scholarly journals Introductory survey of the South Estonian language islands

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-31
Author(s):  
Uldis Balodis ◽  
Karl Pajusalu
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Main Body ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Research History ◽  
Current State ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
Estonian Language

The South Estonian language islands – Leivu, Lutsi, Kraasna – are three historically South Estonian-speaking exclaves located not only beyond the borders of Estonia, but also geographically separated from the main body of South Estonian speakers for at least several centuries. Two of these communities – Leivu and Lutsi – were located in present-day Latvia. The third community – Kraasna – was located near the northernmost Lutsi communities – only about 35 kilometres distant across the present-day Latvian border in Russia. This article acts as an introduction to the studies in this volume by describing the history and current state of the communities at its focus. It gives an overview of the location of the language island communities, their origins, linguistic status, and self-identity as well as provides a survey of their research history dating from its beginnings in the late 19th century to the present. Kokkuvõte. Uldis Balodis, Karl Pajusalu: Sissejuhatav ülevaade lõunaeesti keelesaartest. Lõunaeesti keelesaared – Leivu, Lutsi, Kraasna – on kolm ajaloolist lõunaeestikeelset enklaavi, mis ei jää üksnes väljapoole Eesti piire, vaid mis on olnud Lõuna-Eesti põhialast eraldatud vähemalt mitu sajandit. Kaks nendest keelesaartest – Leivu ja Lutsi – asuvad tänapäeva Lätis. Kolmas keelesaar – Kraasna – paiknes teisel pool Läti piiri Venemaal, jäädes põhjapoolsest Lutsi asualast ainult u 35 kilomeetri kaugusele. Artikkel tutvustab sissejuhatavalt selle erinumbri artiklite teemasid, kirjeldades lõunaeesti keelesaarte ajalugu ja praegust olukorda. Esitatakse ülevaade keelesaarte asendist ja päritolust, keelelisest staatusest, kõnelejate identiteedist ning ka uurimisloost 19. sajandist tänaseni.

Early Cycladic fortified settlements: aspects of cultural continuity and change in the Cyclades during the third millennium BC

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Anastasia Angelopoulou
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The Third ◽  
Analytical Studies ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bc ◽  
New Evidence

Early Cycladic culture (third millennium BC) has been a focus of scientific interest since the late 19th century. Our knowledge of Early Cycladic civilization is based primarily on evidence gathered from a substantial number of cemeteries that have been discovered in various parts of the Cyclades. In comparison, excavations of Early Cycladic settlements are few in number. Thus, habitation comprises an essential yet understudied field of research.Despite these limitations, fieldwork as well as material and analytical studies conducted over the period 2000–2017 have contributed to a far better understanding of Early Cycladic habitation patterns. Excavations and/or publications of important sites, such as Chalandriani and Kastri on Syros, Skarkos on Ios, Dhaskalio and Kavos on Keros, Markiani on Amorgos and Korfari ton Amygdalion (Panormos) on Naxos, have revealed significant new evidence regarding the development and character of Early Cycladic civilization.

scholarly journals The Formation and Evolution of the Spassky Gully in Old Ryazan

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-169
Author(s):  
А.В. Водорезов ◽  
Д.Г. Зайцев ◽  
В.А. Кривцов
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Alluvial Fans ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Landslide Activity ◽  
The Third ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Formation And Evolution

По результатам изучения отложений в днище и конусе выноса оврага с учетом датировок артефактов из культурных слоев установлено время заложения и основные этапы развития Спасского оврага, проникшего на городище Старая Рязань. Появление оврага вызвано устройством оборонительного вала и рва Северного городища. Эрозия днища рва и трансформация его в овраг происходила во второй половине XI века и после перерыва во второй половине XII века. Третий этап активного развития оврага и роста его вершин приходится на период между 1732 годом и второй половиной XIX века и был связан с распашкой поверхности городища. Мониторинг эрозионных и оползневых процессов на городище Старая Рязань в период с 1999 по 2019 год позволил выделить период активизации оползневых процессов в 2017–2019 годах, что связано с изменением климатических условий в регионе. The investigation of the bottom sediments and the alluvial fans of the gully and the dating of artifacts found in occupation debris enable researchers to estimate when the Spassky gully (Old Ryazan) was formed and to assess the stages of its evolution. The gully was formed in the process of building a defensive wall and a moat in the northern part of the old town. In the late 11th century and after a considerable lapse of time in the late 12th century through the process of bottom erosion, the moat gradually turned into a gully. The third stage of its evolution is the period from 1732 to the late 19th century when the land was actively ploughed. By monitoring erosion and landslide activity in Old Ryazan in 1999-2019, the researchers managed to single out a period of increased landslide activity in 2017-2019, which can be accounted for by climatic changes in the region.

scholarly journals Schoenoplectus × flevensis (S. lacustris × S. tabernaemontani, Cyperaceae) in Britain

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lansdown ◽  
Fred Rumsey
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Schoenoplectus Lacustris

Intermediates between Schoenoplectus lacustris and S. tabernaemontani have been recognised at least since the late 19th century and for much of that time, there has been speculation that such intermediates may involve hybridisation. In 2017 the hybrid status of a population growing in the South-Forty-foot Drain in Lincolnshire was confirmed using molecular tools. This article presents information on the hybrid, both from the Lincolnshire population and from the literature, as well as providing an indication of how hybrid populations might be recognised. The binomial Schoenoplectus × flevensis (D.Bakker) Lansdown & Rumsey is proposed for the hybrid.

Serendipity: Werner's argument that the `two-only forms' (green and violet) of [CoCl2(en)2]+ salts demanded his octahedral model was correct. True?

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Bernal ◽  
Roger A. Lalancette
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Third ◽  
Alfred Werner

Chemists of the late 19th century, including Alfred Werner, prepared salts containing either green or violet cations of composition [CoCl2(en)2]+ (en is ethylenediamine, C2H8N2); we now refer to these as trans-dichloro and cis-dichloro species. We have discovered a third salt, purple in color, containing cations of the same elemental composition and whose asymmetric unit composition is [CoCl2(en)2]2Cl2·3H2O, in which the cobalt cations are a cis:trans dichloro pair. Such a discovery would undermine Werner's argument that if only two forms can be prepared, his octahedral theory was proven. Probably because his students never examined their crystals under a microscope, they failed to observe the `third' species, thereby ruining Werner's argument since he relied strictly on color to identify them. That was fortunate since our purple salt would have led him to abandon, or certainly delay, his momentous discovery. Our crystals consist of a 1:1 mixture of the cis and trans cations, thereby sharing the same elemental analysis and conductivity as the single salts, but not their crystal structure, inasmuch as X-ray diffraction had not even been discovered then. Serendipitously, our discovery would have been a great boon to his theoretical acumen, while his `two-color' argument may have doomed him.

Localizing the Global

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
South Central ◽  
Political Economic

By the late 19th century, a caravan trade extended from the Indian and Atlantic littorals through the hinterlands of south central Africa. Industrial commodities—guns, cloths, iron, and beads—were exchanged for ivory, slaves, beeswax, and rubber. Along the trade routes and in trading centers, words spread to describe new commodities, new peoples, new trading customs, and new forms of political power. These Wanderwörter originated in the languages of the coastal traders, in particular in Portuguese and Kiswahili. When the diverse vernaculars of the south central African interior were transcribed by colonial-era missionaries into “tribal” languages, such wandering words were incorporated into these languages, often disguised by distinctive orthographies. Other words were left out of dictionaries and political vocabularies, replaced by supposedly more authentic and archaic words. Examining these wandering words provides a window into linguistic dynamism and political-economic change prior to European conquest.

Transcending Postcolonial Frontiers: Re-envisaging the Grand Trunk Road

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 305-326
Author(s):  
Priya Singh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
South Asian ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Road ◽  
Trunk Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
Symbolic Value

The essay calls for a re-imagining and reshaping of colonial constructs. It concisely encapsulates the history of the Grand Trunk Road (GT Road), from the 16th century when it was referred to as ‘Sadak-e-Azam’ to the late 19th century, when the road was completed under the administration of Lord William Bentinck and was renamed as ‘The Grand Trunk Road’ to contemporary times when it connects multiple cities with National Highways as part of the Golden Quadrilateral project and remains a ‘continuum’ that covers a distance of over 2,500 kilometres. While highlighting its importance in terms of its criticality as a geopolitical/strategic connect, the essay concludes on the note that there is much more to the GT Road than being a mere logistical, infrastructural tool. It serves as a political and cultural connect as well as embodies a way of life and these historic and organic connections require reinforcement. The essay underlines the symbolic value of the GT Road, while it comprises the mainstay of commerce in the subcontinent but, at the same time is significant in terms of rearranging social and political hierarchies, in other words, it constitutes an intrinsic part of the broader narrative of the south Asian space.

scholarly journals The Vowel System of Jewish Bukharan Tajik: With Special Reference to the Tajik Vowel Chain Shift

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-103
Author(s):  
Shinji Ido
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Relationship

The present article describes the vowel chain shift that occurred in the variety of Tajik spoken by Jewish residents in Bukhara. It identifies the chain shift as constituting of an intermediate stage of the Northern Tajik chain shift and accordingly tentatively concludes that in the Northern Tajik chain shift Early New Persian ā shifted before ō did, shedding light on the process whereby the present-day Tajik vowel system was established. The article is divided into three parts. The first provides an explanation of the variety of Tajik spoken by Jewish inhabitants of Bukhara. The second section explains the relationship between this particular variety and other varieties that have been used by Jews in Central Asia. The third section deals specifically with the vowel system of the variety and the changes that it has undergone since the late 19th century.

A Century of Research in Franco-Provençal and Poitevin

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-407
Author(s):  
Kathryn Klingebiel
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Historical Grammar ◽  
Theoretical Developments ◽  
Dialect Geography

Summary Within the Gallo-Romance domain, Franco-Provençal and its western correlate Poitevin have been variously labeled ‘independent languages’, ‘dialects of French’, or ‘dialects of oc’. At least one attempt has been made to link these two lateral entities against both the north and the south. A historical survey of these conflicting claims encompasses non-partisan methodologies such as dialect geography and linguistic atlases as well as theoretical developments affecting Romance studies during the last one hundred years. Late 19th century research had not yet resolved antinomies between speech and script or between dialect study and historical grammar. Recent research into time and direction of Romanization, significantly clarifying the bi-(or tri-)partitioning of Gaul, has complemented increasingly sophisticated work in all these fields. Yet frequent overemphasis on segmentation, coupled with a failure to distinguish shared linguistic fate from ‘language’ in its general Romance acception, cannot be allowed to obscure the fact that both FP and Poitevin belong to Gallo-Romance; the successful investigation of either must continue to mesh grammar, lexis, scripta, and geohistory.

scholarly journals The Diplomatic Status of the Joseon Kingdom in the Context of the Competition among China, Japan and Russia on the Korean Peninsula (Late 19th Century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
L. E. Kozlov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Level ◽  
Qing Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Global Arena ◽  
The 19Th Century

At the end of the 19th century Korea took the first steps towards developing a modern model of diplomacy. This process was hampered by the inertia of vassal-suzerain relations with China and the uncertain status of Korea on the global arena. The author analyzed the indications of incomplete sovereignty of the Joseon Kingdom and its attempts to conduct sovereign diplomacy. The attitude of the great powers to Joseon has been considered. The uncertainty of Korea's diplomatic status at the end of the 19th century can be illustrated by the following contradiction. On the one hand, the great powers recognized Korea's sovereignty as a limited one and assigned a minister resident or consul general, which corresponds to the third and fourth level of a diplomatic representative. On the other hand, the Qing government prevented Joseon from pursuing an independent foreign policy, but could not shape it at its discretion. In 1901-1902, the diplomatic status of the Joseon Kingdom finally became fully sovereign de jure, de facto though internal problems and weaknesses did not disappear, and in 1904–1905 a Japanese protectorate over Korea was established.

scholarly journals Justificatory Fables of Ordoliberalism: Laissez-faire and the “Third Way”

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1047-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Dale
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Third Way ◽  
State Planning ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Laissez Faire

This article critically examines two conceptualisations of ordoliberalism. In one, it is defined, together with neoliberalism, against 19th-century liberalism (in its social liberal and laissez-faire variants). This reading was common among ordoliberals themselves, and early neoliberals such as Friedrich von Hayek, as well as among critics, notably Michel Foucault. In another, ordoliberalism is contrasted to neoliberalism, with the latter presumed to be a species of laissez-faire economics. This reading is commonly accompanied by the supposition that ordoliberalism represents a “Third Way” between capitalism and socialism, or between laissez-faire liberalism and state planning. The main body of this contribution presents a critical analysis of both positions, by way of analysis of ordoliberal texts and a history of the discourse of laissez-faire.

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