scholarly journals Engineering Properties of Peeled and Unpeeled Multiplier Onion

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-238
Author(s):  
Dawn C.P. Ambrose
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
True Density ◽  
Crushing Strength ◽  
Frictional Properties ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Multiplier Onion

Multiplier onion (Allium cepa L. var aggregatum. Don.) is mainly used for its unique flavour in seasoning dishes. The unpeeled onions are processed at farm level by means of primary processing and by secondary processing various products like paste, flakes, powder could be produced from peeled onions. For the design of processing and handling equipment knowledge of engineering properties is essential. The engineering properties of peeled and unpeeled multiplier onion were determined. The average values of the physical properties of unpeeled onion were recorded for bulk density and true density as 636.621 and 1526.825 kg/m3 respectively. Similarly for peeled onions, the bulk and true density were 627.03 and 1108.74 kg/m3 respectively. The moisture present in peeled and unpeeled onion was 77.66 % and 74.43% (w.b) respectively. The TSS of multiplier onion was found to be 20° Brix for both peeled and unpeeled samples. The colour values were also measured using colour flex meter for the peeled and unpeeled onions. The frictional properties including coefficient of friction, filling and emptying angle of repose were also measured. Mechanical properties were determined by using a texture analyser. The firmness was measured in terms of penetrating force and crushing strength which were recorded to be 8.59 N and 124.93 N respectively for peeled and 12.00 N and 138.35 N respectively for unpeeled onions.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN TO SUPPORT THE TOFU AGRO-INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPORTANT HIGHLIGHTS

AGROINTEK ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-931
Author(s):  
Agustami Sitorus ◽  
Devianti Devianti ◽  
Ramayanty Bulan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aerodynamic Properties ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Soybean Processing

The physical and mechanical properties of the material to be processed are fundamental and continue to be a challenge for researchers to design a machine appropriately. Studies of the soybean engineering properties have not been widely highlighted and reviewed. This makes researchers and engineers of soybean processing machines still have to search through experimentation or read deeply through scientific papers before applying it. Therefore, this paper presents highlights and reviews of studies related to the measurement and modelling of soybean engineering properties. The objective is to study methodologies uses and identify future research directions to get a result in more accuracy. Several papers are searched from various search engines for scientific articles that are available online. Some keywords and a combination of keywords used in the search process are “physical properties”, “mechanical properties”, “soybean grains” and “moisture-dependent”. The results show that ten scientific papers are strictly related to the measurement and modelling of the engineering properties of soybean. In general, the documents found were in the period 1993 to 2012. The research paper investigated the engineering properties of soybean in the moisture content ranges from 6.7% (d.b.) to 49.7% (d.b.). The widely studied physical properties are diameter, surface area, roundness, the weight of 1000 soybeans, bulk density, and true density associated with moisture content. Mechanical parameters investigated include friction coefficient, angle of repose, terminal velocity, angle of internal friction, rupture force, and rupture energy. On the one hand, some of the engineering properties of soybeans that have not yet been discovered are thermal, optical, and aerodynamic properties. On the other hand, the effect of soaking and blanching on changes in the engineering properties of soybean (physical, mechanical, thermal, optical, and aerodynamic) has not been done in-depth. Besides that, most of the soybean processing agro-industry requires engineering properties of soybean to be able to design their machines more precisely. One of the agro-industries that need data on the study results of the nature of engineering with these treatments is the tofu processing industry.

scholarly journals Investigation of effect of maize varieties on selected physical properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
Idowu D. O ◽  
◽  
Onifade T. B. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
True Density ◽  
Processing Equipment ◽  
Maize Varieties

The engineering properties of some selected variety of maize (SM39, SM40 and Oba Super 6) which is needed in the design and development of a functional handling and processing equipment for the crop was studied. The seeds were bought from the Agricultural settlements in Ogbomoso South-Western Nigeria. The selected properties are size, shape, weight, true density, and bulk density, angle of repose, coefficient of friction, and moisture content. The results of the experiments showed that the mean length was between 8.7 and 9.78 mm; width, 7.69 and 8.26 mm; thickness, 4.11 and 4.60 mm; geometric mean diameter, 7.17 and 7.78 mm; equivalent diameter, 6.62 and 6.62 mm; unit weight, 0.22 and 0.24 g; true density, 954.25 and 1245 kg/m3; bulk density, 734.45 and 752.23 kg/m3, and angle of repose of the three varieties are between 29.20 and 36.60. While the average values of static coefficient of friction measured was between 0.39 and 0.49. The results from this experiment showed that the effect of varieties is significant on the engineering properties of maize. The results obtained from these studies will be useful for the design and manufacturing of operating system for handling and processing of different varieties of maize. Keywords: Engineering properties, design, processing equipment, manufacturing, varities.

Studies on engineering properties of multiplier onion

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (01) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
B. B. Devojee ◽  
A. Carolin Rathinakumari ◽  
A. K. Dave ◽  
Senthil Kumaran
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Onion Bulb ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Onion Bulbs ◽  
Successful Design ◽  
Multiplier Onion

The knowledge of physical and mechanical properties of onion bulb is important for successful design of any planter. Multiplier onion is propagated through bulbs and bulbs are planted manually. Manual planting of onion bulb is highly labour intensive (80-100 man-days ha-1) due to the close plant geometry (plant to plant and row to row spacing is 10 × 15 cm) among the vegetable crops. Engineering properties of multiplier onion were determined in order to design and develop a tractor operated raised bed onion bulb planter. In multiplier onion each onion comprises of 4-5 bulbs. These bulbs were cleaned, separated into single bulbs and divided in to 9 categories manually based on their individual weight viz., <2g, 2-3 g, 3-4 g, 4-5 g, 5-6 g, 6-7 g, 7-8 g, 8-9 g, >9 g. The onion bulb had a moisture content of 80.62±0.87 %. It was observed that the properties varied for different sizes of onion grades and the grades had highly significant effect on most of the properties. The linear dimensions of onion bulbs viz., length, width, thickness for nine grades ranged from 21.21±2.60 to 32.31±3.30 mm, 13.54±1.77 to 30.95±2.91 mm and 10.91±1.40 to 22.63±2.15 mm. The geometric mean diameter, sphericity, shape index and projected area all ranged from 28.22±2.04 to 14.54±0.96 mm, 0.87±0.06 to 0.69±0.08, 1.78±0.32 to 1.22±0.14 and 5.50±0.51 to 1.55±0.30 cm2, respectively. The one hundred onion bulb weight, bulk density, true density were in the range of 1185±19.59 to 121.6±6.30 g, 793.20± 9.45 to 480.19±13.13 kg.m-3, 1086± 205.22 to 1013.6±348.85 kg.m-3, respectively. The angle of repose decreased with increase in size of onion bulbs. The interaction between sphericity, shape index and angle of repose indicated that as the size of the onion size increase angle of repose decreased.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON SOME ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ARECANUT (ARECA CATECHU L.) FRUIT WHICH ARE RELEVANT TO THE DESIGN OF PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Ramayanty Bulan ◽  
Devianti ◽  
Ega Septi Ayu ◽  
Agustami Sitorus
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
True Density ◽  
Compression Force ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Static Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Fruit Mass ◽  
Static Coefficient

The physical and mechanical properties of fresh arecanut fruit have not been comprehensively and thoroughly investigated scientifically yet. This made the researchers and engineers not to be precise in designing the fresh arecanut handling machine. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate some engineering properties of arecanut fruit in three moisture viz. 67.66%, w.b. (underripe stages), 64.86%, w.b. (ripe stages), and 33.90%, w.b. (overripe stages). In general, the results of the study show that the geometric and arithmetic mean diameter, surface area, bulk and true density, porosity, angle of repose, compression force and static coefficient of friction at different surfaces (stainless steel, plywood, and glass) of arecanut fruit were found to increase 2.16%, 2.70%, 4.26%, 0.02%, 42.16%, 42.41%, 9.97%, 17.04%, 20.30%, and 22.04% respectively at decrease of moisture content from 67.66%, w.b. to 33.90%, w.b. However, sphericity, aspect ratio, thousand fruit mass, and bulk density of the arecanut fruit were found to decrease 2.31%, 3.31%, 34.54%, and, 50.24%, respectively at a decrease of moisture content from 67.66% (w.b.) to 33.90% (w.b.). Some engineering properties of arecanut fruit indicate something slightly different from the arecanut kernels so that this data can help the researcher or engineer to design the fresh arecanut fruit handling machine more precisely.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON SOME ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ARECANUT (ARECA CATECHU L.) FRUIT WHICH ARE RELEVANT TO THE DESIGN OF PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Ramayanty Bulan ◽  
Devianti ◽  
Ega Septi Ayu ◽  
Agustami Sitorus
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
True Density ◽  
Compression Force ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Static Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Fruit Mass ◽  
Static Coefficient

The physical and mechanical properties of fresh arecanut fruit have not been comprehensively and thoroughly investigated scientifically yet. This made the researchers and engineers not to be precise in designing the fresh arecanut handling machine. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate some engineering properties of arecanut fruit in three moisture viz. 67.66%, w.b. (underripe stages), 64.86%, w.b. (ripe stages), and 33.90%, w.b. (overripe stages). In general, the results of the study show that the geometric and arithmetic mean diameter, surface area, bulk and true density, porosity, angle of repose, compression force and static coefficient of friction at different surfaces (stainless steel, plywood, and glass) of arecanut fruit were found to increase 2.16%, 2.70%, 4.26%, 0.02%, 42.16%, 42.41%, 9.97%, 17.04%, 20.30%, and 22.04% respectively at decrease of moisture content from 67.66%, w.b. to 33.90%, w.b. However, sphericity, aspect ratio, thousand fruit mass, and bulk density of the arecanut fruit were found to decrease 2.31%, 3.31%, 34.54%, and, 50.24%, respectively at a decrease of moisture content from 67.66% (w.b.) to 33.90% (w.b.). Some engineering properties of arecanut fruit indicate something slightly different from the arecanut kernels so that this data can help the researcher or engineer to design the fresh arecanut fruit handling machine more precisely.

scholarly journals The physical and mechanical properties of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers as related to the automatic separation from clods and stones

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghasem Abedi ◽  
Shamsollah Abdollahpour ◽  
Mohammad Reza Bakhtiari
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Frictional Properties ◽  
Static Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Mass Volume ◽  
Static Coefficient

In the current research, some of the mechanical and physical properties of two industrial varieties of potato tubers that have a prominent role in the mechanised separation process from clods and stones were investigated. These properties include the physical dimension, mass, volume, sphericity, surface area, density, projected areas and Young’s modulus. In addition, the static coefficient of friction and rolling resistance for tubers on five surface materials were determined. The tuber’s size positively affected the physical and mechanical properties of the tubers. The frictional properties of the tubers were affected by the tuber size, the surface type, and the interaction between them. The results showed that most of the apparent properties for the Sante variety were greater than those of the Marfona variety. The static coefficient of friction for the tubers on a wood surface was the maximum and was the minimum value on a galvanized sheet, but for the tuber’s rolling resistance, the results were inversed. The results proposed that the automatic separation of the potato tubers from the impurities using the properties of the crop is possible.

scholarly journals The Influence of Kaolinite - Illite toward mechanical properties of Claystone

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 440-446
Author(s):  
Supandi Supandi ◽  
Zufialdi Zakaria ◽  
Emi Sukiyah ◽  
Adjat Sudradjat
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Void Ratio ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Triaxial Tests ◽  
Mineralogical Characteristics

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) and rock properties of the claystone, including both mechanical (cohesion, friction angle, stress, and strain) and physical properties (natural water content, void ratio, and wet density), belonging to Warukin Formation of Kalimantan, Indonesia. Mineralogical characteristics of these rocks were studied using petrological and X-ray diffraction techniques, whereas the mechanical and physical properties were tested by conducting uniaxial and triaxial tests. Relationship among the variables was determined using correlation coefficients. It was observed that the mineralogy of the rocks pose strong constraints on their engineering properties. The results showed that an increase in illite content decreases cohesion, friction angle, strength, and safety factor; and increases natural moisture content, void ratio, and wet density. Although illite content of these rocks was just about 10.8% of the total minerals, it has significantly contributed to the modification of physical and mechanical properties. In contrast, kaolinite did not have a significant impact; since the correlation between various parameters was significantly low (correlation coefficient was much less, <0.3). Therefore while selecting the materials for geotechnical engineering applications, illite emerges as a safer alternative to kaolinite, especially when its concentration is less than 10.8% of the total rock mass.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEIGHT AND PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COFFEE GRAINS PRODUCED FROM DIFFERENT HARVEST RIPENING

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Yuwana Yuwana ◽  
Evanila Silvia ◽  
Bosman Sidebang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Linear Analysis ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
True Density ◽  
Experiment Research ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Very High

This research aimed to determine relationships between weight and several physic-mechanical properties of coffee grains. Grains having 12.2% (wet basis) moisture content in average, originated from cherries of different ripening levels identified by green, yellow, red and deep red in colors were used for experiment. Research used regresi linear analysis. Results of experiment indicated that weight of grains positively correlated to length, width, thickness and frontal area with very high values of determination coefficient. Weight of grains correlated positively to sphericity and negatively to porosity. Weight of grains originated from green and red cherries had positive correlation with density whereas weight of grains originated from yellow and deep red cherries possessed no correlation with density. Weight of grains from yellow, red and deep red cherries had negative correlation with true density in contrast weight of grains from green cherries had positive correlation with true density. There were no reliable trend concerning the relationships between weight of grains and coefficient of static friction and angle of repose.

Moisture Dependent Selected Engineering Properties of Deenanath Seeds in Relation to Development of Processing Machinery

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (03) ◽  
pp. 250-261
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kumar Singh ◽  
Sheshrao Kautkar ◽  
P. K. Pathak ◽  
Bholuram Gurjar ◽  
Sunil Swami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
True Density ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Length Width

Propagation of grasses through seeds is important in view of vigour and germination. Various grasses as Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin., Cenchrus ciliaris L., Chrysopogan fulvus have lower vigour and germination, due to which they need specific operations as defluffing, separation of true seeds, cleaning and grading by specific machines. In designing a machine for a specific use, physical properties and their behaviour with moisture play an important role. A study was conducted to assess the effect of moisture content at five levels [6.88 - 19.23 %, (d.b.)] on selected physical properties of defluffed Deenanath grass seed. The length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, and geometric mean diameter of defluffed Deenanath seed increased from 2.30 mm to 2.56 mm, 0.71 mm to 0.96 mm, 0.47 mm to 0.63 mm, 1.16 mm to 1.38 mm, and 0.90 mm to 1.15 mm, respectively, with increase in moisture content 6.88 % to 19.23 %. Bulk density, true density, and porosity decreased from 652.16 kg.m-3 to 585.78 kg.m-3, 852.63 kg.m-3 to 792.71 kg.m-3, and 25.62 % to 24.97 %, respectively, with increase in moisture content from 6.88 % to 19.23 per cent. The aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, volume, and thousand-seed mass of the seed were in the range of 30.91 - 37.51 %, 0.39 - 0.45, 2.58 - 3.23 mm2 , 3.71 - 4.97 mm3 , and 0.480 - 0.523 g, respectively. Linear relationships with correlation coefficients higher than 0.90 were observed for the physical properties over the experimental range of moisture content.

Effect of moisture content on physical properties of cashew nut of different varieties

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrikant Baslingappa Swami ◽  
N.J. Thakor A.M. Gawai
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
True Density ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Effect Of Moisture

<p>The physical properties, viz., geometric diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, bulk density, true density and angle of repose was measured for  four  cashew varieties <em>viz</em>., <em>Vengurle 1, Vengurle 3, Vengurle 4</em>  and <em>Vengurle 7</em> at different moisture content (15 to 87% db). For <em>Vengurle</em> 1 as the moisture content increased, the physical properties i.e., geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 20.8 to 22.1 mm, 3485 to 4416 mm<sup>3</sup>, 1355 to 1540 mm<sup>2</sup>, 984 to 1030 kg m<sup>-3</sup> and 32 to 37˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 74.2 to 71.4 per cent and 490 to 418 kg m<sup>-3</sup> respectively. For <em>Vengurle 3</em> geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 27.2 to 28.6 mm, 7912 to 9169 mm<sup>3</sup>, 2320 to 2567 mm<sup>2</sup>, 1020 to 1048 kg m<sup>-3</sup> and 33 to 35.5˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 75.5 to 75.2 per cent and 531 to 470 kg m<sup>-3</sup> respectively. For <em>Vengurle 4</em> the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 21.0 to 24.1mm, 3362 to 5113 mm<sup>3</sup>, 1391 to 1828 mm<sup>2</sup>, 970 to 1030 kg m<sup>-3</sup> and 32.5 to 38˚,  respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 65.8 to 66.8 per cent, 517 to 462 kg m<sup>-3</sup>, respectively. For <em>Vengurle 7</em> the geometric mean diameter, volume, surface area, true density and angle of repose increased from 24.2 to 24.9 mm, 5102 to 5547 mm<sup>3</sup>, 1840 to 1941 mm<sup>2</sup>, 998 to 1045 kg m<sup>-3</sup> and 33 to 38˚, respectively. The sphericity and bulk density decreased from 65.4 to 65.8 per cent, 518 to 438 kg m<sup>-3</sup>, respectively.</p>

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