The Influence of Natural Sources on Radiation Exposure Levels in the Population of the Arkhangelsk Region

Introduction: The issue of radiation safety in terms of population exposure to natural sources of background radiation remains relevant since, according to the results of numerous studies, among all sources of ionizing radiation the natural ones contribute the most to the population exposure worldwide. Our purpose was to assess the contribution of natural sources of background radiation to the individual effective dose of the population of the Arkhangelsk Region. Materials and methods: We measured residential indoor and outdoor gamma dose rates and the residential indoor equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity of radon isotopes. We also analyzed data of statistical form No. 4-DOZ “Information about population exposure doses attributed to the natural and anthropogenically altered background radiation” and radiation hygiene passportization conducted in 2008–2017 by cities and districts of the Arkhangelsk Region and estimated long-term average indicators of the individual effective dose of radiation and chain indicators of the growth rate. Results: We established that the internal exposure to radon isotopes (46.8%) and external terrigenous exposure (23.6%) contributed the most to the individual effective dose due to natural sources in the population of the Arkhangelsk Region. In 2008–2017, the individual effective dose attributed to natural sources was 2.50 mSv/yr, to external exposure – 0.59 mSv/yr, and to internal exposure to radon isotopes – 1.17 mSv/yr. The analysis of average values of the equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity of radon isotopes and the gamma radiation dose rate in residential buildings of various type (wooden, single-story stone and multistory stone) in the Arkhangelsk Region supported the conclusion about the significant contribution of the former to the individual effective dose due to natural sources. Conclusions: We established the contribution of natural sources of ionizing radiation to the total doses of the population.

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EXPOSURE OF THE PUBLIC OF THE LENINRGAD REGION DUE TO THE NATURAL SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION

Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene ◽

10.21514/1998-426x-2018-11-2-91-97 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 91-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

O. A. Istorik ◽

L. A. Eremina ◽

A. N. Barkovsky ◽

T. A. Kormanovskaya ◽

R. R. Akhmatdinov

Keyword(s):

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Beta Activity ◽

Leningrad Region ◽

Volume Activity ◽

Radiation Dose Rate ◽

Natural Sources ◽

The Public ◽

The Individual

This study is focused on the analysis of the results of the radiation-hygienic passportisation and the Joint state system of control and accounting of the individual doses of the public from natural sources of ionizing radiation in the Leningrad region. The results of the study include data on the number of measurements of the gamma-radiation dose rate in buildings and in open territories, number of measurements of volume activity and equivalent equilibrium volume activity of radon in the air in the public and residential buildings in the Leningrad region in 2007–2016 as well as the number of the assessments of the total volume alpha and beta activity and concentration of the natural occurring radionuclides in drinking water. The authors performed an assessment of the annual individual effective dose per resident of theLeningradregion. It was estimated as 3.09 mSv/year considering all the data in Regional dose databank. Natural sources of ionizing exposure contribute 92.6% to the annual effective dose to the public of the Leningrad region, that exceeds the average Russian values by 6%.

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HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF EXPOSURE DOSES FOR THE VORONEZH REGION POPULATION FROM THE NATURAL AND TECHNOGENOUSLY MODIFIED BACKGROUND

Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene ◽

10.21514/1998-426x-2018-11-2-74-82 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 74-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yu. I. Stepkin ◽

M. K. Kuzmichev ◽

O. V. Klepikov ◽

E. М. Studenikina

Keyword(s):

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Total Dose ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Annual Effective Dose ◽

Population Exposure ◽

Radiation Background ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Safety Standards ◽

Voronezh Region ◽

Slight Upward Trend

The purpose of the study was to estimate the doses to the Voronezh region population from natural sources of ionizing radiation and the technologically altered background in the territory of Voronezh Region. The data of forms of state statistical observation No. 4-DOZ “Information on the doses of population exposure due to natural and technologically altered background” for 20102017 and the radiation and hygienic passport of the territory of the Voronezh Region were used. The average annual per caput effective dose due to all types of ionizing radiation remains stable with a slight upward trend and lies in the range from 2.925 (2010) to 3.656 mSv (2017). Natural sources are the main dose-forming factors for the population. Their annual contribution to the annual effective dose ranges from 74.96 to 83.65%. The leading contribution to the total dose from natural sources is the exposure due to the inhalation of radon isotopes: it ranges from 37.6 to 51.1%. In second place,there is the share of external exposure from sources of terrigenous origin, which ranges from 21.2 to 28.9% of the total dose. The average annual effective dose of natural exposure to humans varies from 2,355 to 2,980 mSv / year, the exposure from radon – from 0,83 to 1,65 mSv / year. The dose from technogenic-altered radiation background, including global radioactive fallout due to atmospheric nuclear tests and due to past radiation accidents are insignificant (0,062 mSv / year). Its annual contribution to the total dose is less than 2%. Based on the results of the assessment of the indicators characterizing the level of exposure of sources of ionizing radiation to natural and technogenic-altered radiation background, no excess of radiation safety standards has been recorded. The situation associated with exposure to ionizing radiation sources in the Voronezh region has been described as safe for the last 8 years.

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Radiation exposure during the treatment of spinal deformities

The Bone & Joint Journal ◽

10.1302/0301-620x.103b.bjj-2020-1416.r3 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Jwalant S. Mehta ◽

Kirsten Hodgson ◽

Lu Yiping ◽

James Swee Beng Kho ◽

Ravindra Thimmaiah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Spinal Deformity ◽

Background Radiation ◽

Ct Scans ◽

Intraoperative Fluoroscopy ◽

The Difference ◽

Risk Of Cancer ◽

Surgical Group

Aims To benchmark the radiation dose to patients during the course of treatment for a spinal deformity. Methods Our radiation dose database identified 25,745 exposures of 6,017 children (under 18 years of age) and adults treated for a spinal deformity between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2016. Patients were divided into surgical (974 patients) and non-surgical (5,043 patients) cohorts. We documented the number and doses of ionizing radiation imaging events (radiographs, CT scans, or intraoperative fluoroscopy) for each patient. All the doses for plain radiographs, CT scans, and intraoperative fluoroscopy were combined into a single effective dose by a medical physicist (milliSivert (mSv)). Results There were more ionizing radiation-based imaging events and higher radiation dose exposures in the surgical group than in the non-surgical group (p < 0.001). The difference in effective dose for children between the surgical and non-surgical groups was statistically significant, the surgical group being significantly higher (p < 0.001). This led to a higher estimated risk of cancer induction for the surgical group (1:222 surgical vs 1:1,418 non-surgical). However, the dose difference for adults was not statistically different between the surgical and non-surgical groups. In all cases the effective dose received by all cohorts was significantly higher than that from exposure to natural background radiation. Conclusion The treatment of spinal deformity is radiation-heavy. The dose exposure is several times higher when surgical treatment is undertaken. Clinicians should be aware of this and review their practices in order to reduce the radiation dose where possible.

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DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL EFFECTIVE DOSE OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL EXPOSURE BY DIFFERENT IONIZING RADIATION SOURCES

Radiation Protection Dosimetry ◽

10.1093/rpd/ncz170 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 187 (1) ◽

pp. 129-137

Author(s):

V A Kudryashev ◽

D S Kim

Keyword(s):

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Radiation Risk ◽

Neutron Radiation ◽

Radiation Shielding ◽

The Body ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Complex Method ◽

Radiation Sources ◽

Total Effective Dose

Abstract The purpose of the research is to develop an integrated technique for determining the effective dose (E) of external and internal exposure by different sources of ionizing radiation. The proposing technique for determining the total effective dose is based on three methods of calculation. The first one is multiplying the value of the individual dose equivalent $H_{p}(10)$ by the factor of 0.642 to account for radiation shielding by various organs and tissues and its backscattering. The second method is multiplying $H_{p}(10)$ by the conversion factor of air kerma in free air in a plate phantom, depending on the photon energy. The third method is multiplying $H_{p}(10)$ by the sum of the radiosensitivity coefficients of various organs and tissues. As a result of research, a complex method was developed for determining the total effective dose, composed of doses of cosmic radiation, external gamma-, beta- and neutron radiation, internal exposure from radionuclides, including CDP of radon and thoron, entering the body through the organs of digestion and respiration. The proposed technique for determining the total effective dose allows one to take into account the comprehensive effect of ionizing radiation sources on a person and to obtain a more accurate measure of radiation risk than the existing methods provide.

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Evaluation of External Exposure During Building and Operation of Concrete Bridges Constructions That Reuse the Conditionally Released Steels

ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/icem2011-59120 ◽

2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michal Panik ◽

Vladimir Necas

Keyword(s):

Effective Dose ◽

Computer Code ◽

Concrete Bridges ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Critical Groups ◽

External Exposure ◽

Calculation Results ◽

Effective Doses ◽

The Subject ◽

The Individual

This paper presents ongoing results of the project presented at ICEM’10 [1] related to the topics of reusing the conditionally released materials from decommissioning. The subject of the reuse of conditionally released materials in this case is modeling of bridge constructions which reuse the conditionally released steel in the form of reinforcement bars for the concrete bridges. A general approach for the project was presented at ICEM’10. The activities of the project continue in evaluating the individual effective doses from the external exposure based on reused conditionally released steels separately for public and for professionals (the internal exposure will be evaluated in next stages of the project). Evaluated scenarios are related to critical groups of professionals constructing the bridges (worker’s scenarios). The computer code VISIPLAN 3D ALARA 4.0 planning tool was used for the calculation of the individual effective dose for professionals. Various limits of the annual individual effective dose are used for the evaluation of calculation results. The aim of the ongoing modeling is to develop a set of data of maximal radioactivity concentration for individual radionuclides in the conditionally released steel used in the bridges model constructions in order not to exceed the limits for the individual effective dose.

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Annual effective dose of ionizing radiation from natural sources: United States based airline pilots compared with non-flying residents of the United States

Advances in Space Research ◽

10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.034 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 36 (9) ◽

pp. 1653-1656 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Wallace Friedberg ◽

Kyle Copeland ◽

Frances E. Duke ◽

Edgar B. Darden

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Annual Effective Dose ◽

The United States ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Airline Pilots

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Impact of Nuclide Vector Composition Contained in Conditionally Released Steel Reused in Motorway Tunnels Scenario on Calculated Individual Effective Doses

ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/icem2011-59128 ◽

2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Toma´sˇ Hrncˇi´rˇ ◽

Vladimi´r Necˇas

Keyword(s):

Effective Dose ◽

Computer Code ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Critical Groups ◽

Tunnel Model ◽

Effective Doses ◽

The Subject ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact ◽

Nuclide Composition

This paper presents ongoing results of the project presented at ICEM 10 [paper 40071] related to the topics of the reuse of conditionally released materials arising from decommissioning of nuclear installations. The subject of the presented paper is modelling of motorway tunnels, which reuse the conditionally released steel in form of reinforcing nets and bars for the concrete construction of tunnels. The general approach for the project was presented at ICEM 10. The activities of the project continued in evaluating the impact of the nuclide composition contained in the conditionally released steel on calculated individual effective doses from the external exposure (the internal exposure will be evaluated in next stages of the project). Mentioned radioactive steel arises during decommissioning and would be reused in motorway tunnels. Evaluated scenarios are related to critical groups of public (driver’s scenarios) and for professionals constructing the tunnels and performing the maintenance of tunnels (worker’s scenarios). The computer code VISIPLAN 4.0 3D ALARA planning tool was used for the calculation of individual effective doses for worker and for public groups. Various limits of the individual effective dose are used for public and for professionals. The aim of the ongoing modelling is to develop a set of data of the maximal radioactivity concentration for individual radionuclides contained in the conditionally released steel used in tunnel model constructions in order not to exceed the limits for the individual effective dose.

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Alpha Spectrometry of Radon Short-Lived Progeny in Drinking Water and Assessment of the Public Effective Dose: Results from the Cilento Area, Province of Salerno, Southern Italy

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13245840 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 5840

Author(s):

Enver Faella ◽

Simona Mancini ◽

Michele Guida ◽

Albina Cuomo ◽

Domenico Guida

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Age Groups ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Threshold Values ◽

Campania Region ◽

Radon Activity ◽

National Regulation ◽

South Italy

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas present in the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere abundantly. Its ionizing radiation provides the largest human internal exposure by inhalation and ingestion to natural sources, constituting a serious health hazard. The contribution to total exposure is mainly due to inhalation, as ingestion by food or drinking water is typically very small. However, because of public health concerns, the contributions from all these sources are limited by regulations and remedial action should be taken in the event that the defined threshold values are overcome. In this paper, the first campaign of measurements to control the radon activity concentration in drinking water from public water supplies in the province of Salerno, south Italy, is described. The results represent a main reference for the area, as it was never investigated before. The purpose of this survey was to contribute to data compilation concerning the presence of radon-222 in groundwater in the Campania region and to determine the associated risk for different age groups. The maximum radon activity concentrations and the related total annual public effective dose turned out to be lower than the threshold values (100 Bq/l and 0.1 mSv/y, respectively) indicated by international guidelines and the national regulation, showing that the health risks for public consumption can be considered negligible.

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