Reproduction of Human Resources in Urban and Rural Areas of Russia: What the Number of Children Depends On

Being more sensitive to economic fluctuations, childbearing postponement increased during the second demographic transition and was accompanied by a moderate decline in the number of children per woman and the progressive rise of mother’s age at first birth. Under the hypothesis that recessions have a marked influence on population dynamics, the present study investigates spatial changes in mother’s age at birth in Greece with the aim to assess the differential impact of economic crisis along the urban-rural gradient. The percent composition of births by mother's age class – considered a gross indicator of fertility under a changing socioeconomic context – was studied at 4 spatial scales (the whole country, administrative regions, prefectures and metropolitan areas or specific economic districts) over an economic cycle from expansion to recession (1980–2016). While stimulating childbearing postponement observed since the early 1980s, empirical results of this study indicate that the 2007 recession was quite neutral on fertility trends in Greece, consolidating the traditional divide between urban and rural areas.

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Prevalence of hypertension among school children in Kashmir, India

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20192899 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 2675

Author(s):

Rais A. Bhat ◽

Wasim A. Wani ◽

Sheeraz A. Dar ◽

Khurshid A. Wani

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Blood Pressure Measurement ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lifestyle Modifications ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Obesity Epidemic ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

One Year

Background: Over the last two decades, there has been increased awareness that hypertension in children may be a part of the spectrum of essential hypertension mainly linked to obesity epidemic. An increasing number of children and adolescents are being diagnosed with hypertension. Objectives of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension among apparently healthy school children residing in the valley of Kashmir.Methods: It was a community based cross sectional study was done over a period of one year in School going children aged 11 to 16 years from both urban and rural areas of Kashmir valley.Results: Thus, prevalence of hypertension was 5.1% and prevalence of prehypertension was 9.3%. Out of total 1600 children 1464 (91.5%) had a normal BMI, 72 (4.5%) were overweight and 64 (4%) were obese. In the prehypertensive group 114 (77%) had normal BMI, 18 (12.16%) were overweight and 16 (10.8%) were obese. In the hypertensive group 30 (36.6%) had normal BMI, 26 (31.7%) were overweight and 26 (31.7%) were obese.Conclusions: Our study reveals that hypertension is not uncommon in Kashmiri children. With globalization bringing more lifestyle modifications, children are exposed to multiple risk factors including obesity and family history of hypertension. We need to make people aware of these facts so that blood pressure measurement could be a part of routine health care check-up in children to detect it early and do necessary interventions.

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Economic factors of rural area development of the region, financial sources and human resources

Ekonomika poljoprivrede ◽

10.5937/ekopolj2004125r ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

pp. 1125-1139

Author(s):

Sanela Ravlić ◽

Jerko Glavaš ◽

Željko Vojinović

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Human Resources ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Complex Problem ◽

The European Union ◽

Border Area ◽

Cross Border ◽

The Cross ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Impact

The complexity of borders and border area in terms of European Union, cohesion policy, implementation of cross-border program 2007-2013 in urban and rural areas of Hungary and Croatia, monitoring the impact of invested funds and their comprehensiveness, the attitude of beneficiaries of infrastructural and human resources development projects are discussed in this paper. All in the light of given possibilities and untapped opportunities that can bring significant benefits to this area. The primary survey is conducted in the observed area after the implementation of all approved cross-border projects. Besides, available data sources and implemented research in the cross-border area of Hungary and Croatia are also discussed. The paper seeks to contribute to the discourse on the subject of monitoring the overall impact of the implemented activities in the cross-border area because there are no similar studies that comprehensively approach this complex problem for areas of cross-border cooperation in the European Union.

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Household Factors Associated with Underweight in Children 24-59 Month in Urban and Rural in Indonesia

Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia ◽

10.30597/mkmi.v16i1.9105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 140

Author(s):

Andini Retno Yunitasari ◽

Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika ◽

Asih Setiarini

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Education Level ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The underweight still remains a public health problem for toddlers in Indonesia. The purpose of the study to identify the factors related to the underweight incident for toddlers at 24-59 months in urban and rural areas of Indonesia. This research used cross-sectional study design. This study used secondary data on the Total Diet Study-Individual Food Consumption Survey of 2014. The sample size in this study was 5165 toddlers from 24-59 months and distinguished by urban and rural areas. Bivariate Analysis used chi square. This study estimates that 20.3% of children aged 24-59 months were underweight with a greater proportion in rural areas 22.5%. Significant factors related to the underweight incidence in the urban and rural areas were the father's education level (urban; p = 0.02 and rural; p = 0.005) and mother’s education level (urban; p = 0.001 and rural; p = 0.005), number of household members (urban; p = 0.03 and rural; p = 0.012), and energy adequacy level (urban; p = 0.012 and rural; p = 0.005). The factor that was estimated to be significantly related to the underweight incidence just in rural areas as children’s age (p = 0.012), the total number of children in one house (p = 0.047). Multisectoral collaboration is needed to reduce nutritional problems, especially in rural areas. The efforts to improve community nutrition by improving the socio-economic condition of the community should be based on regional capabilities and local wisdom in the region.

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Causes of Unemployment Among Highly Educated Women in Pakistan: A Case Study Of Bahawalnagar District

Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences ◽

10.52131/pjhss.2013.0101.0001 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Farrukh Bashir ◽

Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad ◽

TEHMINA HIDAYAT

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Family System ◽

Probit Model ◽

Primary Data ◽

Job Status ◽

Highly Educated ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Questionnaire Method

The objective of the study is to find out the causes of unemployment among educated women in Bahawalnagar district of Pakistan. The research is based on primary data collected through questionnaire method from urban and rural areas. Using probit model, the finding state that age, education, husband’s education, father’s education, mother’s education, total employed persons at home, mother’s job status and technical education are reducing unemployment while joint family system, number of children and household size are causes of higher unemployment among educated women in Bahawalnagar district.

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The distribution of refractive errors among children attending Lumbini Eye Institute, Nepal

Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.3126/nepjoph.v4i1.5858 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 90-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S KC Rai ◽

HB Thapa ◽

MK Sharma ◽

K Dhakhwa ◽

R Karki

Keyword(s):

Refractive Error ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Age Group ◽

Pediatric Ophthalmology ◽

Statistical Software ◽

Childhood Blindness ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Uncorrected Refractive Error

Introduction: Uncorrected refractive error is an important cause of childhood blindness and visual impairment. Objective: To describe the patterns of refractive errors among children attending the outpatient clinic at the Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Lumbini Eye Institute, Bhairahawa, Nepal. Subjects and methods: Records of 133 children with refractive errors aged 5 - 15 years from both the urban and rural areas of Nepal and the adjacent territory of India attending the hospital between September and November 2010 were examined for patterns of refractive errors. The SPSS statistical software was used to perform data analysis. Results: The commonest type of refractive error among the children was astigmatism (47 %) followed by myopia (34 %) and hyperopia (15 %). The refractive error was more prevalent among children of both the genders of age group 11-15 years as compared to their younger counterparts (RR = 1.22, 95 % CI = 0.66 – 2.25). The refractive error was more common (70 %) in the rural than the urban children (26 %). The rural females had a higher (38 %) prevalence of myopia than urban females (18 %). Among the children with refractive errors, only 57 % were using spectacles at the initial presentation. Conclusions: Astigmatism is the commonest type of refractive error among the children of age 5 - 15 years followed by hypermetropia and myopia. Refractive error remains uncorrected in a significant number of children. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v4i1.5858 NEPJOPH 2012; 4(1): 90-95

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Determinants of Disparity in Desired Fertility among Married Women in Urban and Rural Areas of Southwest Nigeria.

European Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.47672/ejhs.858 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 48-63

Author(s):

Kazeem Sunmola ◽

Johnson Olaosebikan ◽

Temitope Adeusi

Keyword(s):

Secondary Education ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Married Women ◽

Post Secondary Education ◽

Post Secondary ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Southwest Nigeria ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Purpose: The study examined the determinants of disparity in desired fertility among married women in urban and rural centres in Southwest Nigeria. Methodology: The study adopted a mixed method research design. A total number of one thousand one hundred and eighty-seven (1,187) women (urban=713; rural=474) of reproductive ages (15-49) years were drawn from Southwest States in Nigeria using multi-stage sampling technique. Questionnaire method was used to gather data from the field. Three levels of data analysis were undertaken to achieve the study objectives. Frequency distribution of socio-demographic factors by place of residence was used at the univariate stage of analyses, chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used at the bivariate and multivariate levels of analysis. Findings: The results showed that more than three-quarter (79.4%) desired four children and below while more than one-fifth (20.6%) of the women desired 5 children and above. Higher percentage of women (84.8%) desired four children and below in rural area when compared with women in urban centres (75.7%). However, among those that desired 5 children and above higher proportion (24.3%) was found in the urban centres when compared with their counterpart in rural areas (15.2%). There is significant relationship (p<0.05) between desired number of children and education of women, husband’s education, religion, age of husband and birth interval urban areas while there is significant relationship between desired number of children and women and husbands’ education in rural areas. Further analysis showed that women’s education especially women with below secondary education had higher odds of desiring more children than those with post-secondary education (OR: 1.57; 95% C.I: 0.70-3.56). In addition, women whose husbands had no education, below secondary education and secondary education were less likely to desire more children in the urban areas than those with post-secondary education. In rural areas, there was significant relationship (p<0.05) between women whose husbands had no education, below secondary education and desired fertility. Women whose husbands had no education and those whose husbands had below secondary education were 16.94 and 2.93 more likely to desire more children than those in the reference category respectively. In addition, women who were Christian were more likely to desire more children in urban areas than their counterparts who were traditionalists. It was also discovered that women who spaced their births for twenty-four months and below were 0.51 times less likely to desire more children than their counterparts in the reference category (OR:0.51; 95%C.I 0.32-0.80). Recommendation: The study recommends that policy aimed at reducing the desired fertility in both urban and rural areas should be implemented with the hope that high fertility rate will be reduced to a manageable level.

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