Some skin conditions in pigs: types, control and prevention

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 300-308
Author(s):  
John Carr ◽  
Mark Howells ◽  
William Hersey
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Veterinary Surgeons ◽  
Careful Clinical Examination ◽  
Welfare Problem ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon ◽  
Skin Conditions

Skin conditions in pigs are common problems presented to the veterinary surgeon. A careful clinical examination, especially considering the age of the pig and the distribution of the lesions, all aids making an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. Pain management is essential in clinical management. Sarcoptic mange is a condition that can be eliminated from pigs and should be considered a welfare problem. Ear necrosis and trauma injuries can be particularly problematic and must be treated aggressively. African swine fever (ASF) presents with a range of clinical signs including skin lesions, and all veterinary surgeons must be able to put ASF as a differential where appropriate.

scholarly journals Swine Erysipelas; It’s Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control and Preventive Measures, Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Dessalew Habte ◽  
◽  
Dessalew Tamir ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Swine Erysipelas

Erysipelas is an infectious disease seen mainly in growing pigs and characterized clinically by fever, arthritis, skin lesions and sudden death. The disease may be acute, subacute, or chronic. Swine erysipelas is a disease caused by a specific micro organ Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae whic h is a zoonotic ubiquitous gram-positive bacterium that causes erysipelas in swine, mammals, birds and erysipeloid in humans. People in contact with animals, animal products or animal wastes are at greatest risk. The acute form of swine erysipelas may have been confused for other diseases in pigs which are characterized by acute symptoms such as sudden death (for example, African swine fever). It can be diagnosed by its clinical signs, necropsy findings, bacteriology, antimicrobial response, molecular and serological examinations. It is recommended to increase awareness of the disease among animal and human practitioners as treatment is easy and available and vaccination is possible. However, the disease is still unknown to local veterinarians, clinical doctors, meat inspectors, butchers and laboratory personnel. Proper hygiene, regular pork inspection, use of protective wear among people working/ in contact with animals should be promoted. The disease causes high economic loss in pig rearing areas and influences the public health being a severe zoonotic disease. So the objective of this review is to create a better understanding of the disease for proper control and prevention of the disease

scholarly journals Swine Erysipelas; It’s Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control and Preventive Measures, Comprehensive Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Dessalew Habte ◽  
◽  
Dessalew Tamir ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Swine Erysipelas

Erysipelas is an infectious disease seen mainly in growing pigs and characterized clinically by fever, arthritis, skin lesions and sudden death. The disease may be acute, subacute, or chronic. Swine erysipelas is a disease caused by a specific micro organ Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae whic h is a zoonotic ubiquitous gram-positive bacterium that causes erysipelas in swine, mammals, birds and erysipeloid in humans. People in contact with animals, animal products or animal wastes are at greatest risk. The acute form of swine erysipelas may have been confused for other diseases in pigs which are characterized by acute symptoms such as sudden death (for example, African swine fever). It can be diagnosed by its clinical signs, necropsy findings, bacteriology, antimicrobial response, molecular and serological examinations. It is recommended to increase awareness of the disease among animal and human practitioners as treatment is easy and available and vaccination is possible. However, the disease is still unknown to local veterinarians, clinical doctors, meat inspectors, butchers and laboratory personnel. Proper hygiene, regular pork inspection, use of protective wear among people working/ in contact with animals should be promoted. The disease causes high economic loss in pig rearing areas and influences the public health being a severe zoonotic disease. So the objective of this review is to create a better understanding of the disease for proper control and prevention of the disease.

Weight management: insights from the science of human behaviour change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 396-401
Author(s):  
Tamzin Furtado
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Motivational Interviewing ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Veterinary Surgeons ◽  
Conversational Style ◽  
Welfare Problem ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon

Helping animal owners to recognise and manage obesity in their animals is a particularly complex area of communications in veterinary medicine. Several studies have outlined the difficulty veterinary professionals face in such discussions, including frustration with the client, embarrassment (particularly if the owner is also overweight), and a sense of inevitable failure. However, obesity continues to be a serious and prevalent welfare problem in dogs, cats, and probably other companion animals as well — hence those discussions will only continue. This review considers veterinary surgeon–client interactions around obesity from the perspective of behaviour change psychology and motivational interviewing, in order to determine how veterinary surgeons and nurses can best assist owners. We consider how an approach based on a supportive and empathetic conversational style could be best suited to these discussions, leading to tailored weight management solutions. Nurses are ideally placed to work with owners in this way.

The veterinary surgeon and the farmer — controlling TB farm by farm

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
James Russell
Keyword(s):  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Policy Position ◽  
Veterinary Surgeons ◽  
Local Current ◽  
Farm Unit ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon ◽  
The Uk

In considering how tuberculosis (TB) affects cattle across the UK, the British Veterinary Association (BVA) has coordinated with representatives of the farming, veterinary and scientific communities from throughout the UK to bring out a new policy position on bovine TB. In it BVA seeks to draw on the social science of behavioural change, as well as the best available evidence to support each of the recommendations. By advocating strengthening the team of farmer, private veterinary surgeon and government at a single farm unit level, BVA believes that engagement with control and prevention strategies can be improved. Access to local, current data will be a powerful tool in motivating the conversations between veterinary surgeons and farmers on appropriate measures to be taken over and above the statutory minimum on each farm. Increasing knowledge of when and how to apply different testing modalities, as well as government support for their use, will enable ownership of both the disease and its solutions farm by farm.

scholarly journals Lumpy skin disease in cattle: Frequency of occurrence in a dairy farm and a preliminary assessment of its possible impact on Egyptian buffaloes

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud M. Elhaig ◽  
Abdelfattah Selim ◽  
Mohamed Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Skin Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an endemic infectious disease of cattle in Egypt. This survey aimed to define the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical LSD virus (LSDV) infection among cattle and investigate their contact with water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in order to improve the understanding of LSD epidemiology. Cattle and buffalo were examined owing to the appearance of skin lesions. Because clinical signs were consistent with LSDV infection, samples from cattle in a non-grazing dairy farm (n = 450) were submitted for LSDV testing together with those from the in-contact buffaloes (n = 100). Results revealed that the intra-herd percentage of cattle infected with LSDV varied with the detection method. This ranged from 22.4% to 65.4% by virus isolation (VI) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively, in clinical cattle samples, compared to 0% and 10% by VI and PCR in non-clinical cases. Using the neutralising index (NI), LSDV antibodies were found in 100% (n = 100) of the tested cow’s sera (NI = > 2.0 and ≥ 3.0), whereas buffalo’s sera (n = 34) displayed little increase in antibody level (NI ≥ 1.5). None of the buffalo were positive for LSDV by VI and PCR. In addition, there were no significant differences in LSD prevalence among the cattle with regard to age and sex. In conclusion, the occurrence of LSD in cattle warrants a further epidemiological study of the spread of the disease in the area and adoption of control and prevention strategies. In addition, the PCR assay was confirmed to be useful in the diagnosis of LSDV and for wider epidemiological studies.

Surgical management of a lateral luxation of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle using an autologous fascia lata graft

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e001133
Author(s):  
Thomas Cox ◽  
William Humphreys ◽  
Andrew Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Suture Line ◽  
Fascia Lata ◽  
Flexor Muscle ◽  
Veterinary Surgeons ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon ◽  
Fascia Lata Graft ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
European College ◽  
Time Point

An 18-month-old, 23-kg, neutered male Staffordshire bull terrier was presented with acute left pelvic limb lameness. There was marked swelling at the level of the tuber calcanei, and lateral luxation of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle (TSDFM) was palpable. Surgical correction included replacement of the TSDFM before apposition of the retinacular tissues. An autologous fascia lata graft was harvested from the ipsilateral limb and sutured over the primary suture line as augmentation. A modified Robert-Jones bandage with caudally positioned splint was placed for 12 days, and 5-minute lead exercise was started after 6 weeks. At 10 and 14 weeks postoperatively, the dog was exercising without evidence of lameness or clinical signs. Subjective grading by the attending veterinary surgeon (European College of Veterinary Surgeons boarded surgeon) revealed no lameness at either time point (Visual Analogue Scale score of 0/10). A clinical metrology questionnaire revealed normal mobility (Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs Questionnaire score of 3).

Models for charging in practice: how should farm veterinary surgeons earn their living?

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Owen Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Professional Services ◽  
Out Of Hours ◽  
Opinion Piece ◽  
Veterinary Surgeons ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon

There are many different ways that practices use for charging farm clients for their professional services. Ideally, the model is equitable for veterinary surgeon, client and animal. Different structures can influence how a practice's services are used and which services are successful. This article, which is an opinion piece, reviews common fee charging structures in UK farm practice. An argument is presented that if practices progressed towards a subscription-style charging model, at least for advisory work, and possibly for out-of-hours emergency work, this could be beneficial to farm businesses, veterinary businesses, farm veterinary surgeons, and the animals under their care.

scholarly journals Cutaneous anthrax outbreak associated with handling dead animals, Rhino Camp sub-county: Arua District, Uganda, January–May 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Ntono ◽  
Daniel Eurien ◽  
Lilian Bulage ◽  
Daniel Kadobera ◽  
Julie Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Cutaneous Anthrax

Abstract Background On 18 January 2018 a 40 year old man presented with skin lesions at Rhino Camp Health Centre. A skin lesion swab was collected on 20 January 2018 and was confirmed by PCR at Uganda Virus Research Institute on 21 January 2018. Subsequently, about 9 persons were reported to have fallen ill after reporting contact with livestock that died suddenly. On 9 February 2018, Arua District notified Uganda Ministry of Health of a confirmed anthrax outbreak among humans in Rhino Camp sub-county. We investigated to determine the scope and mode of transmission and exposures associated with identified anthrax to guide control and prevention measures. Methods We defined a suspected cutaneous anthrax case as onset of skin lesions (e.g., papule, vesicle, or eschar) in a person residing in Rhino Camp sub-county, Arua District from 25 December 2017 to 31 May 2018. A confirmed case was a suspected case with PCR-positivity for Bacillus anthracis from a clinical sample. We identified cases by reviewing medical records at Rhino Camp Health Centre. We also conducted additional case searches in the affected community with support from Community Health Workers. In a retrospective cohort study, we interviewed all members of households in which at least one person had contact with the carcasses of or meat from animals suspected to have died of anthrax. We collected and tested hides of implicated animals using an anthrax rapid diagnostic test. Results We identified 14 case-patients (1 confirmed, 13 suspected); none died. Only males were affected (affected proportion: 12/10,000). Mean age of case-persons was 33 years (SD: 22). The outbreak lasted for 5 months, from January 2018–May 2018, peaking in February. Skinning (risk ratio = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1–6.7), dissecting (RR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2–7.6), and carrying dead animals (RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1–6.7) were associated with increased risk of illness, as were carrying dissected parts of animals (RR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–6.5) and preparing and cooking the meat (RR = 2.3, 95% CI 0.9–5.9). We found evidence of animal remains on pastureland. Conclusion Multiple exposures to the hides and meat of animals that died suddenly were associated with this cutaneous anthrax outbreak in Arua District. We recommended public education about safe disposal of carcasses of livestock that die suddenly.

scholarly journals OPEN ACCESS: Insights into UK farmers' attitudes towards cattle youngstock rearing and disease

Livestock ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 274-281
Author(s):  
Katharine Baxter-Smith ◽  
Robert Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Veterinary Surgeons ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon ◽  
Beef Suckler ◽  
Housing Facilities

There is increased industry focus on optimised welfare, productivity and antibiotic usage in cattle youngstock, however, little is known about UK farmers' attitudes and practices in rearing calves. In this cross-sectional study, 479 farmers were surveyed online about their cattle youngstock rearing approach and outcomes. Represented were 174 dairy farmers, 255 beef suckler farmers and 50 calf rearers. Farmers showed awareness of good youngstock rearing practices such as colostrum management and housing facilities. Morbidity and mortality from diarrhoea (82%, 48%) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) (68%, 48%) were high on farms surveyed but farmers did not frequently consult their veterinary surgeon regarding these diseases. Farmers surveyed were not always aware of the efficacy of preventative methods such as vaccination, and frequently used antibiotic treatments (27% for diarrhoea and 40% for BRD) but not diagnostics when animals had disease. Veterinary surgeons could use these insights to better understand farmers' motivations and priorities, to make communication more efficient and align goals.

scholarly journals Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Viruses as Ideal Tools to Dissect the Mechanisms Involved in Cross-Protection

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1474
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Lopez ◽  
Juanita van Heerden ◽  
Laia Bosch-Camós ◽  
Francesc Accensi ◽  
Maria Jesus Navas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Genotype Ii

African swine fever (ASF) has become the major threat for the global swine industry. Furthermore, the epidemiological situation of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in some endemic regions of Sub-Saharan Africa is worse than ever, with multiple virus strains and genotypes currently circulating in a given area. Despite the recent advances on ASF vaccine development, there are no commercial vaccines yet, and most of the promising vaccine prototypes available today have been specifically designed to fight the genotype II strains currently circulating in Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Previous results from our laboratory have demonstrated the ability of BA71∆CD2, a recombinant LAV lacking CD2v, to confer protection against homologous (BA71) and heterologous genotype I (E75) and genotype II (Georgia2007/01) ASFV strains, both belonging to same clade (clade C). Here, we extend these results using BA71∆CD2 as a tool trying to understand ASFV cross-protection, using phylogenetically distant ASFV strains. We first observed that five out of six (83.3%) of the pigs immunized once with 106 PFU of BA71∆CD2 survived the tick-bite challenge using Ornithodoros sp. soft ticks naturally infected with RSA/11/2017 strain (genotype XIX, clade D). Second, only two out of six (33.3%) survived the challenge with Ken06.Bus (genotype IX, clade A), which is phylogenetically more distant to BA71∆CD2 than the RSA/11/2017 strain. On the other hand, homologous prime-boosting with BA71∆CD2 only improved the survival rate to 50% after Ken06.Bus challenge, all suffering mild ASF-compatible clinical signs, while 100% of the pigs immunized with BA71∆CD2 and boosted with the parental BA71 virulent strain survived the lethal challenge with Ken06.Bus, without almost no clinical signs of the disease. Our results confirm that cross-protection is a multifactorial phenomenon that not only depends on sequence similarity. We believe that understanding this complex phenomenon will be useful for designing future vaccines for ASF-endemic areas.

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