Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae as a causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
Christina Gale ◽  
Eduardo Velazquez ◽  
Emma Pattison
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Herd Health ◽  
Enzootic Pneumonia ◽  
Lung Lesions ◽  
The Impact

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a very important pathogen which causes enzootic pneumonia (EP) affecting pig herds worldwide. M. hyopneumoniae establishes itself in the respiratory system causing pathological changes, and resultant pneumonic lesions can be detected at slaughter via lung examination, appearing as red to pink lesions which resolve over time, leaving scar tissue on the lobes. Mycoplasma spp. infection can be complicated by coinfections with other pathogens such as swine influenza virus (SIV) and porcine circovirus (PCV2). These coinfections result in worsening of clinical symptoms and lung lesions, therefore increasing the impact on performance of the affected animals. Therefore, it is important that focus is placed on improving overall respiratory health and managing overall herd health, rather than just solely focusing on M. hyopneumoniae. Management practices should be implemented to control the disease, which commonly involve vaccination to reduce the impacts of the disease. Effective vaccination is important, and can be ensured by correct vaccine handling, storage and administration. The vaccine used can also play a part in the success of the vaccination programme so this should also be assessed, which can be done via lung examination and noting of clinical signs and performance parameters. When vaccination is successful, the level of lung lesions should be reduced, performance improved and consistency between batches, demonstrating that respiratory health is more stable.

Lungworms (Metastrongylus Spp.) Demonstrated in Domestic Pigs with Respiratory Disease - What was the True Relevance of that?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Wallgren ◽  
Emelie Pettersson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Routine Inspection ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundAn outdoor pig herd was affected by severe respiratory disease in one out of three pastures. At necropsy, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida were detected in the lungs, as well as the lung worm Metastrongylus apri. The life cycle of Metastrongylus spp. includes earth worms as an intermediate host, and since domesticated pigs mainly are reared indoors lungworms has not been diagnosed in domestic pigs in Sweden for decades, not even in pigs reared outdoors. Therefore, this disease outbreak was scrutinised from the view of validating the impact of Metastrongylus spp..ResultsAt the time of the disease outbreak, neither eggs of Metastrongylus spp. nor Ascaris suum were detected in faeces of pigs aged ten weeks. In contrast, five-months-old pigs at the pasture with respiratory disease shed large amounts of eggs from Ascaris suum, whereas Ascaris suum not was demonstrated in healthy pigs aged six months at another pasture. Low numbers of eggs from Metastrongylus spp. were seen in faecal samples from both these age categories.At slaughter, seven weeks later, ten normal weighted pigs in the preceding healthy batch were compared with ten normal weighted and five small pigs from the affected batch. Healing Mycoplasma-like pneumonic lesions were seen in all groups. Small pigs had more white spot liver lesions, and all small pigs shed eggs of Ascaris suum in faeces, compared to around 50% of the pigs in the normally sized groups. Metastrongylus spp. were demonstrated in 13 of the 25 pigs (52%), %), representing all groups included.ConclusionAs Metastrongylus spp. were demonstrated regardless of health status, and in another healthy outdoor herd, the impact of Metastrongylus spp. on the outbreak of respiratory disease was depreciated. Instead, Metastrongylus spp. was suggested to be common in outdoor production, although rarely diagnosed. The reason for this is because they will escape detection at routine inspection at slaughterhouses, and that they appeared to generally not induce clinical signs of respiratory disease. Instead, a possible association with a high burden of Ascaris suum was suggested to have preceded the severe outbreak with respiratory disease.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae clinical signs and gross lung lesions, including monitoring.

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
John Carr ◽  
Marina Sibila ◽  
Joaquim Segalés
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Lung Lesions

Abstract The clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis and pathological features of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs are described.

scholarly journals Efficacy of three innovative bacterin vaccines against experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneleen Marguerite Filip Matthijs ◽  
Gaël Auray ◽  
Filip Boyen ◽  
Alexandra Schoos ◽  
Annelies Michiels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cationic Liposome ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Lung Lesion ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Lung Lesions ◽  
Liposome Formulation ◽  
Efficacy Parameters

Abstract New vaccine formulations that include novel strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and innovative adjuvants designed to induce cellular immunity could improve vaccine efficacy against this pathogen. The aim of this experimental study was to assess the efficacy of three experimental bacterin formulations based on M. hyopneumoniae field strain F7.2C which were able to induce cellular immunity. The formulations included a cationic liposome formulation with the Mincle receptor ligand trehalose 6,6-dibehenate (Lipo_DDA:TDB), a squalene-in-water emulsion with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands targeting TLR1/2, TLR7/8 and TLR9 (SWE_TLR), and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) micro-particle formulation with the same TLR ligands (PLGA_TLR). Four groups of 12 M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were primo- (day (D) 0; 39 days of age) and booster vaccinated (D14) intramuscularly with either one of the three experimental bacterin formulations or PBS. The pigs were endotracheally inoculated with a highly and low virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain on D28 and D29, respectively, and euthanized on D56. The main efficacy parameters were: respiratory disease score (RDS; daily), macroscopic lung lesion score (D56) and log copies M. hyopneumoniae DNA determined with qPCR on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (D42, D56). All formulations were able to reduce clinical symptoms, lung lesions and the M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in the lung, with formulation SWE_TLR being the most effective (RDSD28–D56 −61.90%, macroscopic lung lesions −88.38%, M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in BAL fluid (D42) −67.28%). Further experiments raised under field conditions are needed to confirm these results and to assess the effect of the vaccines on performance parameters.

scholarly journals Management Practices, Farmers’ Knowledge of Diseased Fish, and Their Occurrence in Fish Farms in Nyeri County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Isaac R. Mulei ◽  
Paul G. Mbuthia ◽  
Robert M. Waruiru ◽  
Phillip N. Nyaga ◽  
Stephen Mutoloki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Fish Waste ◽  
Fish Diseases ◽  
Diseased Fish ◽  
The Impact

In this study, fish farmers’ management practices, occurrence, and knowledge of fish diseases in Nyeri County, Kenya, were evaluated. Fish farming management practices for small-scale farmers in Kenya have numerous challenges which have led to disease occurrence and reduced production. Moreover, the impact and association of these challenges to farmers’ knowledge of fish diseases and their burden has not been fully studied. A semistructured questionnaire was used to capture farmers’ biodata, fish species farmed, and farmers’ management practices such as handling of nets, pond fertilization, and disposal of fish waste. Farmers’ knowledge of fish diseases was based on their ability to identify independent and dependent variable indicators. Independent variables included clinical signs, decreased feeding, bulging eyes, floating on water, abdominal swelling, bulging eyes, abnormal skin color, reduced growth, and abnormal swimming with fish death as were the dependent variable. A total of 208 farmers were interviewed and included those of tilapia (134), mixed tilapia and catfish (40), catfish (22), rainbow trout, and five dams under cooperative management. Tilapia was the most kept fish species (66.8%) followed by polyculture of tilapia and catfish (20%) and rainbow trout (2%). Most respondents were male (78.5%) over 51 years of age (50%). Fifty percent of the respondents had secondary school education. There was a significant association between deaths and sharing of nets in Kieni East subcounty ( p = 0.0049 , chi-square), while on-farm fish waste disposing appeared to cause higher deaths compared to burning of the waste although not statistically significant ( p = 0.13 ). Few respondents observed decreased feed uptake (<20%) and poor growth. Fifty-seven percent of farmers reported mortalities. Fish poor growth, floating in water, and management practices in subcounties had significant effect on fish deaths. The farmers had knowledge of signs of diseased fish, but there was paucity of knowing the specific causes of disease. Farmers need to be empowered on best aquaculture husbandry to avoid disease transmission and specific fish disease signs to enhance proper reporting of disease for subsequent mitigation measures.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ANTIREFLUX THERAPY ON THE COURSE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 2580-2584
Author(s):  
Olesya I. Liakh ◽  
Mariya A. Derbak ◽  
Yelyzaveta S. Sirchak ◽  
Mariana I. Tovt-Korshуnska ◽  
Yana V. Lazur
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Outpatient Basis ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Basic Therapy ◽  
Complex Therapy ◽  
Antireflux Therapy ◽  
The Impact

The aim: To examine the effect of antireflux therapy on the course of COPD. Materials and methods: Under observation were 60 patients who were hospitalized in the «Transcarpathian Regional Clinical Hospital named after Andrei Novak» with a diagnosis of COPD II gr B in combination with GERD and 36 patients diagnosed with GERD who were treated on an outpatient basis. To study the effectiveness of antireflux therapy and its impact on the course of COPD, patients are divided into 2 groups: 1 group (main) (n = 60) – patients with COPD in combination with GERD, group 2 (control) (n = 36) – patients with isolated GERD. Patients with positive Helicobacter pylori status received antihelicobacter therapy. Patients in group 1 were divided into subgroups: 1a (n = 34) – COPD in combination with esophageal manifestations of GERD and 1b (n = 26) – COPD in combination with extraesophageal manifestations of GERD. Group 1a received complex therapy, which consisted of basic therapy of COPD in combination with antireflux and with rebapimide, group 1b – only basic therapy of COPD in combination with antireflux. Results: After treatment, the clinical signs of GERD significantly decreased in all patients receiving complex therapy, improved the course of respiratory symptoms of COPD. After treatment, patients showed a clinically significant reduction in systemic inflammation, which is best seen in the group with the use of rabipimide. Conclusions: Comprehensive treatment of combined pathology with the use of antireflux therapy has a positive effect not only on the clinical symptoms of the disease, but also on the indicators of external respiratory function in patients with combined COPD and GERD.

Measuring the economic impact of improved control of sub-clinical mastitis in Irish dairy herds

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. DILLON ◽  
T. HENNESSY ◽  
J. CULLINAN
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Herd Health ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYImprovements in milk quality are important if the Irish dairy industry is to grow sustainably and retain a competitive advantage in a post-quota environment. In this regard, superior animal health has an important role to play. In order to reduce the costs of disease and to improve best practice it is important to demonstrate the economic gains achievable from improved dairy herd health. Elevated levels of somatic cell count (SCC) are an indicator of the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis in dairy herds. Nationally representative farm-level data for Ireland (2008–2011) and panel data methods are used here to consider the independent effect of herd-level SCC (an annual weighted average figure based on monthly milk bulk tank readings) on both milk yield and gross margin per cow. Results indicate a 2% reduction in productivity for farms with SCC above 400 (‘000 cells/ml), while a reduction in bulk tank SCC from 400 to 300 (‘000 cells/ml) for the average herd (55 cows) results in an annual increase in gross margin of €1045. The impact of a range of herd management practices on SCC is also considered, with such practices shown to be important in influencing animal health.

scholarly journals Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by ELISA and nested PCR from blood samples and nasal swabs from pigs in Slovakia

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marián Prokeš ◽  
Dagmar Zendulková ◽  
Kateřina Rosenbergová ◽  
František Treml ◽  
Anna Ondrejková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Primary Agent

The aim of our study was to map the situation of swine mycoplasmoses on four farms in the region of Eastern Slovakia. The primary agent of Enzootic pneumonia of swine isMycoplasma hyopneumoniae. After reviewing the health status of conventional herds and evaluation of clinical symptoms, paired samples of nasal swabs and venous blood samples were collected from 38 pigs with clinical signs of respiratory disease. Nasal swab samples were tested by nested PCR, while blood samples were used to detect antibodies againstM. hyopneumoniaeby blockingELISA. The presence ofM. hyopneumoniaewas confirmed by nested PCR in four pigs (10.5%) and by blocking ELISA in 16 pigs (42.1%) of all four farms. This work presents for the first time comparison of different methods to diagnoseM. hyopneumoniaeinfection on pig farms in Eastern Slovakia.

scholarly journals Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings of swine with spontaneous influenza A infection in Brazil, 2009-2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1148-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane T.N. Watanabe ◽  
Laura L. de Almeida ◽  
Flademir Wouters ◽  
Angelica T.B. Wouters ◽  
Priscila Zlotowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Herd Health ◽  
Mato Grosso

Swine influenza (SI) is caused by the type A swine influenza virus (SIV). It is a highly contagious disease with a rapid course and recovery. The major clinical signs and symptoms are cough, fever, anorexia and poor performance. The disease has been associated with other co-infections in many countries, but not in Brazil, where, however, the first outbreak has been reported in 2011. The main aim of this study was to characterize the histological features in association with the immunohistochemical (IHC) results for influenza A (IA), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in lung samples from 60 pigs submitted to Setor de Patologia Veterinária at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS), Brazil, during 2009-2010. All of these lung samples had changes characterized by interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis, never observed previously in the evaluation of swine lungs in our laboratory routine. Pigs in this study had showed clinical signs of a respiratory infection. Swine samples originated from Rio Grande do Sul 31 (52%), Santa Catarina 14 (23%), Paraná 11 (18%), and Mato Grosso do Sul 4 (7%). Positive anti-IA IHC labelling was observed in 45% of the cases, which were associated with necrotizing bronchiolitis, atelectasis, purulent bronchopneumonia and hyperemia. Moreover, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, alveolar and bronchiolar polyp-like structures, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia and pleuritis were the significant features in negative anti-IA IHC, which were also associated with chronic lesions. There were only two cases with positive anti-PCV2 IHC and none to PRRSV. Therefore, SIV was the predominant infectious agent in the lung samples studied. The viral antigen is often absent due to the rapid progress of SI, which may explain the negative IHC results for IA (55%); therefore, IHC should be performed at the beginning of the disease. This study has shown how important a careful histological evaluation is for the diagnosis. Since 2009, a new histological feature of swine pneumonia in animals with respiratory clinical signs has been observed in samples from pigs with clinical respiratory disease submitted to SPV-UFRGS. In addition, the results proved the importance of histological evaluation for swine herd health management.

scholarly journals Retrospective study of swine respiratory diseases in Ogun and Oyo States, Nigeria: Immunohistochemical detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-82
Author(s):  
M.O. Olaniyi ◽  
O.J. Awoyomi ◽  
O. Akinniyi ◽  
A.A. Adebiyi ◽  
O.O. Alaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Enzootic Pneumonia ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Veterinary Pathology ◽  
Pig Carcasses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

Swine respiratory diseases particularly enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) constitutes a significant health problem to pig production in many countries. However, the impact has been underestimated in Nigeria. This study therefore, retrospectively analyzed swine respiratory diseases and the associated pulmonary histopathology. Postmortem records and archival lung samples were obtained from the Departments of Veterinary Pathology University of Ibadan, Ibadan and Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. A total of 98 pig carcasses were presented for necropsy during the period between 2005 and 2017. The diseases presumptively diagnosed using gross morphological criteria were extracted from the postmortem records while, 21 formalin-fixed archival lung samples were used for histopathology and immunohistochemistry using standard techniques. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics while Chi Square was used to test for association between different variables and pulmonary lesions at α0.05. In this study, respiratory diseases had a prevalence of 56.1% with enzootic pneumonia as the most frequently diagnosed at postmortem (49%, 48/98). Only age was identified to be a significant (P = 0.019) predisposing factor in the development of respiratory diseases. Microscopically, hyperplasia of bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) with formation of lymphoid nodules and thickening of alveolar septa were the most significant changes (38.1%, 8/21). Immunohistochemically, M. hyopneumoniae antigen was detected in 13/21 (61.9%) of the lung samples and were immunolabelled as granular brown reactions on the luminal surfaces of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells and intraluminal cellular exudates within the airways. The histopathological findings and the detection of M. hyopneumoniae antigen indicated that the organism is primarily involved in the development of enzootic pneumonia in naturally infected pigs and may be central in the pathogenesis. It is concluded that enzootic pneumonia is a serious health issue in pigs in the study area and needs urgent attention. Keywords: Archival lung samples, Histopathology, Pigs, Pneumonia, Retrospective analysis  

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