scholarly journals Photothermal Determination of Absorption Coefficients in Optically Dense Fluids: Application to Oleic Acid and Water at CO Laser Wavelengths

1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1485-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dane Bicanic ◽  
Mihai Chirtoc ◽  
Ileana Chirtoc ◽  
Jan Paul Favier ◽  
Per Helander
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Laser Emission ◽  
Diffusion Length ◽  
Optical Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Dead Volume ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Co Laser ◽  
Piezoelectric Detection ◽  
Infrared Spectral

Values of optical absorption coefficient β in the infrared spectral region covered by the CO laser emission were measured for homogeneous, nonscattering, and optically very dense (4 × 104 m−1 < β< 4 × 105m−1) fluids (oleic acid and water) with the use of optothermal window (OW) spectroscopy. This new approach, which combines a photothermal technique with piezoelectric detection, offers several practical advantages over conventional techniques (easy loading and cleaning, no dead volume, simple recovery of sample, etc.). A linear correlation between the optothermal signal and β exists when thermal diffusion length μ in a sample is shorter than optical penetration depth 1/β. The apparatus was calibrated with distilled water (β = 3.38 × 104 m−1 at 1781 cm−1 wave-numbers). Experimentally found β values for oleic acid and water are consistent with those measured by the spectrophotometric method. Satisfactory measurements could be performed for (0.1 < βμ < 3); the optothermal signals were large enough and far from saturation.

Determination of O2 and N2 vibrational state distributions in CO laser-sustained plasmas

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonchul Lee ◽  
Matthew Chidley ◽  
Robert Leiweke ◽  
Walter Lempert ◽  
Igor Adamovich
Keyword(s):  
Vibrational State ◽  
Co Laser

The Dudley Lee Case: A new approach to factual causation and its implications for transformative jurisprudence

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Anmari Meerkotter
Keyword(s):  
Case Note ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Recent Contribution ◽  
New Approach ◽  
State Accountability ◽  
The Law ◽  
Transformative Impact ◽  
Constitutional Jurisprudence ◽  
Law Of Delict

The Constitutional Court (CC) judgment of Lee v Minister of Correction Services 2013 2SA 144 (CC) is a recent contribution to transformative constitutional jurisprudence in the field of the law of delict. This matter turned on the issue of factual causation in the context of wrongful and negligent systemic omissions by the state. In this case note, I explore the law relating to this element of delictual liability with specific regard to the traditional test for factual causation – the conditio sine qua non (‘but-for’) test. In particular, I note the problems occasioned by formalistic adherence to this test in the context of systemic state omissions as evidenced by the SCA judgment in the same matter. I also consider the manner in which English courts have addressed this problem. Thereafter, I analyse the CC’s broader approach to the determination of factual causation as one based on common sense and justice. I argue that this approach endorses a break from a formalistic application of the test and constitutes a step towards an approach which resonates with the foundational constitutional values of freedom, dignity and equality. Furthermore, it presents an appropriate solution to the problems associated with factual causation where systemic omissions are concerned. I then consider the transformative impact of the Lee judgment. In particular, I argue that the broader enquiry favoured by the CC facilitates the realisation of constitutionally guaranteed state accountability, and amounts to an extension of the existing norm of accountability jurisprudence. Hence, I contend that the judgment presents a further effort by the Constitutional Court to effect wholesale the constitutionalisation of the law of delict, as well as a vindicatory tool to be used by litigants who have been adversely affected by systemic state omissions.

Automatic Determination of Optimal FIB Operations for Improved Circuit Probing and Fast Reconfiguration

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Desplats ◽  
Timothee Dargnies ◽  
Jean-Christophe Courrege ◽  
Philippe Perdu ◽  
Jean-Louis Noullet
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Semiconductor Devices ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Automatic Determination ◽  
Metal Line ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Metal Layers

Abstract Focused Ion Beam (FIB) tools are widely used for Integrated Circuit (IC) debug and repair. With the increasing density of recent semiconductor devices, FIB operations are increasingly challenged, requiring access through 4 or more metal layers to reach a metal line of interest. In some cases, accessibility from the front side, through these metal layers, is so limited that backside FIB operations appear to be the most appropriate approach. The questions to be resolved before starting frontside or backside FIB operations on a device are: 1. Is it do-able, are the metal lines accessible? 2. What is the optimal positioning (e.g. accessing a metal 2 line is much faster and easier than digging down to a metal 6 line)? (for the backside) 3. What risk, time and cost are involved in FIB operations? In this paper, we will present a new approach, which allows the FIB user or designer to calculate the optimal FIB operation for debug and IC repair. It automatically selects the fastest and easiest milling and deposition FIB operations.

Determination of fatty acid content in some edible insects of Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Pino Moreno ◽  
A. Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Capric Acid ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Edible Insects

In the present paper we have determined the fatty acid content of some edible insects of Mexico. A comparative analysis of the insect species studied in this research showed that caproic acid was present in a minimal proportion which ranged between 0.01 for Periplaneta americana (nymphs) and 0.06 (g/100 g, dry basis) for Euschistus strenuus. The highest proportion of caprilic acid (0.09) was found in Tenebrio molitor (adults). Atta sp. had the highest amount of capric acid (0.26). Polistes sp. was found to be rich in lauric acid (0.77) and for myristic acid it had the highest content (5.64). Dactylopius sp. and E. strenuus were rich in palmitic acid (14.89). Euschistus taxcoensis had the highest quantity of palmitoleic acid (12.06). Llaveia axin exhibited the highest quantity of stearic acid (22.75). Polistes sp. was found to be rich in oleic acid (38.28). The highest quantity of linoleic acid was observed in T. molitor (larvae) (10.89), and in L. axin the highest content of linolenic acid (7.82) was obtained. A comparison between the species under the present investigation revealed that, in general, the insects are poor in caproic, caprilic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitoleic and linolenic acids, because the quantities were either minimal or could not be detected at all. They had moderate quantities of stearic, palmitic and linoleic acids and had high quantities of oleic acid. Finally it was concluded that although a particular insect species is unable to fulfil the total fatty acid need for a human, if consumed in combination they could definitely be able to supply a good amount of this highly valued nutrient.

scholarly journals New Method for Analysis of the Temporomandibular Joint Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3070
Author(s):  
Sebastian Iwaszenko ◽  
Jakub Munk ◽  
Stefan Baron ◽  
Adam Smoliński
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Section Plane ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Volume Of Interest ◽  
Gap Width

Modern dentistry commonly uses a variety of imaging methods to support diagnosis and treatment. Among them, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is particularly useful in presenting head structures, such as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The determination of the morphology of the joint is an important part of the diagnosis as well as the monitoring of the treatment results. It can be accomplished by measurement of the TMJ gap width at three selected places, taken at a specific cross-section. This study presents a new approach to these measurements. First, the CBCT images are denoised using curvilinear methods, and the volume of interest is determined. Then, the orientation of the vertical cross-section plane is computed based on segmented axial sections of the TMJ head. Finally, the cross-section plane is used to determine the standardized locations, at which the width of the gap between condyle and fossa is measured. The elaborated method was tested on selected TMJ CBCT scans with satisfactory results. The proposed solution lays the basis for the development of an autonomous method of TMJ index identification.

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