Analysis of Freezing Injury Rate, Hormone and Soluble Sugars between ‘Fuji’ and ‘Hongro’ Apple Trees in Flowering Period

To preventively control fire blight in apple trees and determine policies regarding field monitoring, the Maryblyt ver. 7.1 model (MARYBLYT) was evaluated in the cities of Chungju, Jecheon, and Eumseong in Korea from 2015 to 2020. The number of blossom infection alerts was the highest in 2020 and the lowest in 2017 and 2018. And the common feature of MARYBLYT blossom infection risks during the flowering period was that the time of BIR-High or BIR-Infection alerts was the same regardless of location. The flowering periods of the trees required to operate the model varied according to the year and geographic location. The model predicts the risk of “Infection” during the flowering periods, and recommends the appropriate times to control blossom infection. In 2020, when flower blight was severe, the difference between the expected date of blossom blight symptoms presented by MARYBLYT and the date of actual symptom detection was only 1-3 days, implying that MARYBLYT is highly accurate. As the model was originally developed based on data obtained from the eastern region of the United States, which has a climate similar to that of Korea, this model can be used in Korea. To improve field utilization, however, the entire flowering period of multiple apple varieties needs to be considered when the model is applied. MARYBLYT is believed to be a useful tool for determining when to control and monitor apple cultivation areas that suffer from serious fire blight problems.

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The Role of Carbohydrates in Active Osmotic Adjustment in Apple under Water Stress

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.117.5.816 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 117 (5) ◽

pp. 816-823 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Zhongchun Wang ◽

Gary W. Stutte

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Malus Domestica ◽

Osmotic Adjustment ◽

Osmotic Potential ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Sugar Alcohol ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Mature Leaves ◽

Leaf Osmotic Potential

Greenhouse grown 2-year-old potted `Jonathan' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were subjected to various levels of water stress in February. Midday leaf water potential (ψW), leaf osmotic potential (ψS), soluble sugars, and starch contents of mature leaves were measured throughout the development of water stress to determine whether active osmotic adjustment could be detected and whether carbohydrates were involved. Active adjustments of 0.6 MPa were observed 3 and 5 days, respectively, after water stress was initiated. Leaf turgor potential (ψP) could not be maintained through the osmotic adjustment when ψW dropped below -1.6 MPa. Sorbitol, glucose, and fructose concentrations increased while sucrose and starch levels decreased significantly as water stress developed, strongly suggesting that sugar alcohol and monosaccharide are the most important osmotica for adjustment. Sorbitol was a primary carbohydrate in the cell sap and accounted for > 50% of total osmotic adjustment. The partitioning of newly fixed W-labeled photosynthates in mature leaves was not affected by water stress immediately after the 30-min 14CO2 treatment. All the W-labeled carbohydrates decreased in the labeled leaves very rapidly after 14CO2 labeling. The decrease in 14C-sorbitol was greater than the decrease in other carbohydrates under both well-watered and stressed conditions. After 24 hours of water stress, however, the percentage of 14C-sorbitol increased while the percentages of sucrose, starch, glucose, and fructose decreased significantly with increasing levels of stress. The ratio of 14C-sorbitol in leaves with ψW = -3.5 MPa to leaves with ψW = -0.5 MPa was significantly higher than that of 14C-sucrose, 14C-glucose, W-fructose, or 14C-starch.

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Physiological and Biochemical Processes of Magnolia wufengensis in Response to Foliar Abscisic Acid Application during Natural Cold Acclimation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.50.3.387 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 387-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yang Yang ◽

Zhongkui Jia ◽

Faju Chen ◽

Ziyang Sang ◽

Luyi Ma

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Cold Acclimation ◽

Freezing Tolerance ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Northern China ◽

Freezing Injury ◽

Exogenous Aba ◽

Physiological And Biochemical ◽

Magnolia Wufengensis

The rare species Magnolia wufengensis frequently suffers from freezing injury in northern China. To investigate the influence of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application on the natural cold acclimation of M. wufengensis, physiological and biochemical changes in field-grown M. wufengensis seedlings subjected to foliar ABA treatments at four concentrations (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg·L−1) were evaluated from Sept. 2012 to Jan. 2013. The optimum foliar application concentrations of ABA for M. wufengensis were between 600 and 900 mg·L−1, which led to faster shoot growth cessation, leaf senescence, and development rates of bud endodormancy level and shoot freezing tolerance. The improved freezing tolerance under exogenous ABA application was associated with promoted dehydration and accumulation of proline, soluble protein, and certain soluble sugars such as glucose and fructose. Foliar ABA treatments initiated a cascade of steps for advancing the cold acclimation process of M. wufengensis. We suggest that exogenous ABA application may be used on M. wufengensis grown in northern China, where there are short growing seasons and early fall frost events.

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CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF COLD HARDINESS IN APPLE TREES IN EASTERN CANADA

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps85-123 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 969-975 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

WARREN K. COLEMAN ◽

E. N. ESTABROOKS

Keyword(s):

New Brunswick ◽

Cold Hardiness ◽

Early Spring ◽

Freezing Injury ◽

Historical Study ◽

Late Winter ◽

Injury Patterns ◽

Eastern Canada ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Shoot Damage

In conjunction with a brief historical study of probable timing and critical environmental factors associated with winter injury of apple trees in New Brunswick, we evaluated the effects of Alar-85® and Dupont surfactant WK® on seasonal changes in cold hardiness and dormancy intensity of Spur Mac/M.111. An examination of historical winter injury patterns in New Brunswick revealed that there was, on average, a severe occurrence once every 6 yr. These events appeared to be associated with late winter/early spring shoot damage when the shoots are non-dormant and deacclimating. Alar-85® and Dupont surfactant WK® reduced freezing injury although these effects were not consistent from year to year.Key words: Malus × domestica, apple, cold hardiness, Alar-85®, surfactant WK®

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A Comparison of Selected Biochemical and Physical Characteristics and Yielding of Fruits in Apple Cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10040458 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 458 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hong-Ki Yoon ◽

Tomasz Kleiber ◽

Zofia Zydlik ◽

Krzysztof Rutkowski ◽

Agnieszka Woźniak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Malus Domestica ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Physical Characteristics ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Average Weight ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Malus Domestica Borkh ◽

Apple Varieties ◽

Significant Variability ◽

Apple Fruits

The aim of the research was to determine selected biochemical and physical characteristics and yielding of fruits in apple varieties (Malus domestica Borkh) such as Gala Schniga, Beni Shogun (Fuji) and Ligol, M.9 rootstock growing in the Wielkopolska region, Poland. high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed differences both in the profile and contents of soluble sugars and other metabolites detected in fruits of the tested apple varieties. The highest total saccharide content was found in fruits of cv. Gala Schniga, while leaves and shoots of this variety showed the lowest contents. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed the lowest contents of semiquinone radicals in apple fruits and the highest in leaves of apple trees. All organs of Schniga Gala apple trees were characterized by the highest levels of these radicals. Besides, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of abscisic acid (ABA) revealed the highest levels of this molecule in shoots of apple trees, especially the Beni Shogun variety, while in fruits the levels were the lowest. Ligol fruits had the highest content of ABA. The percentage of injury observed after a low-temperature treatment and estimated on the basis of electrolyte leakage, was shown to be the lowest in fruits of the Beni Shogun variety. In turn, the lowest average yield of apple fruits was recorded for the Ligol and Fuji varieties, with the highest in the case of the Gala Schniga variety. At the same time, a significant variability in the average weight of fruits was observed; the highest average mass of fruits was recorded for the Ligol variety, while it was lowest for Gala Schniga. Additionally, firmness evaluation of the fruits revealed that the firmest fruits were harvested from Gala apple trees, before the Beni Shogun and Ligol varieties. A significant variability was recorded in the red blush on fruit surfaces of the tested varieties, with Ligol fruits having the weakest blush. Altogether, these results indicate that fruits of the analyzed apple varieties differed both in terms of their biochemical composition and physical characteristics.

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Fertilization strategies to increase nitrogen content in organic apple trees in the flowering period

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2018.1217.37 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 301-306

Author(s):

E. Vangdal ◽

A. Koort

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Flowering Period ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Increase Nitrogen Content

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Physiological and biochemical responses of apple trees to irrigation water depth in a semiarid region of Brazil

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-7054202044015620 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

Author(s):

Cíntia Patrícia Martins de Oliveira ◽

Welson Lima Simões ◽

José Aliçandro Bezerra da Silva ◽

Glaucia Amorim Faria ◽

Paulo Roberto Coelho Lopes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Reducing Sugars ◽

Block Design ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Semiarid Region ◽

Phenological Stages ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Biochemical Responses ◽

Irrigation Levels ◽

Physiological And Biochemical

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the physiological and biochemical parameters of apple trees under different irrigation water depths in a semiarid region of Brazil. The experiment had a split-plot randomized block design. Irrigation levels (60, 80, 100, and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration - ET0) and two apple cultivars (Julieta and Princesa) were analysed in the experimental plots and the phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting) were analysed in the experimental subplots. The physiological characteristics evaluated included the chlorophyll index, relative water content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, leaf temperature and instant carboxylation efficiency. The biochemical characteristics evaluated included the leaf contents of reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, and non-reducing sugars and proteins. The best biochemical responses were observed in the Princesa cultivar under 80% ET0 during the flowering and vegetative stages and under 120% ET0 during the fruiting stage. The best physiological responses for all phenological stages were observed under irrigation levels of 120% ET0 for both cultivars. The cv. Princesa demonstrated osmotic adjustment under water stress conditions during the phenological stages evaluated.

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