Good to Go First? Position Effects in Expert Evaluation of Early-Stage Ventures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Bian ◽  
Jason Greenberg ◽  
Jizhen Li ◽  
Yanbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Peer Influence ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Prize Money ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Innovation Fund ◽  
Context Specific

There is often considerable anxiety and conflicting advice concerning the benefits of presenting/being evaluated first. We thus investigate how expert evaluators vary in their evaluations of entrepreneurial proposals based upon the order in which they are evaluated. Our research setting is a premiere innovation fund competition in Beijing, China, where the prize money at stake is economically meaningful, and evaluators are quasi-randomly assigned to evaluate written grant proposals without the possibility of peer influence. This enables us to credibly recover a causal position effect. We also theorize and test how heterogeneity in evaluators’ prior (context-specific) judging experience moderates position effects. Overall, we find that a proposal evaluated first requires total assets in the top 10th percentile to merely equal the evaluation of a proposal in the bottom 10th percentile that is not evaluated first. Firm and evaluator fixed-effects models yield consistent findings. We consider evaluation design elements that may mollify these position effects in the discussion section. This paper was accepted by Sridhar Tayur, entrepreneurship and innovation.

scholarly journals Context-Specific Efficacy of Apalutamide Therapy in Preclinical Models of Pten-Deficient Prostate Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3975
Author(s):  
Marco A. De Velasco ◽  
Yurie Kura ◽  
Naomi Ando ◽  
Noriko Sako ◽  
Eri Banno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Akt Inhibitor ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Context Specific

Significant improvements with apalutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen used to treat patients suffering from advanced prostate cancer (PCa), have prompted evaluation for additional indications and therapeutic development with other agents; however, persistent androgen receptor (AR) signaling remains problematic. We used autochthonous mouse models of Pten-deficient PCa to examine the context-specific antitumor activity of apalutamide and profile its molecular responses. Overall, apalutamide showed potent antitumor activity in both early-stage and late-stage models of castration-naïve prostate cancer (CNPC). Molecular profiling by Western blot and immunohistochemistry associated persistent surviving cancer cells with upregulated AKT signaling. While apalutamide was ineffective in an early-stage model of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), it tended to prolong survival in late-stage CRPC. Molecular features associated with surviving cancer cells in CRPC included upregulated aberrant-AR, and phosphorylated S6 and proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40). Strong synergy was observed with the pan-AKT inhibitor GSK690693 and apalutamide in vitro against the CNPC- and CRPC-derived cell lines and tended to improve the antitumor responses in CNPC but not CRPC in vivo. Upregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and proviral insertion in murine-1 (PIM-1) were associated with combined apalutamide/GSK690693. Our findings show that apalutamide can attenuate Pten-deficient PCa in a context-specific manner and provides data that can be used to further study and, possibly, develop additional combinations with apalutamide.

scholarly journals Activator-independent gene expression in Neurospora crassa

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-423
Author(s):  
Wayne K Versaw ◽  
Robert L Metzenberg
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangement ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Phosphorus Metabolism ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Independent Gene ◽  
Acting Mechanism

Abstract A transgenic position effect that causes activator-independent gene expression has been described previously for three Neurospora crassa phosphate-repressible genes. We report analogous findings for two additional positively regulated genes, qa-2  + and ars-1  +, indicating that such position effects are not limited to genes involved in phosphorus metabolism. In addition, we have characterized a number of mutants that display activator-independent gene expression. Each of these mutants contains a chromosomal rearrangement with one breakpoint located in the 5’-upstream region of the affected gene. This suggests that the rearrangements are associated with activator-independent gene expression and that these cis-acting mutations may represent a position effect similar to that responsible for rendering some transgenes independent of their transcriptional activators. We suggest that positively regulated genes in N.  crassa are normally held in a transcriptionally repressed state by a cis-acting mechanism until specifically activated. Disruption of this cis-acting mechanism, either by random integration of a gene by transformation or by chromosomal rearrangement, renders these genes independent or partly independent of the transcriptional activator on which they normally depend.

pitkinD, a Novel Gain-of-Function Enhancer of Position-Effect Variegation, Affects Chromatin Regulation During Oogenesis and Early Embryogenesis in Drosophila

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 1227-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffi Kuhfittig ◽  
János Szabad ◽  
Gunnar Schotta ◽  
Jan Hoffmann ◽  
Endre Máthé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Line ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Early Embryogenesis ◽  
Position Effect Variegation ◽  
Chromatin Regulation ◽  
Gain Of Function ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Dominant Female ◽  
Effect Variegation ◽  
Female Germ Line

Abstract The vast majority of the >100 modifier genes of position-effect variegation (PEV) in Drosophila have been identified genetically as haplo-insufficient loci. Here, we describe pitkinDominant (ptnD), a gain-of-function enhancer mutation of PEV. Its exceptionally strong enhancer effect is evident as elevated spreading of heterochromatin-induced gene silencing along euchromatic regions in variegating rearrangements. The ptnD mutation causes ectopic binding of the SU(VAR)3-9 heterochromatin protein at many euchromatic sites and, unlike other modifiers of PEV, it also affects stable position effects. Specifically, it induces silencing of white+ transgenes inserted at a wide variety of euchromatic sites. ptnD is associated with dominant female sterility. +/+ embryos produced by ptnD/+ females mated with wild-type males die at the end of embryogenesis, whereas the ptnD/+ sibling embryos arrest development at cleavage cycle 1-3, due to a combined effect of maternally provided mutant product and an early zygotic lethal effect of ptnD. This is the earliest zygotic effect of a mutation so far reported in Drosophila. Germ-line mosaics show that ptn+ function is required for normal development in the female germ line. These results, together with effects on PEV and white+ transgenes, are consistent with the hypothesis that the ptn gene plays an important role in chromatin regulation during development of the female germ line and in early embryogenesis.

The heterochromatin-associated protein HP-1 is an essential protein in Drosophila with dosage-dependent effects on position-effect variegation.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J C Eissenberg ◽  
G D Morris ◽  
G Reuter ◽  
T Hartnett
Keyword(s):  
Germ Line ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Inducible Promoter ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
P Element ◽  
Position Effect Variegation ◽  
Chromosomal Protein ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Effect Variegation

Abstract Chromosome rearrangements which place euchromatic genes adjacent to a heterochromatic breakpoint frequently result in gene repression (position-effect variegation). This repression is thought to reflect the spreading of a heterochromatic structure into neighboring euchromatin. Two allelic dominant suppressors of position-effect variegation were found to contain mutations within the gene encoding the heterochromatin-specific chromosomal protein HP-1. The site of mutation for each allele is given: one converts Lys169 into a nonsense (ochre) codon, while the other is a frameshift after Ser10. In flies heterozygous for one of the mutant alleles (Su(var)2-504), a truncated HP-1 protein was detectable by Western blot analysis. An HP-1 minigene, consisting of HP-1 cDNA under the control of an Hsp70 heat-inducible promoter, was transduced into flies by P element-mediated germ line transformation. Heat-shock driven expression of this minigene results in elevated HP-1 protein level and enhancement of position-effect variegation. Levels of variegating gene expression thus appear to depend upon the level of expression of a heterochromatin-specific protein. The implications of these observations for mechanism of heterochromatic position effects and heterochromatin function are discussed.

Natural disasters and MNC sub-national investments in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Hoon Oh ◽  
Jennifer Oetzel ◽  
Jorge Rivera ◽  
Donald Lien
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
High Degree

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine how foreign firms consider natural disaster risk in subsequent investment decisions in a host country and whether different location portfolios can serve to mitigate investment risk. Design/methodology/approach The author sample includes data on 437 Fortune Global 500 firms and their initial entry into Chinese provinces between 1955 and 2008. Findings Using a fixed effects logit model of discrete time event history analysis, results show that geographic proximity to same multinational corporation (MNC) subsidiaries and different MNC subsidiaries from the same home country mitigates the negative effect of natural disasters on MNC entry into an affected province, while geographic proximity to other MNC subsidiaries from different home countries does not. Originality/value The knowledge needed to respond to severe disasters appears to be highly context-specific and shared only between firms with a high degree of commonality and trust.

Order effects and multi-city visits: tour guides’ perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira Zare ◽  
Philip Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Position Effect ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tour Guides ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Perceived Effects ◽  
Guided Tours ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of the order in which a set of cities are visited to ascertain the effects of position on group tourists’ recall and evaluations. Design/methodology/approach Using a questionnaire, the views of highly experienced tour guides were analysed to provide preliminary insights about the likely occurrence of position effects. The topic was studied in Iran where a natural variation in the order of visiting cities on guided tours exists. Findings Credible and consistent evidence was found for the perceived effects of recency when considering tourists’ recall and evaluations. In particular, the influence was seen as clearly enhancing the recall and positive evaluation for the most high profile cities in the set of visited locations. Research limitations/implications Replications of the position effect in other countries and for other kinds of tourism cities needs to be pursued, desirably by direct assessments of tourist’ views to buttress the present views held by guides. Practical implications Designing itineraries by making imaginative use of the effects of order on the tourists’ sequence of city visits should facilitate the memorability of destinations for tourists and benefit businesses. Originality/value Empirical evidence about order effects in multi-city tour itineraries has never been established. The study provides foundation evidence for such influences through a non-reactive and naturalistic assessment by tour guides who are in contact with varied itineraries and who regularly consider the experiences of diverse and large numbers of tourists.

scholarly journals A Study on the Serial Position Effect of Memory according to Illumination of LED Light

2019 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Chung Won Lee ◽  
Jin Ho Kim ◽  
In Keuk Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Serial Position ◽  
Serial Position Effect ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Word List ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Serial Position Effects ◽  
Significant Difference

The purpose of this study was to verify the forms of the effect of serial position effects of memory according to the illuminance of light. This study was conducted as an experimental method, and 21 adults without cognitive impairment participated in the study. The illuminance condition was designed with high illuminance condition of 1,000 lx and low illuminance condition of 300 lx. The memory task used word list of 20 items consisting of a series of pointless spellings. After memorizing the word list for 10 minutes, the participant performed a retention task 24 hours later. The memory retention task consisted of filling the empty part of the learned word and completing the word. The analysis was performed by dividing the word items into three conditions: primacy, middle, and recency. Primacy used the first item in the word list, Middle used the 10th item in the middle of the word list, and finally Recency used the last item in the word list for analysis. The result was F = 4.16 (p = .02), and showed that there was a statistically significant difference in memory retention of primacy, middle, and recency at 95% confidence level in dim condition.

scholarly journals Gamification Design Elements to Enhance Adolescent Motivation in Diagnosing Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Nurul Fasihah Jamaludin ◽  
Tengku Siti Meriam Tengku Wook ◽  
Siti Fadzilah Mat Noor ◽  
Faizan Qamar
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Students ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Professional Help ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Motivation Enhancement ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Critical Public Health

Depression is a critical public health problem, mainly when it affects young people (adolescents). This condition is most challenging to detect in this group because they tend to think about other people's negative assumptions. Adolescents with depressive symptoms refuse to seek professional help due to their stigma and their future if they were labeled as depressed teenagers. Depression is a severe mental issue that should be detected from an early stage so that the problem can be curbed and resolved immediately. Diagnosis should be carried out to assess mental health, followed by referral to professional help. This study aims to motivate adolescents to diagnose depression levels through gamification techniques. Fifty-three secondary students participated in a survey designed in this study to measure motivation enhancement factors. The result of this study was used to develop a depression diagnosis model. The proposed model applied a gamification design technique consisting of three main ideas: gamification elements, user types, and motivational elements. This model will serve as the foundation to develop a mobile application system that can benefit users, especially adolescents, in self-diagnosing depression.

scholarly journals The Role of Radiotherapy Fractionation And Volume In Patients With Early Breast Cancer After Conserving Surgery: A Systematic Review And Network Meta-Analysis 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Chen ◽  
Tong-Xin Yang ◽  
Yao-Xiong Xia ◽  
Qi Shen ◽  
Yu Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Breast Cancer ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Indirect Comparison ◽  
Whole Breast Irradiation ◽  
Breast Irradiation ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background：Hypofractionated whole breast irradiation (HF-WBI) can achieve the same treatment effect as conventional fractionated whole breast irradiation (CF-WBI) within limits , without increasing adverse reactions. Because of its characteristics of reducing the number of radiation therapy (RT) during the COVID-19 Pandemic, it is recommended as the first choice of treatment for patients with early breast cancer after breast conserving surgery. However, the choice of RT is still under exploration. Here, we conducted a network meta-analysis to evaluate the problem comprehensively using data from new randomized trials. Methods: We analyzed data from eligible studies for published events for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR), distant metastasis, total deaths, and non-breast cancer-related deaths. Statistical analysis was performed using a fixed-effects or random-effects model in cases of low and high heterogeneity, respectively. Network meta-analysis was conducted using a node-splitting model for two-category data among three RTs based on a Bayesian approach.Results: 16 studies with 23,418 patients were included. For IBTR, pairwise comparison showed that CF-WBI was significantly better than PBI, and HF-WBI was similar to CF-WBI. HF-WBI was superior to PBI, but the difference was not significant. However, indirect comparison of three RTs by network meta-analysis showed that HF-WBI was significantly better than PBI (OR=0.67, CI95%: 0.46–0.95). Paired and network meta-analyses found no significant differences in other endpoints among three radiotherapies. Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated PBI was associated with increased IBTR compared with HF-WBI or CF-WBI in early-stage breast cancer patients.

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