Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae clinical signs and gross lung lesions, including monitoring.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a very important pathogen which causes enzootic pneumonia (EP) affecting pig herds worldwide. M. hyopneumoniae establishes itself in the respiratory system causing pathological changes, and resultant pneumonic lesions can be detected at slaughter via lung examination, appearing as red to pink lesions which resolve over time, leaving scar tissue on the lobes. Mycoplasma spp. infection can be complicated by coinfections with other pathogens such as swine influenza virus (SIV) and porcine circovirus (PCV2). These coinfections result in worsening of clinical symptoms and lung lesions, therefore increasing the impact on performance of the affected animals. Therefore, it is important that focus is placed on improving overall respiratory health and managing overall herd health, rather than just solely focusing on M. hyopneumoniae. Management practices should be implemented to control the disease, which commonly involve vaccination to reduce the impacts of the disease. Effective vaccination is important, and can be ensured by correct vaccine handling, storage and administration. The vaccine used can also play a part in the success of the vaccination programme so this should also be assessed, which can be done via lung examination and noting of clinical signs and performance parameters. When vaccination is successful, the level of lung lesions should be reduced, performance improved and consistency between batches, demonstrating that respiratory health is more stable.

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Association between clinical respiratory signs, lung lesions detected by thoracic ultrasonography and growth performance in pre‐weaned dairy calves

Irish Veterinary Journal ◽

10.1186/s13620-021-00187-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Inmaculada Cuevas-Gómez ◽

Mark McGee ◽

José María Sánchez ◽

Edward O’Riordan ◽

Nicky Byrne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Live Weight ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Lung Lesions ◽

Lung Lobe ◽

Lung Consolidation ◽

Severe Lung

Abstract Background Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the main cause of mortality among 1-to-5 month old calves in Ireland, accounting for approximately one-third of deaths. Despite widespread use of clinical respiratory signs for diagnosing BRD, lung lesions are detected, using thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) or following post-mortem, in calves showing no clinical signs. This highlights the limitation of clinical respiratory signs as a method of detecting sub-clinical BRD. Using 53 purchased artificially-reared male dairy calves, the objectives of this study were to: (i) characterise the BRD incidence detected by clinical respiratory signs and/or TUS, (ii) investigate the association between clinical respiratory signs and lung lesions detected by TUS, and (iii) assess the effect of BRD on pre-weaning growth. Results Clinical BRD (based on Wisconsin clinical respiratory score and/or rectal temperature > 39.6 ºC) was detected in 43 % and sonographic changes (lung lesions) were detected in 64 % of calves from purchase (23 (SD; 6.2) days of age) until weaning, 53 days post-arrival. Calves with clinical BRD were treated. Sixty-one per cent calves affected with clinical BRD had lung lesions 10.5 days (median) before detection of clinical signs. Moderate correlations (rsp 0.70; P < 0.05) were found between cough and severe lung lesions on arrival day, and between rectal temperature > 39.6 ºC and lung lesions ≥ 2 cm2 on day 7 (rsp 0.40; P < 0.05) post-arrival. Mean average daily live weight gain (ADG) of calves from purchase to weaning was 0.75 (SD; 0.10) kg; calves with or without clinical BRD did not differ in ADG (P > 0.05), whereas ADG of those with severe lung lesions (lung lobe completely consolidated or pulmonary emphysema) was 0.12 kg/d less (P < 0.05) than calves without lung lesions. Conclusions Thoracic ultrasonography detected lung consolidation in calves that did not show signs of respiratory disease. The presence of severe lung lesions was associated with reduced pre-weaning growth. These findings emphasise the importance of using TUS in addition to clinical respiratory scoring of calves for an early and accurate detection of clinical and sub-clinical BRD.

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Lungworms (Metastrongylus Spp.) Demonstrated in Domestic Pigs with Respiratory Disease - What was the True Relevance of that?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1188679/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Per Wallgren ◽

Emelie Pettersson

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Pasteurella Multocida ◽

Ascaris Suum ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽

Disease Outbreak ◽

Domestic Pigs ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Routine Inspection ◽

The Impact

Abstract BackgroundAn outdoor pig herd was affected by severe respiratory disease in one out of three pastures. At necropsy, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida were detected in the lungs, as well as the lung worm Metastrongylus apri. The life cycle of Metastrongylus spp. includes earth worms as an intermediate host, and since domesticated pigs mainly are reared indoors lungworms has not been diagnosed in domestic pigs in Sweden for decades, not even in pigs reared outdoors. Therefore, this disease outbreak was scrutinised from the view of validating the impact of Metastrongylus spp..ResultsAt the time of the disease outbreak, neither eggs of Metastrongylus spp. nor Ascaris suum were detected in faeces of pigs aged ten weeks. In contrast, five-months-old pigs at the pasture with respiratory disease shed large amounts of eggs from Ascaris suum, whereas Ascaris suum not was demonstrated in healthy pigs aged six months at another pasture. Low numbers of eggs from Metastrongylus spp. were seen in faecal samples from both these age categories.At slaughter, seven weeks later, ten normal weighted pigs in the preceding healthy batch were compared with ten normal weighted and five small pigs from the affected batch. Healing Mycoplasma-like pneumonic lesions were seen in all groups. Small pigs had more white spot liver lesions, and all small pigs shed eggs of Ascaris suum in faeces, compared to around 50% of the pigs in the normally sized groups. Metastrongylus spp. were demonstrated in 13 of the 25 pigs (52%), %), representing all groups included.ConclusionAs Metastrongylus spp. were demonstrated regardless of health status, and in another healthy outdoor herd, the impact of Metastrongylus spp. on the outbreak of respiratory disease was depreciated. Instead, Metastrongylus spp. was suggested to be common in outdoor production, although rarely diagnosed. The reason for this is because they will escape detection at routine inspection at slaughterhouses, and that they appeared to generally not induce clinical signs of respiratory disease. Instead, a possible association with a high burden of Ascaris suum was suggested to have preceded the severe outbreak with respiratory disease.

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Escherichia fergusonii Associated with Pneumonia in a Beef Cow

Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/829532 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Guillermo M. Rimoldi ◽

Robert B. Moeller

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Veterinary Medicine ◽

Respiratory Distress ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Postmortem Examination ◽

Histologic Examination ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Lung Lesions ◽

Beef Cow ◽

Acute Pneumonia

An adult Angus cow developed hyperthermia, prostration, and respiratory distress, dying 36 hours after the onset of clinical signs. The main finding during postmortem examination was a severe focally extensive pneumonia. Icterus and a chronic mastitis were also noticed. Histologic examination of the lungs detected fibrinonecrotic pneumonia, with large number of oat cells and intralesional Gram-negative bacterial colonies. Samples from lung lesions were collected, and a pure growth of Escherichia fergusonii was obtained. E. fergusonii is a member of Enterobacteriaceae, related to Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. In veterinary medicine, E. fergusonii has been reported in calves and sheep with clinical cases suggestive of salmonellosis; in a horse and a goat with enteritis and septicemia; and in ostriches with fibrinonecrotic typhlitis. To our knowledge, this report represents the first description of E. fergusonii associated with an acute pneumonia in cattle.

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Diagnostics of main bacterial agents of porcine respiratory diseases complex (PRDC) using PCR detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/5672-vetmed ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 49 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. Holko ◽

J. Urbanova ◽

THolkova ◽

V. Kmet

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Pasteurella Multocida ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Pcr Method ◽

One Year ◽

Porcine Respiratory

The main goal of our work is the presentation and analysis of incidence of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) regarding bacterial agents in the territory of northern districts of Slovakia. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and other secondary bacterial causative pathogens of PRDC comprised 75.2% of all cases (98) with clinical signs of respiratory infections that we examined in the course of one year. We present also one of possibilities to the solution of problematic detection of M. hyopneumoniae which is, like the whole rank of mycoplasmas, very difficult to cultivate. This problem was solved by using the PCR method with the direct isolation of M. hyopneumoniae from lungs tissue. In antibiotic sensitivity testing of Pasteurella multocida and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae resulted enrofloxacin as the most effective antibiotics in the therapy of PRDC regarding bacterial agents.in above mentioned territory.

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Cellular and molecular insights on the regulation of innate immune responses to experimental aspergillosis in chicken and turkey poults

Medical Mycology ◽

10.1093/mmy/myaa069 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tobias Vahsen ◽

Laura Zapata ◽

Rodrigo Guabiraba ◽

Elise Melloul ◽

Nathalie Cordonnier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Innate Immune Responses ◽

Lung Lesions ◽

Turkey Poults ◽

Cd8 T Lymphocyte ◽

Fungal Immunity

Abstract Across the world, many commercial poultry flocks and captive birds are threatened by infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. Susceptibility to aspergillosis varies among birds; among galliform birds specifically, morbidity and mortality rates seem to be greater in turkeys than in chickens. Little is known regarding the features of avian immune responses after inhalation of Aspergillus conidia, and to date, scarce information on inflammatory responses during aspergillosis exists. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to improve our understanding of the interactions between A. fumigatus and economically relevant galliform birds in terms of local innate immune responses. Intra-tracheal aerosolization of A. fumigatus conidia in turkey and chicken poults led to more severe clinical signs and lung lesions in turkeys, but leukocyte recovery from lung lavages was higher in chickens at 1dpi only. Interestingly, only chicken CD8+ T lymphocyte proportions increased after infection. Furthermore, the lungs of infected chickens showed an early upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-6, whereas in turkeys, most of these cytokines showed a downregulation or a delayed upregulation. These results confirmed the importance of an early pro-inflammatory response to ensure the development of an appropriate anti-fungal immunity to avoid Aspergillus dissemination in the respiratory tract. In conclusion, we show for the first time that differences in local innate immune responses between chickens and turkeys during aspergillosis may determine the outcome of the disease. Lay Summary Aspergillus fumigatus infection may cause mortality in poultry, depending on species sensitivity. This study confirms the earlier activation of chickens’ pro-inflammatory effectors to control Aspergillus dissemination, whereas turkeys’ immune response enables the exacerbation of lung lesions.

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Efficacy of three innovative bacterin vaccines against experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s13567-019-0709-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anneleen Marguerite Filip Matthijs ◽

Gaël Auray ◽

Filip Boyen ◽

Alexandra Schoos ◽

Annelies Michiels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cellular Immunity ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Cationic Liposome ◽

Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽

Lung Lesion ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

Water Emulsion ◽

Lung Lesions ◽

Liposome Formulation ◽

Efficacy Parameters

Abstract New vaccine formulations that include novel strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and innovative adjuvants designed to induce cellular immunity could improve vaccine efficacy against this pathogen. The aim of this experimental study was to assess the efficacy of three experimental bacterin formulations based on M. hyopneumoniae field strain F7.2C which were able to induce cellular immunity. The formulations included a cationic liposome formulation with the Mincle receptor ligand trehalose 6,6-dibehenate (Lipo_DDA:TDB), a squalene-in-water emulsion with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands targeting TLR1/2, TLR7/8 and TLR9 (SWE_TLR), and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) micro-particle formulation with the same TLR ligands (PLGA_TLR). Four groups of 12 M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were primo- (day (D) 0; 39 days of age) and booster vaccinated (D14) intramuscularly with either one of the three experimental bacterin formulations or PBS. The pigs were endotracheally inoculated with a highly and low virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain on D28 and D29, respectively, and euthanized on D56. The main efficacy parameters were: respiratory disease score (RDS; daily), macroscopic lung lesion score (D56) and log copies M. hyopneumoniae DNA determined with qPCR on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (D42, D56). All formulations were able to reduce clinical symptoms, lung lesions and the M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in the lung, with formulation SWE_TLR being the most effective (RDSD28–D56 −61.90%, macroscopic lung lesions −88.38%, M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in BAL fluid (D42) −67.28%). Further experiments raised under field conditions are needed to confirm these results and to assess the effect of the vaccines on performance parameters.

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On a pleuropneumonia-like organism in lung lesions of rats, with notes on the clinical and pathological features of the underlying condition

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400034860 ◽

1937 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 143-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Emmy Klieneberger ◽

Dorothy B Steabben

Keyword(s):

Pathological Features ◽

Lung Lesions ◽

Underlying Condition ◽

Streptobacillus Moniliformis ◽

Lung Condition ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Precise Role ◽

Clinical And Pathological Features

1. A pleuropneumonia-like organism resemblingL1in all characteristic features has been isolated from a well-known lung condition of rats of hitherto obscure etiology in seventeen out of nineteen cases.2. Morphological elements which presumably initiate growth in culture have been demonstrated microscopically in the lesions.3.Streptobacillus moniliformis(i.e.L1plusStreptobacillus) is a frequent inhabitant of the nasopharynx of rats with lung lesions; it may secondarily invade the lungs as it is found in severe cases together with theL1organism.4. An account is presented of the clinical and pathological features of the underlying condition with which the newly discovered bacteriological findings are associated.5. The precise role played by theL1organism in the pathogenesis of the lung lesions in rats has still to be established and further experiments with this end in view are in progress.

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Spontaneous Lung Lesions in Aging Laboratory Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/0300985816658102 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 178-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. K. Cooper ◽

J. W. Griffith ◽

Z. C. Chroneos ◽

J. M. Izer ◽

L. B. Willing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Actin ◽

Periodic Acid ◽

Genetic Defect ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Heterotopic Bone ◽

Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin ◽

Periodic Acid Schiff ◽

Lung Lesions ◽

Age Related

Spontaneous age-related lesions of laboratory rabbits are not well documented in the contemporary scientific literature. A retrospective study of diagnostic necropsies of 36 rabbits >2 years of age found a number of common lung lesions. Fibromuscular intimal hyperplasia affected medium and to a lesser extent large pulmonary arteries and was present to a variable extent in all 36 rabbits >2 years of age. The lesions were characterized by fragmentation and/or reduplication of the internal elastic lamina (IEL), proliferation of smoothelin+/alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+/vimentin− smooth muscle cells and fewer smoothelin−/α-SMA+/vimentin+ myofibroblasts, and intimal deposition of collagen without thrombosis, embolism, or evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary emphysema, present in 30/36 rabbits, was characterized by the loss of alveolar septa; most affected rabbits did not have clinical signs of respiratory disease. In 8/13 rabbits of the inbred EIII/JC audiogenic strain, we identified a unique syndrome of granulomatous pneumonia containing hyaline brown to gray, globular to ring-like acellular material that was Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff positive. The material was immunoreactive for surfactant protein-A and had the ultrastructural appearance of multilamellar vesicles, suggesting a genetic defect in surfactant metabolism. Additionally, we found small benign primary lung tumors (fibropapillomas, 5 rabbits) not previously described. Other findings included heterotopic bone (5 rabbits), subacute to chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia, pyogranulomatous pneumonia with plant material, and pulmonary artifacts from barbiturate euthanasia solution.

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