scholarly journals Comparison of color discrimination in chronic heavy smokers and healthy subjects

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Monteiro de Paiva Fernandes ◽  
Natanael Antonio dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Fundoscopic Examination ◽  
Choice Method ◽  
Heavy Smokers

Background: Cigarette smoke is probably the most significant source of exposure to toxic chemicals for humans, involving health-damaging components, such as nicotine, hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of chronic heavy smoking on color discrimination (CD). Methods: All subjects were free of any neuropsychiatric disorder, identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography exam. We assessed color vision for healthy heavy smokers (n = 15; age range, 20-45 years), deprived smokers (n = 15, age range 20-45 years) and healthy non-smokers (n = 15; age range, 20-45 years), using the psychophysical forced-choice method. All groups were matched for gender and education level. In this paradigm, the volunteers had to choose the pseudoisochromatic stimulus containing a test frequency at four directions (e.g., up, down, right and left) in the subtest of Cambridge Colour Test (CCT): Trivector. Results: Performance on CCT differed between groups, and the observed pattern was that smokers had lower discrimination compared to non-smokers. In addition, deprived smokers presented lower discrimination to smokers and non-smokers. Contrary to expectation, the largest differences were observed for medium and long wavelengths. Conclusions: These results suggests that cigarette smoke and chronic exposure to nicotine, or withdrawal from nicotine, affects CD. This highlights the importance of understanding the diffuse effects of nicotine either attentional bias on color vision.

scholarly journals Comparison of color discrimination in chronic heavy smokers and healthy subjects

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Monteiro de Paiva Fernandes ◽  
Natalia Leandro Almeida ◽  
Natanael Antonio dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Fundoscopic Examination ◽  
Choice Method ◽  
Heavy Smokers

Background: Cigarette smoke is probably the most significant source of exposure to toxic chemicals for humans, involving health-damaging components, such as nicotine, hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of chronic heavy smoking on color discrimination (CD). Methods: All subjects were free of any neuropsychiatric disorder, identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography exam. We assessed color vision for healthy heavy smokers (n = 15; age range, 20-45 years), deprived smokers (n = 15, age range 20-45 years) and healthy non-smokers (n = 15; age range, 20-45 years), using the psychophysical forced-choice method. All groups were matched for gender and education level. In this paradigm, the volunteers had to choose the pseudoisochromatic stimulus containing a test frequency at four directions (e.g., up, down, right and left) in the subtest of Cambridge Colour Test (CCT): Trivector. Results: Performance on CCT differed between groups, and the observed pattern was that smokers had lower discrimination compared to non-smokers. In addition, deprived smokers presented lower discrimination to smokers and non-smokers. Contrary to expectation, the largest differences were observed for medium and long wavelengths. Conclusions: These results suggests that cigarette smoke and chronic exposure to nicotine, or withdrawal from nicotine, affects CD. This highlights the importance of understanding the diffuse effects of nicotine either attentional bias on color vision.

scholarly journals Comparison of color discrimination in chronic heavy smokers and healthy subjects

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Monteiro de Paiva Fernandes ◽  
Natalia Leandro Almeida ◽  
Natanael Antonio dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Test Frequency ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Fundoscopic Examination ◽  
Choice Method ◽  
Heavy Smokers

Background: Cigarette smoke is probably the most significant source of exposure to toxic chemicals for humans, involving health-damaging components, such as nicotine, hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of chronic heavy smoking on color discrimination (CD). Methods: All subjects were free of any neuropsychiatric disorder, identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography exam. We assessed color vision for healthy heavy smokers (n = 15; age range, 20-45 years), deprived smokers (n = 15, age range 20-45 years) and healthy non-smokers (n = 15; age range, 20-45 years), using the psychophysical forced-choice method. All groups were matched for gender and education level. In this test, the volunteers had to choose the pseudoisochromatic stimulus containing a test frequency at four directions (e.g., up, down, right and left) in the subtest of Cambridge Colour Test (CCT): Trivector. Results: Performance on CCT differed between groups, and the observed pattern was that smokers had lower discrimination compared to non-smokers. In addition, deprived smokers presented lower discrimination to smokers and non-smokers. Contrary to expectation, the largest differences were observed for medium and long wavelengths. Conclusions: These results suggests that cigarette smoking, chronic exposure to its compounds, and withdrawal from nicotine affect color discrimination. This highlights the importance of understanding the diverse effects of nicotine on attentional bias.

A computer-controlled color vision test for children based on the Cambridge Colour Test

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAULO R. K. GOULART ◽  
MARCIO L. BANDEIRA ◽  
DANIELA TSUBOTA ◽  
NESTOR N. OIWA ◽  
MARCELO F. COSTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Training Techniques ◽  
Research Systems ◽  
Cambridge Research ◽  
Color Vision Test ◽  
Child Friendly ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Landolt C

The present study aimed at providing conditions for the assessment of color discrimination in children using a modified version of the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT, Cambridge Research Systems Ltd., Rochester, UK). Since the task of indicating the gap of the Landolt C used in that test proved counterintuitive and/or difficult for young children to understand, we changed the target stimulus to a patch of color approximately the size of the Landolt C gap (about 7° of visual angle at 50 cm from the monitor). The modifications were performed for the CCT Trivector test which measures color discrimination for the protan, deutan and tritan confusion lines. Experiment 1 sought to evaluate the correspondence between the CCT and the child-friendly adaptation with adult subjects (n = 29) with normal color vision. Results showed good agreement between the two test versions. Experiment 2 tested the child-friendly software with children 2 to 7 years old (n = 25) using operant training techniques for establishing and maintaining the subjects' performance. Color discrimination thresholds were progressively lower as age increased within the age range tested (2 to 30 years old), and the data—including those obtained for children—fell within the range of thresholds previously obtained for adults with the CCT. The protan and deutan thresholds were consistently lower than tritan thresholds, a pattern repeatedly observed in adults tested with the CCT. The results demonstrate that the test is fit for assessment of color discrimination in young children and may be a useful tool for the establishment of color vision thresholds during development.

Bipolar cell pathways for color vision in non-primate dichromats

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN PULLER ◽  
SILKE HAVERKAMP
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Retinal Pathways ◽  
Retinal Information Processing ◽  
Cone Opsins ◽  
Retinal Information

AbstractColor vision in mammals is based on the expression of at least two cone opsins that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Furthermore, retinal pathways conveying color-opponent signals are required for color discrimination. Most of the primates are trichromats, and “color-coded channels” of their retinas are unveiled to a large extent. In contrast, knowledge of cone-selective pathways in nonprimate dichromats is only slowly emerging, although retinas of dichromats like mice or rats are extensively studied as model systems for retinal information processing. Here, we review recent progress of research on color-coded pathways in nonprimate dichromats to identify differences or similarities between di- and trichromatic mammals. In addition, we applied immunohistochemical methods and confocal microscopy to retinas of different species and present data on their neuronal properties, which are expected to contribute to color vision. Basic neuronal features such as the “blue cone bipolar cell” exist in every species investigated so far. Moreover, there is increasing evidence for chromatic OFF channels in dichromats and retinal ganglion cells that relay color-opponent signals to the brain. In conclusion, di- and trichromats share similar retinal pathways for color transmission and processing.

scholarly journals Investigation on Glucose and levels of Zn and Cu in Sera of Iraqi Males addicted on Methamphetamine or Tramadol

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
Rulla Sabah ◽  
Ahmed saad abbas Fatin F.Al-Kazazz ◽  
Salam A.H Al-Ameri
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Zn And Cu In ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Group A ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Heavy Smokers

Addiction is the most critical form of Addiction. It is a chronic disease with a potential for fatality if not treated. In this work, 180 samples of male individuals were collected in this study. They classified into three groups, groups:  G1 who were healthy control; G2 who was addicted to methamphetamine (meth); G3 who was addicted to tramadol (Tra). Each group consists of 60 heavy smokers Iraqi male individuals in the age range of 18-43 years. The results showed a highly significant increase (p<0.0001) in the level of Glucose of the two addicted groups in comparison with the healthy group. A highly significant decrease (p<0.0001) could be seen in the level of Zn of the two addicted groups G2, G3 compared to the control group, while the level of Cu of the two addicted groups were highly significant increased (p<0.0001). Also, the results showed a highly significant difference (p<0.0001) in BMI for the studied groups, G2, G3 in comparison with the control group. All addictive individuals under this study were at normal weight depending on their BMI.  

scholarly journals HEAVY SMOKING

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 433-435
Author(s):  
MUMTAZ ALI SHAIKH ◽  
DUR-E- YAKTA ◽  
DARGAHI SHAIKH
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Serum Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Serum Triglycerides ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Heavy Smokers

Objective: This study is conducted to observe the serum lipoprotein alterations in chronic heavy smokers in LUMHS Sindh. Study Design: Analytical study Material and Methods: It was conducted on 60 non obese adult smokers, both sexes, who smoked more than twenty cigarettes or beeries a day regularly for more than five years. All the participants were current smokers. Sampling technique was simple random technique. Setting: The study was conducted in outdoor department of LUMHS Jamshoro/Hyderabad. Period: Jan 2010 to Jan 2011. Eighteen hours fasting blood sample was sent for lipid studies. Lipids studied were serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins. For control values ATP 3 guidelines were used. Statistics: Mean of statistical values was calculated with standard deviation and variance in standard deviation. Results obtained were analyzed by SPSS 11. Results: Age of the patients was 25-70 years. Mean age was 47.81±12.96 years. Median age was 50 years. Male/ female ratio was 45/15. Patients were from both rural and urban areas. Mean duration of smoking was 25.5±9.15 years. The study carried out on 60 chronic heavy smokers, showed deranged lipid levels as: Total cholesterol mean 237.57 mg/dl ±37.89; TG mean 203.76 mg/dl ±47.08; LDL-C mean 158.62 mg/dl ±17.25; HDL-C mean 29.67 mg/dl ±3.12. Results are shown in Table No I. Conclusions: Our study concluded at LUMHS showed that by continuous heavy smoking the serum lipid levels get deranged.

scholarly journals What differs former, light and heavy smokers? Evidence from a post-conflict setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-22
Author(s):  
Tatjana Gazibara ◽  
Marija Milic ◽  
Milan Parlic ◽  
Jasmina Stevanovic ◽  
Nebojsa Mitic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Prevention ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
Conflict Setting ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Heavy Smokers

Background: Evidence suggests that people who live in regions affected by the armed conflict are more likely to smoke. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess factors associated with smoking status in a sample of students in the northern Kosovo province. Materials and methods: A total of 514 students enrolled in University in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo, were recruited be- tween April to June 2015 at Student Public Health Center during mandatory health checks. Participants filled in socio-demo- graphic and behavioral questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Based on responses about smoking, students were categorized in non-smokers, former smokers, light smokers (1-13 cigarettes/day) and heavy smokers (> 13 cigarettes/ day). Results: Of 514 students, 116 (22.6%) classified themselves as smokers. Higher education level of fathers (Odds ra- tio [OR]=2.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-6.44, p=0.009), not living with smokers (OR=0.42, 95%CI 0.15-0.97, p=0.017) and longer exposure to second hand smoke (OR=1.07, 95%CI 1.01-1.13, p=0.036) was associated with former smoking. Studying medical and natural sciences (OR=2.07, 95%CI 1.05-4.18, p=0.040), consuming alcohol (OR=2.98, 95%CI 1.19-10.03, p=0.020), living with smokers (OR=2.88, 95%CI 1.49-5.56, p=0.002), longer exposure to second hand smoke (OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.01-1.11, p=0.019) and having a more intense depressive symptoms (OR=1.08, 95%CI 1.03-1.13, p=0.002) was associated with light smoking. Being male (OR=0.22, 95%CI 0.07-0.41, p=0.001), older (OR=1.47, 95%CI 1.21-1.78, p=0.001), living with smokers (OR=3.78, 95%CI 1.69-8.07, p=0.001), longer daily exposure to second-hand smoke (OR=1.10, 95%CI 1.04-1.16, p=0.001), and having more severe depressive symptoms (OR=1.12, 95%CI 1.07-1.18, p=0.001) were associated with heavy smoking. Conclusion: Smoking prevention and cessation programs should include the entire community, because exposure to en- vironmental second hand smoke may facilitate initiation and more intense smoking. Screening of student smokers for depression should be prioritized in the process of rebuilding the framework for primary and secondary prevention in the post-conflict period. Keywords: Students; smoking; tobacco; prevention.

scholarly journals Visual function alterations in essential tremor: A case report

2015 ◽  
Vol 08 (05) ◽  
pp. 1550040 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Piñero ◽  
Begoña Monllor ◽  
Vicenta Moncho ◽  
Vicent J. Camps ◽  
Dolores de Fez
Keyword(s):  
Essential Tremor ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Visual Pathways ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Complete Evaluation ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Color Vision Tests ◽  
Global Values ◽  
Fundoscopic Examination

Our purpose is to report alterations in contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and in the magno, parvo and koniocellular visual pathways by means of a multichannel perimeter in case of an essential tremor (ET). A complete evaluation of the visual function was performed in a 69-year old patient, including the analysis of the chromatic discrimination by the Fansworth–Munsell 100 hue test, the measurement of the CSF by the CSV-1000E test, and the detection of potential alteration patterns in the magno, parvo and koniocellular visual pathways by means of a multichannel perimeter. Visual acuity and intraocular pressure (IOP) were within the ranges of normality in both eyes. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography (OCT) exam. The results of the color vision examination were also within the ranges of normality. A significant decrease in the achromatic CSFs for right eye (RE) and left eye (LE) was detected for all spatial frequencies. The statistical global values provided by the multichannel perimeter confirms that there were significant absolute sensitivity losses compared to the normal pattern in RE. In the LE, only a statistically significant decrease in sensitivity was detected for the blue-yellow (BY) channel. The pattern standard deviation (PSD) values obtained in our patient indicated that there were significant localized losses compared to the normality pattern in the achromatic channel of the RE and in the red-green (RG) channel of the LE. Some color vision alterations may be present in ET that cannot be detected with conventional color vision tests, such as the FM 100 Hue.

scholarly journals Sex-related differences in chromatic sensitivity

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. RODRÍGUEZ-CARMONA ◽  
L.T. SHARPE ◽  
J.A. HARLOW ◽  
J.L. BARBUR
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Luminance Contrast ◽  
Choice Procedure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Forced Choice Procedure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chromatic Sensitivity ◽  
Female Carriers

Generally women are believed to be more discriminating than men in the use of color names and this is often taken to imply superior color vision. However, if both X-chromosome linked color deficient males (∼8%) and females (<1%) as well as heterozygote female carriers (∼15%) are excluded from comparisons, then differences between men and women in red-green (RG) color discrimination have been reported as not being significant (e.g., Pickford, 1944; Hood et al., 2006). We re-examined this question by assessing the performance of 150 males and 150 females on the color assessment and diagnosis (CAD) test (Rodriguez-Carmona et al., 2005). This is a sensitive test that yields small color detection thresholds. The test employs direction-specific, moving, chromatic stimuli embedded in a background of random, dynamic, luminance contrast noise. A four-alternative, forced-choice procedure is employed to measure the subject's thresholds for detection of color signals in 16 directions in color space, while ensuring that the subject cannot make use of any residual luminance contrast signals. In addition, we measured the Rayleigh anomaloscope matches in a subgroup of 111 males and 114 females. All the age-matched males (30.8 ± 9.7) and females (26.7 ± 8.8) had normal color vision as diagnosed by a battery of conventional color vision tests. Females with known color deficient relatives were excluded from the study. Comparisons between the male and female groups revealed no significant differences in anomaloscope midpoints (p = 0.709), but a significant difference in matching ranges (p = 0.040); females on average tended to have a larger mean range (4.11) than males (3.75). Females also had significantly higher CAD thresholds than males along the RG (p = 0.0004), but not along the yellow-blue (YB) discrimination axis. The differences between males and females in RG discrimination may be related to the heterozygosity in X-linked cone photo pigment expression common among females.

scholarly journals Multidimensional scaling of D15 caps: Color-vision defects among tobacco smokers?

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID BIMLER ◽  
JOHN KIRKLAND
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Toxic Exposure ◽  
Panel Test ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Color Vision Defects ◽  
Vision Defects

Tobacco smoke contains a range of toxins including carbon monoxide and cyanide. With specialized cells and high metabolic demands, the optic nerve and retina are vulnerable to toxic exposure. We examined the possible effects of smoking on color vision: specifically, whether smokers perceive a different pattern of suprathreshold color dissimilarities from nonsmokers. It is already known that smokers differ in threshold color discrimination, with elevated scores on the Roth 28-Hue Desaturated panel test. Groups of smokers and nonsmokers, matched for sex and age, followed a triadic procedure to compare dissimilarities among 32 pigmented stimuli (the caps of the saturated and desaturated versions of the D15 panel test). Multidimensional scaling was applied to quantify individual variations in the salience of the axes of color space. Despite the briefness, simplicity, and “low-tech” nature of the procedure, subtle but statistically significant differences did emerge: on average the smoking group were significantly less sensitive to red–green differences. This is consistent with some form of injury to the optic nerve.

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