspects of the gut physiology and pathophysiology. The present article summarizes recent research on proteinases and proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) as signalling molecules in the ENS. In particular, experiments in animal models suggest that PAR2is important to neurogenic inflammation in the intestine. Moreover, PAR2agonists seem to induce intestinal hypersensitivity and hyperalgesic states, suggesting a role for this receptor in visceral pain perception. Thus, PARs, together with the proteinases that activate them, represent exciting new targets for therapeutic intervention on the ENS.

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The Unexpected Science of Estrogen Receptor-β Selective Agonists: A New Class of Anti-Inflammatory Agents?

Nuclear Receptor Signaling ◽

10.1621/nrs.04012 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. nrs.04012 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Heather A. Harris

Keyword(s):

Estrogen Receptor ◽

Animal Models ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Drug Target ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Model Systems ◽

New Class ◽

Selective Agonists ◽

Anti Inflammatory

In the nine years since the unexpected discovery of a second form of the estrogen receptor (ER), ERβ has been mentioned in about 2,800 literature citations. Such prolific research is testimony to interest in explaining its role in estrogen physiology as well as investigating its potential as a drug target. Our current understanding is that ERα, not ERβ is responsible for mediating the effects of estrogens in “classic” model systems such as the reproductive tract and skeleton. The role of ERβ is still being defined, but profiling of ERβ selective agonists in several animal models of human disease indicates these compounds may have utility as novel anti-inflammatory agents. The challenge for the future is to elucidate their mechanism of action and determine the clinical relevance of the impressive preclinical observations.

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Inflammasome can Affect Adult Neurogenesis: A Review Article

The Open Neurology Journal ◽

10.2174/1874205x02115010025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 25-30

Author(s):

Sara Solimani Asl ◽

Cyrus Jalili ◽

Tayebeh Artimani ◽

Mahdi Ramezani ◽

Fatemeh Mirzaei

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Adult Neurogenesis ◽

Subventricular Zone ◽

Review Article ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus ◽

Multiple Signals ◽

Current Review

Adult neurogenesis is the process of producing new neurons in the adult brain and is limited to two major areas: the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the Subventricular Zone (SVZ). Adult neurogenesis is affected by some physiological, pharmacological, and pathological factors. The inflammasome is a major signalling platform that regulates caspase-1 and induces proinflammatory cytokines production such as interleukin-1β (IL1-β) and IL-18. Inflammasomes may be stimulated through multiple signals, and some of these signaling factors can affect neurogenesis. In the current review, “adult neurogenesis and inflammasome” were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Reviewing various research works showed correlations between inflammasome and neurogenesis by different intermediate factors, such as interferons (IFN), interleukins (IL), α-synuclein, microRNAs, and natural compounds. Concerning the significant role of neurogenesis in the health of the nervous system and memory, understanding factors inducing neurogenesis is crucial for identifying new therapeutic aims. Hence in this review, we will discuss the different mechanisms by which inflammasome influences adult neurogenesis.

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Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000440 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 86 (3-4) ◽

pp. 127-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zeshan Ali ◽

Zhenbin Wang ◽

Rai Muhammad Amir ◽

Shoaib Younas ◽

Asif Wali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Structure ◽

Review Paper ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Active Role ◽

Current Review ◽

Different Types ◽

Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

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The role of prostaglandin receptors in mediating stress response in the central nervous system

Neuroscience Research ◽

10.1016/s0168-0102(00)81006-8 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. S26

Author(s):

Y Matsuoka

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Stress Response ◽

Prostaglandin Receptors ◽

The Central Nervous System

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The role of the sympathetic and sensory nervous system in peritoneal endometriotic lesions

Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde ◽

10.1055/s-0031-1292700 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 71 (10) ◽

Author(s):

J Arnold ◽

ML Barcena de Arellano ◽

C Rüster ◽

A Schneider ◽

S Mechsner

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Sensory Nervous System

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Thyroid hormone-catecholamine interrelationships during exposure to cold

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0970091 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 91-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

H. Storm ◽

C. van Hardeveld ◽

A. A. H. Kassenaar

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Plasma Concentration ◽

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Sympathetic Nervous System ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Surgical Procedure ◽

Exposure To Cold ◽

Basal Plasma ◽

Sympathetic Nervous

Abstract. Basal plasma levels for adrenalin (A), noradrenalin (NA), l-triiodothyronine (T3), and l-thyroxine (T4) were determined in rats with a chronically inserted catheter. The experiments described in this report were started 3 days after the surgical procedure when T3 and T4 levels had returned to normal. Basal levels for the catecholamines were reached already 4 h after the operation. The T3/T4 ratio in plasma was significantly increased after 3, 7, and 14 days in rats kept at 4°C and the same holds for the iodide in the 24-h urine after 7 and 14 days at 4°C. The venous NA plasma concentration was increased 6- to 12-fold during the same period of exposure to cold, whereas the A concentration remained at the basal level. During infusion of NA at 23°C the T3/T4 ratio in plasma was significantly increased after 7 days compared to pair-fed controls, and the same holds for the iodide excretion in the 24-h urine. This paper presents further evidence for a role of the sympathetic nervous system on T4 metabolism in rats at resting conditions.

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