Prelievo contributivo e fiscale e spesa pensionistica nella finanza pubblica in Italia*

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Sergio Gambale
Keyword(s):  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
The Public ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fiscal Revenue ◽  
Tax Payers ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract The reform of the pension system under discussion now in Italy has to tackle equity problems as well the slow down of public expenditure and the size and structure of revenues. Economic and demographic trends shed light on an increasing disequilibrium in the social budget.The points discussed in this paper as to the expenditure side relate to the necessity for a closer linkage between individual costs and benefits. On the revenue side, a part from a reference to tax effort for different categories of tax-payers, the social contribution versus fiscal revenue schemes are looked at. Particularly, a suggestion is made with reference to the different compliance degree and to the need for a better use of data available within the public sector to fight evasion.

Kuntoutukseen osallistuminen ja eri osajärjestelmien ristikkäiskäyttö

Kuntoutus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-20
Author(s):  
Hanna Rinne ◽  
Jenni Blomgren
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Occupational Health Care ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Insurance Institution ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

Tieto kuntoutuksen kentän kokonaisuudesta ja erilaisten kuntoutuspalveluiden käytöstä samoilla ihmisillä on varsin hajanaista ja puutteellista. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää kuntoutukseen osallistumisen yleisyyttä ja päällekkäisyyttä eri osajärjestelmissä Oulun asukkailla vuonna 2018 laajalla rekisteriaineistolla (N = 192 844). Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan julkisen sosiaali- ja terveyspalvelujärjestelmän kuntoutusta, Kelan kuntoutusta, työeläkekuntoutusta, työterveyshuollon fysioterapiaa ja Kelan korvaamaa yksityistä fysioterapiaa. Vuonna 2018 oululaisista 18 prosenttia sai vähintään yhden tutkitun osajärjestelmän kuntoutusta (N = 34 061). Yleisintä oli julkisen sosiaali- ja terveyspalvelujärjestelmän kuntoutus, harvinaisinta työeläkekuntoutus. Naiset osallistuivat kuntoutukseen miehiä yleisemmin. Kuntoutukseen osallistuminen oli miehillä yleisintä 65 vuotta täyttäneillä, naisilla 45–64-vuotiailla. Harvinaisinta se oli 16–24-vuotiailla miehillä ja alle 16-vuotiailla naisilla. Suurin osa (90 %) kuntoutukseen osallistuneista oli osallistunut vain yhden osajärjestelmän kuntoutukseen. Useamman osajärjestelmän kuntoutukseen osallistuminen oli naisilla miehiä yleisempää. Ikäryhmistä se oli yleisintä 45–64-vuotiailla ja harvinaisinta alle 16-vuotiailla. Vähintään kahden osajärjestelmän kuntoutukseen osallistuneet olivat keskimäärin vanhempia kuin vain yhden osajärjestelmän kuntoutukseen osallistuneet ja myös naisten osuus oli heillä suurempi. Rekisteritietoja kuntoutuksesta on hankala koota kattavasti, sillä järjestelmä on hyvin hajanainen ja toimijoita ja rekisterinpitäjiä on lukuisia. Myös kuntoutuksen määrittely aineistoista osoittautui vaikeaksi. Yhtenäiset tietojärjestelmät kuntoutuksesta palvelisivat paitsi tutkijoita, myös kuntoutujia. Abstract Prevalence and overlap of participation in rehabilitation in different subsystems – a register-based study among residents of the city of Oulu, Finland, in 2018 Knowledge of the whole spectrum of rehabilitation and of the use of different rehabilitation services by the same individuals is quite fragmented and incomplete. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence and overlap of participation in rehabilitation in different subsystems among residents of the city of Oulu, Finland, in 2018 using extensive register-based data (N=192,844). The study examines rehabilitation organized by the public social and health care system, by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, by the earnings-related pension system, as well as physiotherapy in occupational health care and private physiotherapy reimbursed by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. In 2018, 18 per cent of the residents of Oulu received rehabilitation of at least one of the examined subsystems (N=34,061). Receiving rehabilitation of public social and health care was the most common; the rarest was rehabilitation within the earnings-related pension system. Women participated in rehabilitation more often than men. Using rehabilitation services was most common in men aged 65 and over, and in women aged 45–64. It was least common in men aged 16–24 years and in women under 16 years of age. The majority (90%) of those who participated in rehabilitation had participated in rehabilitation of only one subsystem. Participation in rehabilitation of several subsystems was more common in women than in men. It was most common in those aged 45–64 years and least common in those under 16 years of age. Those who received rehabilitation of at least two subsystems were, on average, older than those who received rehabilitation of only one subsystem, and more often women. It is difficult to compile comprehensive register data on rehabilitation, as the system is very fragmented and there are many organizers and registrars. Defining rehabilitation from the data also proved difficult. Unified information systems on rehabilitation would serve not only researchers but also rehabilitees. Keywords: rehabilitation, register-based research, Finland

Sweden: an extended working life policy that overlooks gender considerations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clary Krekula ◽  
Lars-Gunnar Engström ◽  
Aida Alvinius
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Pension System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Security Scheme

The Swedish government policy on extended working life has since its introduction in the mid-1990s aimed to lower the costs of the public pension system and to reduce the financial burden for workers. By focusing on an idealised category of those who are "willing and able to work longer", the policy has neglected the obstacles faced by those with physically demanding jobs or with a big responsibility to care for a close relative. This mainly affects women and upholds a neoliberal view of older people. By only problematizing gender perspective on the challenges to gender equality in working life, a narrow understanding of gender equality is created which deviates from other national gender equality policies. The policy debate thereby contributes also to excluding older women and men from the Swedish gender equality project. Despite the argument that an extended working life is needed to ensure the value of pensions, this does not apply to those who are unable to continue working - they are instead expected to rely on the social security scheme.

scholarly journals REGULATIONS IN THE SOCIAL WELFARE STATE: NORDIC COUNTRIES AND TURKEY EXAMPLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagihan Ozkanca Andic ◽  
Ekrem Karayilmazlar
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Welfare State

The Public Expenditure/GDP ratio is one of the most significant metrics that measure the state's share of the economy. It can be said that there is an interventionist state type in countries where this rate is high, or it can be argued that the share of the public sector in the economy is low in countries where this rate is low. It is also possible to argue that the countries' economic, sociological, and political factors play an essential role in determining this ratio. Regulations, which are the most important tools of the welfare state, may arise through economic controls as well as through social policies. This study aims to find an answer to the question of whether this situation is possible for a developing country such as Turkey while Nordic countries, which determine a system different from other welfare models, succeed in raising social welfare without giving up the principles such as equality and justice that they have despite the globalization effect. The data obtained by various methods were subjected to comparison using the Data Envelopment Analysis method in order to achieve this purpose. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0777/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Measuring the Public Costs and Benefits of Brownfield versus Greenfield Development in the Greater Toronto Area

10.1068/b1283 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A De Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Brownfield Redevelopment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Greater Toronto Area ◽  
Development Scenarios ◽  
Public Costs ◽  
Shed Light

This paper summarizes the findings of a study comparing the environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits accruing to the public from redeveloping brownfields versus developing greenfields for both industrial and residential uses. With data taken from relevant projects in Toronto, Canada, four prototypical development scenarios were constructed for the purpose of a cost — benefit comparison. A quantitative model was then used to calculate the various public costs and benefits associated with the different scenarios. The findings shed light on the true costs and benefits involved in development and redevelopment projects, helping policymakers better assess the feasibility of brownfield redevelopment vis-à-vis greenfield development.

Breakdown in the Public Pension System: Not in the Name of Demography!

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Pau Miret ◽  
Pilar Zueras
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Pension System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Stability

In a Spain with full employment and less incapacity, dependence on the pension system would be less than half of what it is at present. For each dependent person there would be three contributors. Most experts say that the main threat to the stability of the pension system comes from demography. It is argued that population ageing would increase the ratio between pensioners and contributors, which would then make payment of pensions non-viable since there would not be enough working-age people to fund the rising pension pay-outs. However, less attention is paid to the fact that Spain presently enjoys robust demographic health since a large number of contributors is concentrated in the years of adulthood and the most productive period of working life, a fact which could be taken advantage of in order to fill the “piggy bank”. Yet despite this favourable demography, the pensions reserve fund is being depleted because of the economic recession. In this number of Perspectives Demogràfiques the extent of this demographic waste is demonstrated and the debate on pensions is taken beyond the framework of simply laying the blame on demography. First, we shall analyse the structure of the social security system, distinguishing between contributors, people receiving unemployment benefits, and pensioners in order to proceed with an exercise of simulation which will permit us to calculate what the ratio would be in a more rationalised economy.

Social work, participation, and poverty

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrien Boone ◽  
Griet Roets ◽  
Rudi Roose
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nancy Fraser ◽  
Shed Light

Summary Although participatory social work approaches have been considered as a fruitful strategy, critical questions are raised in relation to the social justice aspirations of participatory social work with people in poverty. Inspired by the work of Nancy Fraser, we provide an in-depth insight in the complexities of supporting participatory parity in ‘Associations where People in Poverty Raise their Voice’. Combining semi-structured interviews and focus groups with practitioners in these organisations, we shed light on the complexities of the ‘how’, the ‘who’, and the ‘what’ of social justice that arise in such participatory practice. Findings Our findings suggest that even in practices that situate the principle of participatory parity at the heart of their fight for social justice, power asymmetries and social inequalities require attention. Exclusionary mechanisms become apparent in how practitioners try to support participatory parity of people in poverty in the different components in the organisation. When practitioners try to overcome these exclusionary effects, a sheer complexity and inescapable power struggles become visible. Moreover, the ambiguity of how practitioners attempt to empower people in poverty and enhance structural change leads to tensions between affirmative and transformative strategies in the fight against poverty. Applications Practitioners should be aware that they will never be able to resolve or escape inherent complexities in their attempts to work on a par with people in poverty. Nevertheless, it remains valuable to make continuous efforts to inform the public debate about the socially unjust nature of poverty and social inequality in our societies.

scholarly journals Weighing intellectual property: Can we balance the social costs and benefits of patenting?

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-163
Author(s):  
Mario Biagioli
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ip Protection ◽  
The Public ◽  
Clear Sense ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Law ◽  
Social Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ip Law

The scale is the most famous emblem of the law, including intellectual property (IP). Because IP rights impose social costs on the public by limiting access to protected work, the law can be justified only to the extent that, on balance, it encourages enough creation and dissemination of new works to offset those costs. The scale is thus a potent rhetorical trope of fairness and objectivity, but also an instrument the law thinks with – one that is constantly invoked to justify or to question the extent of available IP protection. The balancing act that underlies the legitimacy of IP is, however, literally impossible to perform. Because we are unable to measure the benefits that IP has for inventors or the costs it has for the public, the scale has nothing to weigh. It conveys a clear sense that IP law can be balanced, but in fact propagates only a visible simulacrum of balance – one that is as empty as it is powerful.

scholarly journals The Negative Perceptions of Apartment Culture as Represented in Korean Films during the 1970s–1990s

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3013
Author(s):  
Guen-Jong Moon
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Relative Poverty ◽  
The Public ◽  
Popular Films ◽  
The Social ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Apartment Complexes ◽  
Shed Light

Popular films, which are cultural products, inevitably reflect the social and architectural culture of the time and the thoughts and interests of the public. This study analyzes the negative perceptions of apartment culture to verify how the negative characteristics of apartment housing were recognized by the general Korean public in a socio-cultural manner. For the analysis, a pool of artistically and publicly renowned Korean films between 1970 and 1999 was constructed. Through the scenes and their respective scripts, the characters, stories, cinematic messages, and architectural spaces were analyzed. The 1970s and 1980s films shed light on the large-scale, uniformly developed apartment complexes to reveal apartments as lonely, anonymous, closed spaces of the urban middle class. During the 1980s–1990s, the negative aspects of apartment developments were highlighted. These include a loss of place and memory, the disintegration of family, the deepening of relative poverty, and standardized desolated scenery. Negative perceptions toward apartments intensified in the 1990s to reveal a lack of communication between neighbors, externality, misunderstanding, and distrust. By diagnosing the Korean public’s negative view of apartments, this study will help find a better housing culture and the positive sustainability of apartments.

scholarly journals FACTORS THAT POTENTIALLY AFFECT THE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PENSION SYSTEM IN ROMANIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Luise Mladen
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Public Budget ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Social Protection Systems

In Romania, the State Social Security Budget spending exceeds the revenues, and this situation leads to a growing deficit of the public budget. This evolution is the result of a complex of factors, more or less difficult to be managed, which we analyze in this article. The phenomenon of ageing has a significant role in increasing the pressure on the social protection systems, in general, and on the pension system, in particular. Also, the labour market related factors and the economic factors have an important impact on the sustainability of the pension system. The design of the pension system is equally important.

scholarly journals On the Social-Relational Moral Standing of AI: An Empirical Study Using AI-Generated Art

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Lima ◽  
Assem Zhunis ◽  
Lev Manovich ◽  
Meeyoung Cha
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Moral Standing ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Art Industry ◽  
Generative System ◽  
Shed Light

The moral standing of robots and artificial intelligence (AI) systems has become a widely debated topic by normative research. This discussion, however, has primarily focused on those systems developed for social functions, e.g., social robots. Given the increasing interdependence of society with nonsocial machines, examining how existing normative claims could be extended to specific disrupted sectors, such as the art industry, has become imperative. Inspired by the proposals to ground machines’ moral status on social relations advanced by Gunkel and Coeckelbergh, this research presents online experiments (∑N = 448) that test whether and how interacting with AI-generated art affects the perceived moral standing of its creator, i.e., the AI-generative system. Our results indicate that assessing an AI system’s lack of mind could influence how people subsequently evaluate AI-generated art. We also find that the overvaluation of AI-generated images could negatively affect their creator’s perceived agency. Our experiments, however, did not suggest that interacting with AI-generated art has any significant effect on the perceived moral standing of the machine. These findings reveal that social-relational approaches to AI rights could be intertwined with property-based theses of moral standing. We shed light on how empirical studies can contribute to the AI and robot rights debate by revealing the public perception of this issue.

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