scholarly journals The Finnic Tetrameter – A Creolization of Poetic Form?

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-78
Author(s):  
Frog
Keyword(s):  
Social Process ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Alliterative Verse ◽  
The North ◽  
Sign Systems ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Verse Form ◽  
Language Areas

This article presents a new theory on the origins of the common Finnic tetrameter as a poetic form (also called the Kalevala-meter, regilaul meter, etc.). It argues that this verse form emerged as a creolization of the North Germanic alliterative verse form during a period of intensive language contacts, and that the Finnic ethnopoetic ecology made it isosyllabic. Previous theories have focused on the trochaic, tetrametric structure and viewed other features of poetic form as secondary or incidental. This is the first theory to offer a metrically driven explanation for the distinctive features of the poetic form: the systematic placement of lexically stressed short syllables in metrically unstressed positions and systematic yet unmetricalized use of verse-internal alliteration. The emergence of the poetic form may be viewed simply in terms of hybridization, but its formation as a central mode for epic and ritual poetry demands consideration of social factors. Creolization is considered a social process of hybridization at the level of sign systems that is characterized by a salient asymmetrical relation of power, authority or other value in the cultural sign systems being reconfigured from the perspective of the society or groups involved. An argument is presented that North Germanic contacts also produced systematic verse-internal alliteration in Finnic languages. Discussion then turns to the distinction between the origin and spread of the poetic form. The poetic form’s uniformity across Finnic language areas in spite of its ‘foreign’ metrical features along with the range of genres with which it was used are considered indicators of the poetic form’s spread with language, forming an argument that the tetrameter emerged within an environment that also produced Late Proto-Finnic, and then spread with Late Proto-Finnic language and culture through areas where other Finnic language forms were spoken.

Ted Berrigan’s Stanzaic Spaces

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Shamma
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
John Donne ◽  
New York School ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Verse Form

After suggesting (and agreeing) that Berrigan led the Second Generation New York School, this chapter treats the actual forms of Berrigan’s poems, focusing on his sonnets to show that these poets interpret poems as spaces in which to recreate rooms. Berrigan, perhaps more obviously than any other New York School poet, took deliberate steps towards integrating aspects of traditional poetic verse form: Where John Donne encouraged: “We’ll build in sonnets pretty rooms,” Berrigan retorts (repeated throughout his Sonnets): “Is there room in the room that you room in?” riddling the form with domestic, urban and aesthetic complications. Berrigan explained to an interviewer: “I always thought of each one of my poems, like the sonnets, as being a room. And before that, I used to think of each stanza as being a room.” Accordingly, this chapter examines Berrigan’s stanzas as rooms, arguing that this responsive poetic form functions organically.

scholarly journals The holoplankton of the Santa Catarina coast, southern Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charrid Resgalla Jr
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Zooplankton Community ◽  
The State ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
The North ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Parvocalanus Crassirostris ◽  
Water Species ◽  
Potential Use

This paper presents information from different sampling surveys carried out along the Santa Catarina coast in order to outline the biogeographical characteristics of the zooplankton in this region and identify species or groups of species with potential use as bioindicators. Based on a checklist of species of the zooplankton community in the state, it was observed that, in the warmer months of the year, the fauna is similar to that of the states of Paraná and São Paulo (e.g. Creseis virgula f. virgula, Penilia avirostris; Acartia lilljeborgi and Oithona oswaldocruzi), while in the colder months there are coastal representatives of the fauna of Rio Grande do Sul (e.g. Acartia tonsa). However, the zooplankton consists predominantly of warm water species for most of the year, which is typical of Tropical Shelf Waters. Various species of zooplankton can be used as hydrological indicators, enabling a distinction to be made between coastal waters which are influenced by continental inputs (e.g. Paracalanus quasimodo and Parvocalanus crassirostris), common in the north of the state, and processes of upwelling (e.g. Podon intermedius) and the influence of the Subtropical Shelf Front (e.g. Pleopis polyphemoides), coming from the south. The different environments investigated present a zooplankton abundance that depends on the influence of continental inputs and the possibility of their retaining and contribution for the coastal enrichment, which varies seasonally

scholarly journals Engaging in Collaborative Learning in a Japanese Language Classroom

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Megumu Doi ◽  
John Peters
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Learning ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
American University ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
Duke University

This article discusses the experiences of Megumu (first author) and her students as they engaged in collaborative learning (CL) in their intermediate Japanese course at an American university. CL was one of three types of teaching and learning employed in Megumu’s course, but it enabled students to learn aspects of Japanese language and culture that other types of teaching and learning are not designed to accomplish. We first discuss the concept of CL from our social constructionist perspective; i.e., we see learning as a social process of knowing instead of merely a construct of individual minds (Berger & Luckmann, 1966; Gergen, 1999). This is then followed by a description of how this social constructionist perspective was incorporated in Megumu’s course, based on her and students’ reflections on their CL experiences. Finally, we close with an invitation to readers to explore the potential of CL in various Japanese language classroom environments. 本論では、米国大学の中級日本語のクラスで、筆者とその学生達が協働学習教授法（Collaborative learning: CL）に参加した際の経験を論じる。CLはこのクラスで用いられた3種類の教授法の1つで、学生達が日本の言語や文化を学ぶ上で、他の教授法では可能でないことを達成するのに大変役立った。本論では、まず、社会構造主義の視点に基づいたCLの概念を論じる。ここで言う社会構造主義とは、学習を単に個人の知の構築ではなく、物事を知るという社会的過程であるとみなす理論である (Berger & Luckmann, 1966; Gergen, 1999)。次に、この社会構造主義の側面が筆者のクラスでどう用いられているかを、学生達との実際の経験を振り返って叙述する。最後に、様々な日本語教育現場におけるCLの可能性を、共に探求するよう読者に提案する。 *A version of this paper was presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Teachers of Japanese (SEATJ) at Duke University, NC, in May 2010.

scholarly journals Evolutionary and Ecological Explanations for the Elevational Flexibility of Several East African Bird Species Complexes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Fjeldså ◽  
Rauri C. K. Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Sky Islands ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
East African ◽  
The North ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Forest Mosaic ◽  
Distributional Dynamics

Africa’s montane areas are broken up into several large and small units, each isolated as forest-capped “sky islands” in a “sea” of dry lowland savanna. Many elements of their biota, including montane forest birds, are shared across several disjunct mountains, yet it has been difficult to rigorously define an Afromontane forest avifauna, or determine its evolutionary relationships with the birds of the surrounding lowland forests. In order to trace the historical relationship between lowland and highland avifaunas, we review cases of species or groups of closely related species with breeding populations at different elevations, and use phylogeographic methods to explore the historical connections between such populations within the biodiversity hotspot of East Africa. The study reveals several idiosyncratic patterns, but also a prominent number of cases of gene flow between populations in southern areas, mainly around the Malawi Rift, and mountains and coastal forests to the north, close to the equator. This may reflect more continuous past distributions through northern Mozambique and coastal Tanzania, or seasonal migrations between areas with different rainfall regimes. Over time, these distributional dynamics have resulted in a higher persistence of lineages, and an accumulation of forest-dependent lineages within the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and the northern part of the coastal forest mosaic.

Stratigraphy of the North Cliff section, Wellsch Valley site, Saskatchewan

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Mahaney ◽  
A. MacS. Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Element Composition ◽  
Sediment Chemistry ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
The North ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Valley Site

Eight separate till sheets are displayed at the North Cliff, which is part of the Wellsch Valley site in Saskatchewan. Those tills are differentiated by using physical characteristics, particle size, clay and primary mineralogy, and sediment chemistry. Grain size tends to fine downward in the section, and a significant increase in the mean [Formula: see text] centre of gravity indicates that some weathering occurred after deposition of the tills. Within the clay mineral suites, smectite tends to dominate in all eight tills, indicating that the paleoclimate was generally as dry as the present-day climate. Only till number 4 (counting from the bottom) contains halloysite; this halloysite may have been entrained from a preweathered surface by the glacier, or it may have formed in situ following deposition. Among the primary minerals, quartz dominates throughout the section, whereas plagioclases are least abundant in tills 4 and 5, possibly as a result of postdepositional weathering. Element composition shows only minor changes for Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, and Ni, whereas Mo increases upward in the section, Cr remains uniform in tills 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8 but increases slightly in tills 4–6, and Mn increases downward, possibly as a response to fluctuating amounts of groundwater. Till 4 forms the best stratigraphic marker in the sequence because of its high Mn content and the presence of halloysite, but till 5 also contains distinctive features in its element composition.The clay composition of the surface soil, which has formed in the top till since the departure of the last glacier, resembles that found in the underlying tills, whereas quartz and plagioclase are present in lesser amounts. These properties reflect both weathering in a semiarid climate and the presence of preweathered material from earlier paleosols.

Ballad, Tale, and Tradition: A Study in Popular Literary Origins

PMLA ◽  
1914 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-498
Author(s):  
Arthur Beatty
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Ancient Source ◽  
The People ◽  
Verse Form ◽  
Literary Origins

To anyone who has followed the development of the theory of ballad origins, it is well known that there are two main theories in the field for our suffrages at the present time: the communal; and the individualistic, literary, or anti-communal theory. The last name of the second theory is indicative of the attitude of its upholders, for they have in truth been largely occupied with a criticism of the communalists, always demanding of them more and ever more light, and ever, like doubting Thomas, refusing to believe until an actual ballad dating from at least the time of Hereward the Wake is produced for their fingers to touch. The communalists, by an appeal to the well-established facts of folk-lore and ethnology, maintain that the ballads are the product of the communal stage of society in Europe, in which the populace held festive dances, and in which there was actual improvisation of certain traditional lyric narratives. These narratives had their verse-form determined by the dance; and the whole poem from beginning to end was the product of the people, and was not in any way composed by literary persons. Moreover, these ballads have been handed down by oral tradition, and live in the mouths of the people. Of course, there is no claim that one expects to find in the ballads of the collections anything which springs directly from the ancient source; all that is claimed is that the poetic form is handed down, and, so to say, the general ballad tradition. This claim of long descent is substantiated by the very features of the ballads as they exist to-day; by their impersonality, their refrain, their depicting of but a single situation, their use of incremental repetition. Thus, it is maintained, the ballad is not derived from any pre-existing literary material, but is the result of a primary impulse which is as old as man, and out of which the various forms of communal poetry spring. Finally, the ballad is not connected with the popular tale; “it follows an entirely different line and springs from an entirely different impulse.”

Dante's New Life of the Book

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Eisner
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This study uses the material transmission history of Dante’s innovative first book, the Vita nuova (New Life), to intervene in recent debates about literary history, reconceiving the relationship between the work and its reception, and investigating how different material manifestations and transformations in manuscripts, printed books, translations, and adaptations participate in the work. Just as Dante frames his collection of thirty-one poems surrounded by prose narrative and commentary as an attempt to understand his own experiences through the experimental form of the book, so later scribes, editors, and translators use different material forms to embody their own interpretations of it. Traveling from Boccaccio’s Florence to contemporary Hollywood with stops in Emerson’s Cambridge, Rossetti’s London, Nerval’s Paris, Mandelstam’s Russia, De Campos’s Brazil, and Pamuk’s Istanbul, this study builds on extensive archival research to show how Dante’s strange poetic forms continue to challenge readers. In contrast to a conventional reception history’s chronological march, each chapter analyzes how one of these distinctive features has been treated over time, offering new perspectives on topics such as Dante’s love of Beatrice, his relationship with Guido Cavalcanti, and his attraction to another woman, while highlighting Dante’s concern with the future, as he experiments with new ways to keep Beatrice alive for later readers. Deploying numerous illustrations to show the entanglement of the work’s poetic form and its material survival, Dante’s New Life of the Book offers a fresh reading of Dante’s innovations, demonstrating the value of this philological analysis of the work’s survival in the world.

The Symbolism of Archaic Rites, Signs, and Superstitions of Teleuts

2019 ◽  
pp. 277-293
Author(s):  
Maria Obraztsova ◽  
Elvira Stepanovna Denisova ◽  
Ursula Valeryevna Kereksibesova
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
The North

The chapter is devoted to the description of the cultural traditions of the indigenous people of the North-Teleuts, which currently numbers approximately 2,600 persons. It gives an analysis of signs and superstitions of the Teleut people. There are considered two archaic ritual symbol of female “эмегендер/emegender” and male “сомдор/somdor” amulets. The burial ceremony of Teleuts and Telengits is described. The chapter consists of three sections, written by the project executors “Language and culture of Teleuts,” which is supported by grant RHSF/RFBR Nº 17-04-00252 ONG/18.

Cultivating Innovation through Social Relationships

2011 ◽  
pp. 104-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Bridgstock ◽  
Shane Dawson ◽  
Greg Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Relationship Patterns ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Award Winning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Innovation Capacity ◽  
Depth Interviews

In this chapter, social relationship patterns associated with outstanding innovation are described and explored. In doing so, the chapter draws upon the findings of 16 in-depth interviews with award-winning Australian innovators from science & technology and the creative industries. The interviews covered topics relating to various influences on individual innovation capacity and career development. For all of the participants, innovation was a highly social process. Although each had been recognised individually for their innovative success, none worked in isolation. The ability to generate innovative outcomes was grounded in certain types of interaction and collaboration. The chapter outlines the distinctive features of the social relationships which seem to be important to innovation, and ask which ‘social network capabilities’ might underlie the ability to create an optimal pattern of interpersonal relationships. The implications of these findings for universities play a key role in the development of nascent innovators.

Observation of live specimens of Pseudotontonia cornuta (Ciliophora: Oligotrichida) reveals new distinctive characters

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alf Skovgaard ◽  
Catherine Legrand
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The North ◽  
Left Margin ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Planktonic Ciliate

A large planktonic ciliate, Pseudotontonia cornuta, was observed during a cruise in the North Sea, Denmark, in summer 2001. Live cells as well as fixed and protargol-stained specimens were studied. The species possessed the characteristic tail of Tontoniidae, somatic ciliature classifying it as a Pseudotontonia, and cell proportions and oral ciliature corresponding to P. cornuta. Observation of live cells, however, revealed distinctive features as chloroplast-containing tentacles emerging just below the apical membranelles and an S-shaped proximal rim of the left margin of the oral cavity. These characters are eye-catching in live specimens, but have passed unnoticed till now because all previous studies on P. cornuta have been made on fixed samples.

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