Moisture Content of Baled Forest and Urban Woody Biomass during Long-term Open Storage

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
James H Dooley ◽  
Matthew J Wamsley ◽  
Jason M Perry
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Early Fall

Abstract. This article describes how the moisture content of baled woody biomass varied during long-term open-air storage under conditions in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Large rectangular bales of forest and urban biomass were produced beginning in August 2015 and periodically until June 2016. Weights were measured approximately monthly until the entire lot of bales was ground into fuel in December 2016. Because it was impractical to non-destructively obtain moisture content samples during the study, final moisture content was measured from the ground material. Estimated temporal moisture contents were back-calculated from the final dry weight and moisture content of bales. All bales dried considerably during the spring and summer months, achieving a minimum moisture content in the early fall of 15 to 29% (wb). Minimum early fall moisture content had no correlation with the initial moisture content at time of baling. The ending moisture content in December 2016 ranged from 44% to 57% (wb), with a mean moisture content of 53% (wb). Ending moisture content had no correlation with initial moisture content at the time of baling, but appeared to be related to the amount of fine versus coarse woody material in the bales. Bales of forest and urban woody biomass proved to be structurally stable during long-term storage to enable handling and final transport to a centralized grinding location. Keywords: Density, Logging, Baling, Bioenergy, Biofuel, Bundling, Forest operations, Forestry, MC, Seasonality, Transport, Woody biomass.

Modeling Approach to Determine Short- and Long-Term Thermal and Thermomechanical Effects of Waste Emplacement in a Repository in Basalt

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry F. Lehnhoff ◽  
K. Thirumalai ◽  
Alan D. Krug
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Nuclear Waste Repository ◽  
Columbia River Basalts ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Selection Of

The Columbia River basalts, which underlie a large portion of the Pacific Northwest of the United States of America, are being investigated as one of the candidate media for a nuclear waste repository. The Basalt Waste Isolation Project (BWIP) of Rockwell Hanford Operations (Rockwell) is conducting these investigations for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Since the inception of the program in 1976, a number of studies have led to the selection of a reference repository location and the start of construction of an exploratory shaft.1-3

The effect of maturity on the moisture relations of seed longevity in foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.)

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.R. Hay ◽  
R.J. Probert ◽  
R. D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Longevity ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Digitalis Purpurea ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Logarithmic Relationship ◽  
Term Storage

AbstractControlled aging experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the changes in seed longevity occurring following the attainment of maximum seed dry weight in foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.). Seeds harvested in three successive years were stored at ~5% moisture content (fresh weight basis) and 50°C. Seed longevity was greater the later the seeds were harvested. When the data were modelled using the predictive viability model of Ellis and Roberts, these increases were attributable to increases in both the theoretical initial viability (in probits) of the seed-lot, Ki, and in the standard deviation of the normal distribution of seed deaths in time, σ. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between Ki and σ which was independent of the year of harvest (r = 0.9016, for 11 d.f., P < 0.001). These results do not support the predictive model which relies on the assumption that σ will not differ between seed lots of the same species stored under identical conditions. When seeds were stored at a range of moisture contents (between 5 and 10%) at 50°C, increases in σ during seed development were manifest as changes in the negative logarithmic relationship between σ and moisture content; below an upper limit, the regressions for seed lots at different stages of maturity were significantly different (P < 0.05) but could be constrained to either a common intercept or to a common slope (P < 0.05). It is proposed that it was the inherent variation in individual seed lifespans which increased during seed development. These results raise important concerns regarding the use of predetermined ‘species constants’ to predict the longevity of seed lots during long-term storage in seed banks.

scholarly journals Comparative LCAs of Conventional and Mass Timber Buildings in Regions with Potential for Mass Timber Penetration

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13987
Author(s):  
Maureen Puettmann ◽  
Francesca Pierobon ◽  
Indroneil Ganguly ◽  
Hongmei Gu ◽  
Cindy Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Embodied Carbon ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Mass Timber

Manufacturing of building materials and construction of buildings make up 11% of the global greenhouse gas emission by sector. Mass timber construction has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by moving wood into buildings with designs that have traditionally been dominated by steel and concrete. The environmental impacts of mass timber buildings were compared against those of functionally equivalent conventional buildings. Three pairs of buildings were designed for the Pacific Northwest, Northeast and Southeast regions in the United States to conform to mass timber building types with 8, 12, or 18 stories. Conventional buildings constructed with concrete and steel were designed for comparisons with the mass timber buildings. Over all regions and building heights, the mass timber buildings exhibited a reduction in the embodied carbon varying between 22% and 50% compared to the concrete buildings. Embodied carbon per unit of area increased with building height as the quantity of concrete, metals, and other nonrenewable materials increased. Total embodied energy to produce, transport, and construct A1–A5 materials was higher in all mass timber buildings compared to equivalent concrete. Further research is needed to predict the long-term carbon emissions and carbon mitigation potential of mass timber buildings to conventional building materials.

scholarly journals First record of Euxestonotus error (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in the Pacific Northwest, United States of America

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 616-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Echegaray ◽  
R.N. Stougaard ◽  
B. Bohannon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
First Record ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northwestern Montana

AbstractEuxestonotus error (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is considered part of the natural enemy complex of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Although previously reported in the United States of America, there is no record for this species outside the state of New York since 1865. A survey conducted in the summer of 2015 revealed that E. error is present in northwestern Montana and is likely playing a role in the suppression of wheat midge populations.

scholarly journals Erysiphe trifolii Causing Powdery Mildew of Lentil (Lens culinaris)

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 797-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renuka N. Attanayake ◽  
Dean A. Glawe ◽  
Frank M. Dugan ◽  
Weidong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Erysiphe Trifolii

The taxonomy of the powdery mildew fungus infecting lentil in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States was investigated on the basis of morphology and rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Anamorphic characters were in close agreement with descriptions of Erysiphe trifolii. However, teleomorphs formed chasmothecial appendages with highly branched apices, whereas E. trifolii has been described as producing flexuous or sometimes loosely branched appendages. Branched appendages have been described in Erysiphe diffusa, a fungus reported from species of Lens, Glycine, and Sophora, raising the possibility that the PNW fungus could be E. diffusa. Examination of morphological characters of an authentic specimen of E. trifolii from Austria determined that it included chasmothecial appendages resembling those seen in PNW specimens. Furthermore, ITS sequences from five powdery mildew samples collected from lentils in PNW greenhouses and fields from 2006 to 2008 were identical to one another, and exhibited higher similarity to sequences of E. trifolii (99%) than to those of any other Erysiphe spp. available in GenBank. Parsimony analysis grouped the lentil powdery mildew into a clade with Erysiphe baeumleri, E. trifolii, and E. trifolii–like Oidium sp., but indicated a more distant relationship to E. diffusa. In greenhouse inoculation studies, the lentil powdery mildew fungus did not infect soybean genotypes known to be susceptible to E. diffusa. The pathogenicity of E. trifolii on lentil was confirmed using modified Koch's postulates. This is the first report of E. trifolii infecting lentil. E. diffusa and E. trifolii have different host ranges, so the discovery of E. trifolii on lentil has implications both for determining species of powdery mildews on cool-season grain legumes, and in disease management.

Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 on different wheat cultivars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Yang ◽  
Linda S Thomashow ◽  
David M Weller
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Pseudomonas Brassicacearum

Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 and other 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producing pseudomonads of the Pseudomonas fluorescens complex possess both biocontrol and growth-promoting properties and play an important role in suppression of take-all of wheat in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States. However, P. brassicacearum can also reduce seed germination and cause root necrosis on some wheat cultivars. We evaluated the effect of Q8r1-96 and DAPG on the germination of 69 wheat cultivars that have been or currently are grown in the PNW. Cultivars varied widely in their ability to tolerate P. brassicacearum or DAPG. The frequency of germination of the cultivars ranged from 0 to 0.87 and from 0.47 to 0.90 when treated with Q8r1-96 and DAPG, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the frequency of germination of cultivars treated with Q8r1-96 in assays conducted in vitro and in the greenhouse. The correlation was greater for spring than for winter cultivars. In contrast, the effect of Q8r1-96 on seed germination was not correlated with that of DAPG alone, suggesting that DAPG is not the only factor responsible for the phytotoxicity of Q8r1-96. Three wheat cultivars with the greatest tolerance and three cultivars with the least tolerance to Q8r1-96 were tested for their ability to support root colonization by strain Q8r1-96. Cultivars with the greatest tolerance supported significantly greater populations of strain Q8r1-96 than those with the least tolerance to the bacteria. Our results show that wheat cultivars differ widely in their interaction with P. brassicacearum and the biocontrol antibiotic DAPG.

Long-term growth-increment chronologies reveal diverse influences of climate forcing on freshwater and forest biota in the Pacific Northwest

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan A. Black ◽  
Jason B. Dunham ◽  
Brett W. Blundon ◽  
Jayne Brim-Box ◽  
Alan J. Tepley
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
The Pacific

scholarly journals The Technological Investigations Of Manufacturing Of Energy Chips

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Ziedonis Miklašēvičs
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Lower Heating

The methodology in Latvia forest industry provide to determine the quality of energy chips only in long- term storage places before selling. Due to the lack of hard empirical data about the quality parameters of energy chips in different phases of manufacturing process, this research paper consists of: - the identification and analyses of the factors that influenced the values of energy chips quality features such as: bulk density, moisture content, ash content, higher and lower heating value according to actual moisture content and per dry mass of the chips; - the methodology for determination the quality parameters of energy chips by analysis the wood moisture content and by choice the method of the manufacturing of energy chips.

scholarly journals If You Provide, Will They Ride? Motivators and Deterrents to Shared Micro-Mobility

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Pimentel, Ph.D. ◽  
Michael B. Lowry, Ph.D. ◽  
David Pimentel, J.D. ◽  
Amanda K. Glazer ◽  
Timothy W. Koglin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Micro Mobility ◽  
On Line ◽  
Optimal System Design ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Bike Share

Bike share, e-bike share, and e-scooter systems (shared micro-mobility) are gaining popularity throughout the United States and internationally, but the optimal system design has not been determined. This study investigated motivators and deterrents to the use of such systems in the Pacific Northwest with secondary data, participant observations, depth interviews, and an on-line survey to users and non-users. The survey was administered in all cities in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho that have shared micro-mobility systems. The strongest motivators reported were exercise and enjoyment. The strongest deterrents were weather, danger from automobile traffic, and insufficient bike lanes and paths. The latter two deterrents might be alleviated through continued improvements to infrastructure; however, the weather cannot be changed, and neither can hills. Data were fitted to the Theory of Reasoned Action and the resulting recommendation is to promote popular motivators of exercise and enjoyment and emphasize personal benefits more than social appearances.

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