scholarly journals A preliminary study of the effects of enrichment on stereotypic and non-stereotypic stabled horses

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-590
Author(s):  
Xin Huo ◽  
◽  
Sutida Yaemklang ◽  
Pornnapa Pimmai ◽  
Pakanit Kupittayanant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Continuous Recording ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Larger Sample

Our preliminary study investigated: 1) differences of general behaviors between stereotypic (male, n=2, ST) and non-stereotypic (male, n=2, NST) stabled horses 2) the different reactions to enrichment items (hay nets, bedding straw and yoga ball) between ST and NST horses. The frequency of general behaviors, stereotypic behaviors and the reactions to enrichment items were recorded. The results showed that there was a significantly different frequency of ingestion, locomotion, standing alert, investigation and social interactions between ST and NST horses during 24 hours of observation (P<0.05). The ST horses performed weaving and wind sucking. There were significant differences in reactions, such as sniffing, watching and rolling when using enrichment items (P<0.05). The frequency of sniffing was the highest when bedding straw was used. The horses displayed watching behaviors when using yoga ball (P <0.05) and rolling (P <0.05) when using bedding straw. The frequency of sniffing straw bedding in NST horses was greater than that of ST horses (P=0.006). The NST horses preferred watching the ball (P<0.001). Only ST horses performed rolling when provided with straw bedding. In conclusion, the differences in general behaviors between ST and NST horses were established. Different reactions to enrichment items also occurred between ST and NST horses. A more extensive study with a larger sample size and a continuous recording of behavior for a longer period is recommended.

Planning the Size of Clinical Trials with Allowance for Patient Noncompliance

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (03) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Moussa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Survival Functions ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Patient Noncompliance ◽  
Event Rates ◽  
Larger Sample

AbstractVarious approaches are considered for adjustment of clinical trial size for patient noncompliance. Such approaches either model the effect of noncompliance through comparison of two survival distributions or two simple proportions. Models that allow for variation of noncompliance and event rates between time intervals are also considered. The approach that models the noncompliance adjustment on the basis of survival functions is conservative and hence requires larger sample size. The model to be selected for noncompliance adjustment depends upon available estimates of noncompliance and event rate patterns.

Augmentation Strategies for Clozapine-Resistant Patients with Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-227
Author(s):  
Yi-Hang Chiu ◽  
Chia-Yueh Hsu ◽  
Mong-Liang Lu ◽  
Chun-Hsin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Augmentation Strategies ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Augmentation Strategy ◽  
Larger Sample

Background: Clozapine has been used in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. However, only 40% of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia have response to clozapine. Many augmentation strategies have been proposed to treat those clozapine-resistant patients, but the results are inconclusive. In this review, we intended to review papers dealing with the augmentation strategies in the treatment of clozapineresistant patients with schizophrenia. Method: We reviewed randomized, double-blind, placebo- or sham-controlled trials (RCT) for clozapine-resistant patients with schizophrenia in Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and PubMed database from January 1990 to June 2019. Results: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, brain stimulation, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and other strategies, were used as an augmentation in clozapine-resistant patients with schizophrenia. Except for better evidence in memantine with 2 RCTs and cognitive behavior therapy in 2 studies to support its effectiveness, we found that all the other effective augmentations, including sulpiride, ziprasidone, duloxetine, mirtazapine, ECT, sodium benzoate, ginkgo biloba, and minocycline, had only one RCT with limited sample size. Conclusion: In this review, no definite effective augmentation strategy was found for clozapine-resistant patients. Some potential strategies with beneficial effects on psychopathology need further studies with a larger sample size to support their efficacy.

scholarly journals ‘Statistical Irreproducibility’ Does Not Improve with Larger Sample Size: How to Quantify and Address Disease Data Multimodality in Human and Animal Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Abigail R. Basson ◽  
Fabio Cominelli ◽  
Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Data Visualization ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Random Number Generation ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Multimodal Distributions ◽  
Disease Subtypes ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Larger Sample

Poor study reproducibility is a concern in translational research. As a solution, it is recommended to increase sample size (N), i.e., add more subjects to experiments. The goal of this study was to examine/visualize data multimodality (data with >1 data peak/mode) as cause of study irreproducibility. To emulate the repetition of studies and random sampling of study subjects, we first used various simulation methods of random number generation based on preclinical published disease outcome data from human gut microbiota-transplantation rodent studies (e.g., intestinal inflammation and univariate/continuous). We first used unimodal distributions (one-mode, Gaussian, and binomial) to generate random numbers. We showed that increasing N does not reproducibly identify statistical differences when group comparisons are repeatedly simulated. We then used multimodal distributions (>1-modes and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods of random sampling) to simulate similar multimodal datasets A and B (t-test-p = 0.95; N = 100,000), and confirmed that increasing N does not improve the ‘reproducibility of statistical results or direction of the effects’. Data visualization with violin plots of categorical random data simulations with five-integer categories/five-groups illustrated how multimodality leads to irreproducibility. Re-analysis of data from a human clinical trial that used maltodextrin as dietary placebo illustrated multimodal responses between human groups, and after placebo consumption. In conclusion, increasing N does not necessarily ensure reproducible statistical findings across repeated simulations due to randomness and multimodality. Herein, we clarify how to quantify, visualize and address disease data multimodality in research. Data visualization could facilitate study designs focused on disease subtypes/modes to help understand person–person differences and personalized medicine.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Haematozoan Parasites in Wetlands of Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubayet Elahi ◽  
Ausraful Islam ◽  
Mohammad Sharif Hossain ◽  
Khaja Mohiuddin ◽  
Andrea Mikolon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Wetland Birds ◽  
Domestic Ducks ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Resident Bird

The parasites of generaHaemoproteus, Plasmodium,andLeucocytozoonare well-known avian haematozoa and can cause declined productivity and high mortality in wild birds. The objective of the study was to record the prevalence of haematozoan parasites in a wide range of wetland birds in Bangladesh. Six species ofHaemoproteus, seven species ofPlasmodium, one unidentified species ofLeucocytozoon, and one unidentified microfilaria of the genusParonchocercawere found. Data on the morphology, size, hosts, prevalence, and infection intensity of the parasites are provided. The overall prevalence among the birds was 29.5% (95 out of 322 birds). Of those, 13.2% (42 of 319) of birds were infected withHaemoproteusspp., 15.1% withPlasmodiumspp. (48 of 319) and 0.6% withLeucocytozoonspp. (2 of 319). Two birds were positive for bothHaemoproteussp. andPlasmodiumsp. A single resident bird,Ardeola grayii, was found positive for an unidentified microfilaria. Prevalence of infection varied significantly among different bird families. Wild birds of Bangladesh carry several types of haematozoan parasites. Further investigation with a larger sample size is necessary to estimate more accurately the prevalence of haematozoan parasites among wild birds as well as domestic ducks for better understanding of the disease ecology.

scholarly journals Interpersonal trust in adolescence: a preliminary study on online/offline social interactions and life satisfaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-352
Author(s):  
Elisa Coli ◽  
Marinella Paciello ◽  
Rino Falcone ◽  
Giorgia Saleri ◽  
Maria Pepe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Preliminary Study

La confianza interpersonal es un elemento clave en el desarrollo y mantenimiento de interacciones sociales positivas y se ha asociado positivamente con la satisfacción con la vida (Putnam, 2000). Específicamente, es un factor promotor de la salud física y el funcionamiento psicosocial durante la lactancia y la adolescencia (Rotenberg, 2010). A pesar de la importancia de la confianza en la vida cotidiana, no hay consenso sobre su definición y, a su vez, sobre su evaluación. Además, aún se desconoce el papel de la confianza en un entorno en línea. Puede ser importante explorarlo, ya que hoy en día los adolescentes pasan cada vez más tiempo en Internet, un entorno donde tienen lugar muchas relaciones sociales. Por lo tanto, la confianza en línea podría identificarse como un elemento que puede garantizar el éxito de estas interacciones (Stratford, 2000). Partiendo de la perspectiva teórica de Falcone y Castelfranchi (2001), quienes definieron la confianza como una construcción compleja y dinámica, el presente estudio piloto tiene como objetivo investigar la confianza en línea / fuera de línea de los adolescentes y su influencia en la satisfacción con la vida. En particular, operacionalizamos la confianza según la teoría de los autores mencionados anteriormente y en base a dos ingredientes mentales esenciales, que son los objetivos y las creencias sobre el fideicomitente y el administrador y el comportamiento del administrador. Además, tomamos en cuenta las interacciones sociales tanto en línea como fuera de línea. La investigación, llevada a cabo dentro de una escuela secundaria en la provincia de Nápoles (Italia), involucró a 108 adolescentes, de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 14. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante un cuestionario ad hoc. En particular, la confianza en las interacciones en línea y fuera de línea se midió a través de una escala Likert de 5 puntos compuesta de 30 elementos; la satisfacción con la vida se investigó a través de la Escala breve de satisfacción de la vida de los estudiantes multidimensionales (BMSLSS; Huebner et al., 2004). El análisis factorial demuestra que la confianza en línea y fuera de línea son dimensiones distintas (24% y 18% de la varianza explicada, respectivamente). Además, solo la confianza fuera de línea se relaciona positivamente con la satisfacción con la vida de los adolescentes en diferentes dominios de la vida (por ejemplo, familia, escuela y pares). En general, los resultados sugieren la importancia de distinguir la confianza fuera de línea y en línea, y de explorar sus relaciones con los indicadores de ajuste para comprender cómo promover el bienestar de los adolescentes.

scholarly journals Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine could be an Available Weapons to Treat COVID-19 Associated Pneumonia

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Nehad J. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Larger Sample

Aims: This study aims to review the efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated pneumonia. Methodology: This review includes searching Google scholar for publications about the use of hydroxychloroquinein the treatment of COVID-19 using the words of (Covid-19) AND hydroxychloroquine. Results: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have proven effective in treating coronavirus in China in vitro, but till now only few clinical trials are available and these trials were conducted on a small sample size of the patients. The efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine is mainly due to its effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2). Conclusion: The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine could be very promising but more trials are needed that include larger sample size and more data are required about the comparison between chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine with other antivirals.

scholarly journals The Role of Maternal Progesterone and Estradiol Levels in Predicting the Success of Induction of Labour: A Preliminary Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Kanadi Sumapraja ◽  
Hilda R Badruddin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Induction Of Labour ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Induction Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Estradiol Levels

Objective: to evaluate whether maternal progesterone and estradiol levels could be used to predictthe success ofinduction of labour (IOL) Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Women’s Health Clinic as well as delivery suite of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during the period of May 2016 to April 2017. Blood samples of term pregnant women who were indicated for IOL wereobtainedbefore birth. Results:A total 44 subject were recruited in this study.Of these, 24 subjects had successful IOL while the other 20 subjects had IOL failure. There was no significant difference of progesterone among both groups (66,7% vs 75%, p=0,55). The estradiol levels in subjects who successfully performed induction had an average of 16,916.28 ± 2,574.75 pg/mL which did not differ significantly from the failed of induction group with estradiol levels of 14,832.24 ± 2374.47 pg/mL (p = 0,65). Conclusion:We found no significant association between both maternal progesterone and estradiol levels and the success rate of IOL. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm whether progesterone and estradiol play pivotal roles in the success of IOL. Keywords: progesterone, estradiol, induction of labour   Tujuan: mengevaluasi kadar progesteron dan estradiol ibu sebagai prediktor kesuksesan induksi persalinan Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang yang berlangsung pada bulan Mei 2016 hingga April 2017 di Poliklinik dan IGD Kebidanan Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Rujukan Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo. Pasien hamil aterm yang dilakukan induksi persalinan dan memenuhi kriteria penelitian akan diambil sampel darah sebelum persalinan. Hasil: Dari 44 subjek yang mengikuti penelitian, 24 subjek berhasil dilakukan induksi persalinan dan 20 subjek gagal.Tidakterdapatperbedaanbermaknapadakadarprogesterone Antarakeduagrup(66,7% vs 75%, p=0,55). Kadar estradiol padapasien yang berhasildilakukaninduksimemiliki rata-rata 16.916,28 + 2.574,75pg/mL yang tidakberbedajauhdengankadar estradiol pasien yang gagalinduksiyaitu 14.832,24 + 2374,47pg/mL (p = 0,65). Kesimpulan: Tidakterdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar progesteron dan estradiol maternal terhadap keberhasilan induksi persalinan. Penelitian lebih lanjut dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih besar dibutuhkan untuk mengkonfirmasi hubungan ini dengan lebih baik. Kata kunci: progesteron, estradiol, induksi persalinan

scholarly journals Pilot Study: Does Contamination with Enniatin B and Beauvericin Affect the Antioxidant Capacity of Cereals Commonly Used in Animal Feeding?

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1835
Author(s):  
Valentina Serra ◽  
Giancarlo Salvatori ◽  
Grazia Pastorelli
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
Wheat Flours ◽  
Larger Sample

Increasing consumption of cereals has been associated with reduced risk of several chronic diseases, as they contain phytochemicals that combat oxidative stress. Cereal contamination by the “emerging mycotoxins” beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENs) is a worldwide health problem that has not yet received adequate scientific attention. Their presence in feeds represents a risk for animals and a potential risk for humans because of their carry-over to animal-derived products. This preliminary study aimed to investigate if the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of corn, barley, and wheat flours could be influenced by contamination with increasing levels of BEA and ENN B. The highest TAC value was observed in barley compared with wheat and corn (p < 0.001) before and after contamination. No effect of mycotoxin or mycotoxin level was found, whereas cereal x mycotoxin exhibited a significant effect (p < 0.001), showing a lower TAC value in wheat contaminated by ENN B and in barley contaminated by BEA. In conclusion, barley is confirmed as a source of natural antioxidants with antiradical potentials. Additional studies with a larger sample size are necessary to confirm the obtained results, and investigations of the toxic effects of these emergent mycotoxins on animals and humans should be deepened.

Abstract W P20: A Model to Calculate the Expected Treatment Effect in Acute Endovascular Stroke Trials

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten G Lansberg ◽  
Robin Lemmens ◽  
Soren Christensen ◽  
Nishant K Mishra ◽  
Gregory W Albers
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Endovascular Therapy ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Sample Size Calculations ◽  
And Control ◽  
Larger Sample

Background: Recent trials have shown no benefit of endovascular therapy. This may, in part, be explained by inaccurate estimates of the treatment effect used in the sample size calculations of these trials. A predictive model which includes variables that modify the expected treatment effect might yield more accurate estimates, and could be valuable in the design of future acute stroke trials. Methods: We conducted a literature review to obtain estimates of parameters that are associated with good functional outcome (GFO) following recanalization. We developed a model to estimate the treatment effect in endovascular stroke trials and applied this model to two recently published endovascular stroke trials. Results: We estimated a 40% absolute difference in the proportion of GFO (mRS 0-2 at 90 days) associated with reperfusion in patients with ICA or M1 occlusions who have a substantial ischemic penumbra at baseline. To estimate the effect size in trials, this value was multiplied by: 1) the proportion of patients undergoing endovascular therapy in the active treatment arm; 2) the proportion of patients with occlusions of the ICA or MCA-M1; 3) the proportion of patients with a substantial penumbra and a DWI lesion <50mL; and 4) the absolute difference in the proportion of patients with reperfusion, defined as TICI 2B-3, between the endovascular treatment and control arms. Based on literature review we assumed a reperfusion rate of 20% in the control arms of IMS III and MR Rescue, a 50% prevalence of patients with substantial penumbra and DWI lesions<50 mL in IMS III, and a 75% prevalence in the penumbral arms of MR Rescue. Based on these model inputs, a 2.2% increase in GFO with endovascular therapy was expected in IMS III, which closely matches the observed 2.1% increase. For MR Rescue, the model predicted a 1.5% increase in GFO with endovascular therapy. Considering the small sample size, this equates to 0.5 additional patients with GFO which closely matches the observed result of 3 fewer patients with GFO. Conclusion: A simple model shows promise for estimating the treatment effect of endovascular stroke trials. It may be useful for the design of future trials and could lead to different inclusion criteria or larger sample sizes compared to the recently conducted studies.

Partition Chromatographic-Gravimetric Assay of Opium

1972 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-176
Author(s):  
Edward Smith ◽  
Eric B Sheixix ◽  
Joseph Levixe
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Chromatographic System ◽  
Gravimetric Measurement ◽  
Spectrophotometric Measurement ◽  
Partition System ◽  
Aoac Method ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Gravimetric Procedure

Abstract The current AOAC method for the determination of morphine in opium, 36.031–36.035, utilizes a 3-column partition chromatographic system for the isolation of morphine, with spectrophotometric measurement of the product. The same partition system has been modified to accommodate a larger sample size to permit a gravimetric measurement of the isolated morphine as its dinitrophenyl ether. The gravimetric procedure yields values comparable to those obtained by the much shorter and simpler UV method.

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