scholarly journals PRECISION OF MEASUREMENT AND DIRECTED ASYMMETRY IN LEAF PLATES OF BETULA PENDULA ROTH

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Сергей Баранов ◽  
Sergey Baranov ◽  
Татьяна Бибик ◽  
Tat'yana Bibik ◽  
Леонид Ильин ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Population Characteristic ◽  
Linear Features ◽  
Vladimir Region ◽  
Unit Of Measurement ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Normal Variability

The directional asymmetry in the birch leaf plates was studied. For this purpose, ten randomly selected populations were used in the Vladimir region (Russia). The leaf plates were photographed twice, 5 pairs of bilateral-symmetric labels were used and Procrustes analysis of variance carried out. Directional asymmetry testing was carried out at three biosystemic levels (population, individual and leaf plate level). The totality of all populations did not show the presence of directional asymmetry. Biosystemic level – “tree” had a statistically significant directional asymmetry in 4 populations. At the level of “leaf plate” biosystem, directional asymmetry was found in 9 populations among 10. Thus, only one population had a fluctuating asymmetry at all biosystemic levels (p <0.0001). The directional asymmetry of the linear features was checked in the t-test and was statistically significant only in two populations. Thus, directional asymmetry is the usual kind of asymmetry, present in the form of birch leaf plates which are pendant under conditions of normal variability. The described fact related specifically to the leaf plate, as to the unit of measurement. Therefore, in determining the FA and HA of leaf plates, one must keep in mind the possible presence of directional asymmetry as a population characteristic.

scholarly journals Morphometric Analyses of (Hidden) Directional Asymmetry in Leaf Blades

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Gennadevich Baranov
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Permutation Test ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetry Factor ◽  
Shape Deviation ◽  
Data Set

The deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry is a phenomenon actively exploring in evolutionary and environmental studies. The bilateral variation presents on different ecosystem level. The methods applied vary depending on the task and the final goal of study. The present study demonstrates the statistically significant presence of components (traces) of directional asymmetry (DA), fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and antisymmetry (AS) in leaf blade of Betula pendula on low level of ecosystem such as tree and leaf blade. The Generalized Procrustes Analysis was applied for testing asymmetry of shape in all data set and subgroups. The category ‘population’ revealed no significant value of DA (factor ‘side’). In the levels ‘tree’ and ‘leaf blade’ the factor ‘side’ was statistically significant as well as fluctuating asymmetry (factor interaction ‘leaf × side’).The principal component analysis showed visually the difference in PC scores between antisymmetry matrices of the left and right halves of the leaf blade. Covariate analysis matrices demonstrated the shape deviation from strict symmetry. The metric traits showed directional asymmetry in t-test in the leaf blade and the low kurtosis values. Permutation test of kurtosis values in geometric morphometric approach showed deviation from normality that could verified as a weak presence AS traces. The discriminant analysis results showed that traces of DA differed at the subpopulation level, as three of 10 populations revealed not significant factor ‘side’. Descriptive statistics of the metric train showed a correspondence to the trace of directional asymmetry in the shape of leaf blade. Fluctuating asymmetry in its pure form, at three levels of ecosystem was met only in single population of ten that should be taken into account testing developmental stability of birch and possibly other woody plants.

scholarly journals Towards More Realistic Leaf Shapes in Functional-Structural Plant Models

Symmetry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Schmidt ◽  
Katrin Kahlen
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Shape Model ◽  
Plant Model ◽  
Virtual Plant ◽  
Perfect Symmetry

Fluctuating asymmetry in plant leaves is a widely used measure in geometric morphometrics for assessing random deviations from perfect symmetry. In this study, we considered the concept of fluctuating asymmetry to improve the prototype leaf shape of the functional-structural plant model L-Cucumber. The overall objective was to provide a realistic geometric representation of the leaves for the light sensitive plant reactions in the virtual plant model. Based on three-dimensional data from several hundred in situ digitized cucumber leaves comparisons of model leaves and measurements were conducted. Robust Bayesian comparison of groups was used to assess statistical differences between leaf halves while respecting fluctuating asymmetries. Results indicated almost no directional asymmetry in leaves comparing different distances from the prototype while detecting systematic deviations shared by both halves. This information was successfully included in an improved leaf prototype and implemented in the virtual plant model L-Cucumber. Comparative virtual plant simulations revealed a slight improvement in plant internode development against experimental data using the novel leaf shape. Further studies can now focus on analyses of stress on the 3D-deformation of the leaf and the development of a dynamic leaf shape model.

scholarly journals Changes in the Fluctuating Asymmetry of the Leaf and Reproductive Capacity of Betula pendula Roth Reflect Pessimization of Anthropogenically Transformed Environment

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1970
Author(s):  
Nina Turmukhametova ◽  
Elena Shadrina
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollution ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Zero Capacity

We have estimated the reproductive capacity of Betulapendula Roth and its relationship with an integrated measure of developmental stability, i.e., fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of the leaf. On the territory of a city with moderate anthropogenic pollution, a change has been detected in the integrated fluctuating asymmetry (IFA) of the morphology of the female reproductive sphere and reproductive capacity of Betula pendula. In conditions of anthropogenic stress, the birch is observed to produce a large yield of fruits annually, which is not subject to year-to-year fluctuations. Morphological variety of size and shape of fruit-producing organs increases along the gradient of industrial and transport pollution; part of morphotypes of infructescences and seeds is characterized by lowered or zero capacity for reproduction determined by seed quality (germination energy and germination capacity). The statistical data processing involved correlation, Shapiro–Wilk test, Levene’s test, factorial ANOVA, Scheffe test, Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Mann–Whitney test, χ2 method. Analysis of IFA has allowed us to reasonably well assess the state of the plant organism and to characterize environmental quality. A negative correlation between IFA and quantitative parameters of the functions of the reproductive sphere of B. pendula (infructescence diameter, seed quality) has been found, and positive correlation with qualitative parameters (the number of morphs of infructescences and seeds, the share of rare morphs of infructescences). Pessimization of urban environment creates the conditions for an increase in the share of defective infructescences and non-germinating seeds; a compensatory mechanism for this is an increase in reproductive effort of B. pendula. The consistency of responses in the vegetative and reproductive spheres reflects the disturbances in developmental stability of plants in urban communities.

scholarly journals Fluctuating Asymmetry in Morphological Characteristics of Betula Pendula Roth Leaf under Conditions of Urban Ecosystems: Evaluation of the Multi-Factor Negative Impact

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Shadrina ◽  
Nina Turmukhametova ◽  
Victoria Soldatova ◽  
Yakov Vol'pert ◽  
Irina Korotchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Developmental Stability ◽  
Anthropogenic Load ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
The Impact

The fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in Betula pendula Roth was estimated as an integrated measure of five morphometric characteristics of a lamina. Samples were collected in seven cities that differ both in climatic conditions, moderately to sharply continental. In total, 33 ecotopes were distinguished with various level of anthropogenic load. The statistical data processing involved correlation, one-way and factorial ANOVA, regression analyses, and principal component analysis (PCA). The impact of 25 climatic and anthropogenic factors on the FA value was considered. In most urban ecotopes, the integrated fluctuating asymmetry (IFA) value was higher than in natural biotopes of the same region. No significant inter-annual differences in IFA values were found. FA dependence on traffic load is noted to be statistically significant. The covariation analysis of IFA, climatic, and anthropogenic variables in various urban ecotopes revealed the impact of three groups of factors that together explain 93% of the variance in environmental parameters. The complex analysis clearly arranged the studied ecotopes by pollution gradient and climatic patterns. The primary effect of the total anthropogenic load on the developmental stability of B. pendula results in an IFA increase. IFA can play a key role in bioindication assessment of environmental quality. The climatic factors have no significant effect on the developmental stability of B. pendula in urban conditions.

scholarly journals A comparative evaluation of the fluctuating asymmetry of the leaf blade Betula pendula Roth for different methods of plant material fixation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Tatyana Valerievna Zhuikova ◽  
Anastasia Sergeevna Popova ◽  
Eleonora Vasilievna Meling
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Alcohol Solution ◽  
Middle Urals ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth

The influence of plant material fixation methods on the index of fluctuating asymmetry of Betula pendula Roth leaves is determined. The methods used were herbarization under pressure and leaves fixation in a solution of ethyl alcohol (45%). Biological material was collected in natural phytocenoses of the Pritalskaya zone of the Middle Urals and in technogenically formed territories, including soil contamination with heavy metals. The FA level of Betula pendula Roth leaf blades obtained on freshly harvested material increases in the gradient of toxic load and reflects a natural increase in soil contamination with heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, etc.). The smallest deviation from the actual FA values obtained on freshly harvested material is given by a method of herbarization of leaves. The correlation coefficients are 0,940,99. Plant material fixation in an alcohol solution leads to more than 10-fold deviation of FA values from the real ones. The correlation between the studied morphological parameters of fresh and alcoholic leaf blades is 0,170,70. The signs distance between the bases of the first and second veins of the second order from the base of the leaf and angle between the main vein and the second vein of the second order from the base of the leaf are more distorted. Correction coefficients are proposed that allow to level out the differences in the FA level between the results obtained on freshly collected material and recorded by different methods. For the herbarization method, regardless of where the plant material is collected, the correction factor to be entered for the FA values of the fixed leaf blades is () 0,0004. For the method of leaves fixation in an alcohol solution, the coefficient value is () 0,00075 for material collected in undisturbed communities, and (+) 0,0045 for technogenically disturbed communities.

scholarly journals Comparison of orbital asymmetries among some raptor species: “when size does not matter”

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Pere M. Parés-Casanova ◽  
Jordina Salas-Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Bubo Bubo ◽  
Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Gyps Fulvus ◽  
Accipiter Nisus ◽  
The Right

Abstract A sample of 73 dry, well-preserved skulls was studied, representing various species of raptors with different foraging strategies. The sample included Accipiter nisus (n = 15), Buteo buteo (n = 13), Gyps fulvus (n = 24) and Neophron percnopterus (n = 5), Bubo bubo (n = 16) and Tyto alba (n = 2). Geometric morphometric methods were used to detect orbital asymmetries. On digital pictures of each skull side, a set of 16 semi-landmarks and two landmarks were located in order to describe the orbital ring. The variables were analysed based on Generalized Procrustes analysis. The morphometric data showed that the orbital asymmetry of raptors differed significatively between species, although directional asymmetry (e.g. left orbita systematically more developed than the right) appeared not to be correlated with orbital size. This indicates that larger orbitas do not lead to greater asymmetry. Differences between species should rather be explained by their foraging strategies and degree of visual obstruction in their natural environment.

scholarly journals No Directional Scapular Asymmetry among Tamarines of the Genus Saguinus (Primates: Callitrichidae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
P. M. Parés- Casanova ◽  
J. F. Vélez- García
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Lateral Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Developmental Variation ◽  
Morphometric Methods ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Left Scapula

Bilateral asymmetry is defined as a deviation of a whole organism or a part of it from a perfect symmetry, and different categories can be recognized. One is the fluctuating asymmetry, defined as the random developmental variation of a trait (or character) that is expected to be perfectly symmetrical on average, and the other one is directional asymmetry, which occurs when one of the sides shows stronger morphological structures or marks than the other. The aim of this study was to determine the kind of scapula asymmetry in Saguinus scapulae. On lateral surface of each right and left scapula, a set of 5 landmarks and 3 curves with semi-landmarks along the margins, on a sample of 16 pairs from different Saguinus species, were considered. Asymmetries (fluctuating and directional) on size and shape of the scapulae were analysed by means of geometric morphometric methods. Directional asymmetry was not detected, demonstrating no side scapular shape bias. The absence of significant directional asymmetry may indicate a similar contralateral pattern of employment of the shoulder, at least for one-arm vertical suspension, as it needs stronger forces than those for terrestrial locomotion and thus would cause more asymmetry in case side loadings were different. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation on the symmetrical/asymmetrical nature of scapulae in Saguinus. Our findings increase knowledge and understanding of humeral joint and arboreal locomotion in primates.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF MEDIUM QUALITY BY FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY OF BETULA PENDULA ROTH., PADUS AVIUM MILL. AND CRATAEGUS SANGUINEA PALL. IN THE FLOODPLAIN OF THE KARATUZ RIVER (KRASNOYARSK REGION)

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
A.E. Papinen
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Initial Deviation ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Eastern Sayan ◽  
Padus Avium

The assessment of the state of atmospheric air quality is presented with the use of indicators of fluctuating asymmetry of Betula pendula, Padus avium and Crataegus sanduinea sheet plastics. The study was carried out at the junction of the Western spurs of the Eastern Sayan and Minusinsk basin between the rivers Sissim, Syda and their tributaries. Leaf samples were taken from four sites. Leaf collection was carried out at the end of the growing season in 2017, during the stop of leaf growth by the method of V. M. Zakharov (2000). The sample of leaves from one site is 30 pieces, a total of 120 leaves are processed. The results were processed according to the method of S. I. Marchenko (2008). The indicator "width of the left and right halves of the leaf" is variable according to the results of the study. The size of the left and right halves of the leaves varies in Crataegus sanguinea within 0.65 mm, for Betula pendula the width of the leaf blades varies in the range of 0.45 mm, for Padus avium the width of the leaf blades varies by 0.15 mm. the Sample from the forest is characterized by low integral indices of asymmetry. The nature of environmental quality is characterized as an initial deviation from the norm. Pesticides and carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles are likely to be stress factors for the environment in the study area. The ecological condition of the natural area is characterized on average as satisfactory.

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