scholarly journals Krystyny Pisarkowej odkrywanie Malinowskiego

LingVaria ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2(32)) ◽  
pp. 216-228
Author(s):  
Jerzy Bartmiński ◽  
Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Precise Description ◽  
Explicit Formulation ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Roman Jakobson ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect

Krystyna Pisarkowa’s Discovering of Malinowski The article is concerned with the two-volume publication Językoznawstwo Bronisława Malinowskiego [Bronisław Malinowski’s Linguistics], edited by Krystyna Pisarek. Its first volume contains the editor’s thorough analysis of the linguistic achievements of this Polish-born British anthropologist, while the second volume includes translations of Malinowski’s works and a dictionary of the Kiriwina language. The linguistic importance of Malinowski’s works had been underestimated: his articles “Classificatory Particles in the Language of Kiriwina” (1920) and “The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages” (1923) were not included in the thirteen-volume collection of his writings (Dzieła [Works]). Pisarkowa, in turn, does recognize Malinowski’s contribution to linguistics and considers the following to be his unique achievements: (1) the discovery of the phatic function of speech (adopted by Roman Jakobson in his classification of language functions); (2) an explicit formulation of the principle of contextualism and the pragmatic aspect of word meaning; and (3) a precise description of the Kiriwina system of classificatory particles.

Using metaphors to get rid of a speech defect by Roman Jacobsen: توظيف الاستعارة في التخلص من العيب النطقي عند رومان جاكوبسن

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Salah Rashid, Hatem Kareem Huseen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Defect ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Medical Office ◽  
Roman Jakobson ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

Praise be to Allah the Lord of the Worlds, prayer and peace be upon Ashraf senders and his family and his family companions either after: Vtad studies linguistics and one of the science of language that has developed a fast in a period of short, entered most of the fields of science and life different, and addressed various phenomena of language and non - language, has had to Ross's role significantly in the development and continuation of this field of scientific their researches and symposia and institutions of different, and these scientists Roman Jakobson, who has the role of a great in the development and discovery of theories and issues of linguistic differences, as well as for diseases of language, and the issues of technical and other, and the issues that dealt with Roman Jakobson with regard to diseases of words is aphasia verbal and treatment employing metaphor to get rid of these defects articulatory, and based also on the development of scientific The medical office in America used it to serve and treat verbal aphasia, as well as its classification of verbal confinement. The stated research entitled (employment of metaphor in the disposal of the defect Alntqa when Roman Jakobson), was a plan research dealt with the definition of abbreviated Proman Jacobson, then the definition of imprisonment verbal and types, definition Borrowing and types when Roman Jakobson, followed by methods of treatment for by metaphor, and a the conclusion that summarizes the most important what reached the search of results

Systematic Classification of Spina Bifida

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Hannah Schindelmann ◽  
Fabienne Paschereit ◽  
Alexandra Steege ◽  
Gisela Stoltenburg-Didinger ◽  
Angela M Kaindl
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Precise Description ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Multiple Conditions

Abstract Spina bifida (SB) is an umbrella term for multiple conditions characterized by misclosure of vertebral arches. Neuropathologic findings in SB cases are often reported with imprecise and overlapping terminology. In view of the increasing identification of SB-associated genes and pathomechanisms, the precise description of SB subtypes is highly important. In particular, the term “myelomeningocele” is applied to various and divergent SB subtypes. We reevaluated 90 cases with SB (58 prenatal; 32 postnatal). The most frequent SB phenotype in our cohort was myeloschisis, which is characterized by an open neural plate with exposed ependyma (n = 28; 31.1%). An open neural plate was initially described in only in two-thirds of the myeloschisis cases. An additional 21 cases (23.3%) had myelomeningocele; 2 cases (2.2%) had a meningocele; and 21 cases (23.3%) had an unspecified SB aperta (SBA) subtype. Overall, the SB phenotype was corrected in about one-third of the cases. Our findings highlight that “myelomeningocele” and “SB aperta” cannot be used as synonymous terms and that myeloschisis is an underreported SB phenotype. Based on our findings and a review of literature we propose a classification of SB subtypes in SB occulta and the 3 SBA subtypes, meningocele, myelomeningocele, and myeloschisis.

scholarly journals What it is said versus how it is said: Comprehension of affective prosody in men with Klinefelter (47,XXY) syndrome

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1065-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOPHIE VAN RIJN ◽  
ANDRÉ ALEMAN ◽  
HANNA SWAAB ◽  
TESSEL KRIJN ◽  
GUY VINGERHOETS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Klinefelter Syndrome ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Affective Prosody ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect ◽  
Tone Of Voice

Difficulties in social communication in individuals with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY chromosomal pattern) have largely been attributed to deficits in left hemisphere-mediated, language functions. This study examined the ability of XXY men to decode emotions from tone of voice, a pragmatic aspect of social communication that may be associated with right hemisphere functioning. A total of 26 XXY men and 20 men from the general population completed tasks involving emotion discrimination in speech, based on verbal content or tone of voice. The XXY group displayed relative difficulties in discriminating emotions in tone of voice, and, to a lesser extend, in verbal content. This finding suggests that the XXY chromosomal pattern may not only be associated with difficulties in semantic aspects of language, but with prosodic aspects, as well. Our findings may contribute to the development of more comprehensive models addressing the role of the X chromosome in normal and abnormal development of social communication. (JINS, 2007, 13, 1065–1070.)

Parts Outweigh the Whole (Word) in Unconscious Analysis of Meaning

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Abrams ◽  
Anthony G. Greenwald
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Related Word ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Whole Word ◽  
Level Of Analysis

In unconscious semantic priming, an unidentifiable visually masked word (the prime) facilitates semantic classification of a following visible related word (the target). Three experiments reported here provide evidence that masked primes are analyzed mainly at the level of word parts, not whole-word meaning. In Experiment 1, masked nonword primes composed of subword fragments of earlier-viewed targets functioned as effective evaluative primes. (For example, after repeated classification of the targets angel and warm, the nonword anrm acted as an evaluatively positive masked prime.) Experiment 2 showed that this part-word processing was potent enough to oppose analysis at the whole-word level. Thus, smile functioned as an evaluatively negative (!) masked prime after repeated classification of smut and bile. Experiment 3 found no priming when masked word primes contained no parts of earlier targets. These results suggest that robust unconscious priming (a) is driven by analysis of part-word information and (b) requires previous classification of visible targets that contain the fragments later serving as primes. Contrary to a widely held view, analysis of subliminal primes appears not to function at the level of analysis of complete words.

scholarly journals Content Analysis of Rock Poetry Texts when Describing the Semantics of the WAY and ROAD Symbols

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-25
Author(s):  
I. A. Avdeenko
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Abstract Logic ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Contextual Environment ◽  
Objective Description ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The article deals with the question of methods for describing lexical semantics. Special attention is paid to symbols — linguistic signs expressing the worldview of culture. The relevance of the study is due to the need to develop an objective description methodology that meets both modern concepts of the semantics of a word and the nature of a symbol. A review of modern concepts of the word meaning is carried out. The question is raised about the possibility of describing the semantics of a symbol based on the analysis of the contextual environment of a linguistic sign. Attention is paid to cases of direct, figurative, symbolic and regular arbitrary use of the word. The author’s development of a methodology for qualitative and quantitative content analysis of a representative sample of texts in describing the semantics of a symbol is presented. The classification of the levels of analysis of the composition of words that form the context of the use of the symbol is proposed. The author dwells on the stages and procedures for extracting the semantics of a symbol from the context in which it is used. The results of a comparative analysis of the semantics of the WAY and ROAD symbols in the language of Russian rock poetry are presented. It is proved that the presented methodology allows describing the semantics of a symbol, relying not on the abstract logic of the relationship of concepts, but on the semantic relations fixed in the text. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that this technique allows us to consider a symbol not as an occasional, but as a linguistic unit, regularly reproduced by the carriers of the corresponding representations.

scholarly journals SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS OF COVID-BASED EPIDEICTIC RHETORIC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Pasternak
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epideictic Rhetoric ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Global Goal ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect ◽  
Perlocutionary Effect

The article is devoted to the analysis of speech acts of epideictic rhetoric in terms of pragmalinguistics. The research material encompasses official Covid-based speeches made by the top officials of the country: Boris Johnson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and Donald Trump, the former President of the United States of America. The subject of the study comprises performative utterances of the speakers from the perspective of their illocutionary force. The theoretical and methodological basis for the analysis was the Theory of Speech Acts by J. Austin, as well as the classification of illocutionary acts by J. Searle. The analysis of Covid-based speech acts revealed their representative directive character. We have found out that the use of representatives in these epideictic speeches is due to the global goal of the speakers, that is to quiet the hearers (carrying out perlocutionary effect). It is supposed that stating the inevitability of certain events and their patterns, positive predictions and personal beliefs of people in power make ordinary citizens (hearers) put up with certain restrictions and inconveniences. In the pragmatic aspect, the use of directives (the second frequently used by speakers) is justified by the situational goal – to encourage the hearers to comply with the rules in connection with the introduction of quarantine. We have also concluded that commissives are used twice less frequently compared with the representatives and directives as their usage is primarily connected with the risk for the speaker to make promises and guarantees in quite unpredictable and uncontrolled time. For top officials this also involves reputational losses in case the promises are broken. It should be noted, though, that the use of declaratives in such speeches is very common and relevant as the speakers have appropriate social status and authority for official statements, decrees or decisions of state importance. Thus, the felicity conditions of declarations can be met. According to the research results the lowest frequency of the use of expressives proves the seriousness of the situation where emotionality and uninformativeness are inappropriate.

Harmonization of terminology in developmental toxicology: The quest for a more precise description and a harmonized classification of fetal observations

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Paumgartten ◽  
Roland Solecki ◽  
Jochen Buschmann ◽  
Ruth Clark ◽  
Konstanze Grote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precise Description ◽  
Developmental Toxicology

Morphology of hearts undergoing Fontan repair

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Murari ◽  
Rajesh Sharma ◽  
Balram Airan ◽  
Anil Bhan ◽  
Shiv K. Choudhary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Septal Defect ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Single Ventricle ◽  
Pulmonary Stenosis ◽  
Fontan Procedure ◽  
Fontan Operation ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Precise Description ◽  
Biventricular Repair

AbstractBackgroundNotwithstanding the controversies evoked by the term “single ventricle”, most patients with this condition would undergo the Fontan procedure. In addition, there is a large group of patients in whom a biventricular repair would be abandoned in favour of a univentricular one because of the presence of unfavourable morphologic features. There is a need for a uniformly acceptable system of nomenclature that would permit precise description and classification of hearts with complex malformations to facilitate reporting and help in understanding the reasons for choosing a univentricular repair.MethodsEchocardiographic, angiographic and operative records of 240 patients undergoing the Fontan procedure were analysed.ResultsOut of the 104 patients with univentricular atrioventricular connections, 2 ventricles were discernible in all but 3 patients. A Fontan repair was performed in 136 patients with biventricular atrioventricular connections because of the presence of a hypoplastic ventricle in 52 patients and a non-committed ventricular septal defect in the remaining 84.ConclusionsThe Fontan operation is probably the only definitive treatment option for patients with univentricular atrioventricular connections. The decision to perform a univentricular repair in preference to a biventricular one in hearts with biventricular atrioventricular connections is based on the presence of a hypoplastic ventricle or a non-reroutable ventricular septal defect. This decision is subjective. In hearts with discordant atrioventricular connections and pulmonary stenosis, we prefer the Fontan operation to the classical repair.

The Communicative-pragmatic Classification of Economic Texts

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 2260
Author(s):  
Akberova Flora Samender
Keyword(s):  
Economic Factors ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Communicative Interaction ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Economic Texts ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect ◽  
Communicative Act ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
The Impact

It is known that the texts are identical in terms of their communicative-pragmatic styles. The texts of all types (economic, artistic, political and so on) seem to have common pragmatic communicative functions. There are two main factors in terms of economic data to be transmitted within the texts which are defined: a) the economic intratextual communicative interaction of the components of the act; b) components of the mutual relations between the texts found in the communicative act. Since the texts are the object of the linguistic study highlighted in terms of communication, the understanding of the texts of the text in the frame of extratextual economic factors has attracted the attention of researchers. In this case, the reader gets familiar with the text visually, through reading the text, through the impact of the economic mechanism, taking into account the pragmatic aspect of the components and the pragmatic realization of their characteristic.

scholarly journals Tata Bahasa Fungsional (Functional Grammar)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felta Lafamane
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Functional Linguistics ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Structural Linguistics ◽  
Roman Jakobson

Abstract Functionalism in the study of linguistics is the influence of several understandings in science such as anthropology, sociology and psychology. The understanding that surrounds the emergence of functionalism as its root is structuralist although there are different opinions about this. Functional linguistics pioneered by Roman Jakobson and Andre Martinet, his presence is very meaningful in an effort to bridge the gap between structural linguistics of America and Europe. Functionalism is a movement in linguistics that seeks to explain the phenomenon of language with all its manifestations and assumes that the mechanism of language is explained by the consequences that follow from the mechanism itself. In general functional grammar is a theory that attempts to explain the natural language structure in terms of functionality. The development of TBF theories must meet three standards: Typological sufficiency, pragmatic sufficiency, psychological sufficiency. In TBF there are three levels of functions that are of concern, namely: Semantic Functions (Actors, Patients, Recipients, etc.). Syntactic Functions (Subject, predicate and Object). Pragmatic Functions (Themes and Tails, Topics and Focus). Then the application of language functions according to Jakobson can be applied in discourse analysis in the form of texts and non-texts. The application of functional flow in Indonesian is not entirely acceptable. In addition to the different language concepts, it is also difficult to find an equivalent term in Indonesian. However, this flow is very influential in the development of Indonesian language grammar.Keyword: grammar, functional, sentence structure

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document