Changes in prices, sales, consumer spending, and beverage consumption one year after a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Berkeley, California, US: A before-and-after study

Abstract Background Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is contributing to the obesity epidemic. On 28 March 2017, Catalonia enacted a law levying an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages for public health reasons. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the tax on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in Catalonia (Spain). Methods Before-and-after study to assess changes in the prevalence of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among 1929 persons aged 12 to 40 years residing in low-income neighbourhoods of Barcelona (intervention) and Madrid (control). Beverage consumption frequency was ascertained via a validated questionnaire administered during the month prior to the tax’s introduction (May 2017) and again at 1 year after it had come into force. The effect of the tax was obtained using Poisson regression models with robust variance weighted using propensity scores. Results While the prevalence of regular consumers of taxed beverages fell by 39% in Barcelona as compared to Madrid, the prevalence of consumers of untaxed beverages remained stable. The main reason cited by more than two-thirds of those surveyed for reducing their consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was the increase in price, followed by a heightened awareness of their health effects. Conclusions The introduction of the Catalonian excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages was followed by a reduction in the prevalence of regular consumers of taxed beverages.

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Impact of an excise tax on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in Catalonia, Spain

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz187.025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

MA Royo Bordonada ◽

C Fernández Escobar ◽

L Simón ◽

B Sanz Barbero ◽

J Padilla

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Low Income ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Beverage Consumption ◽

Excise Tax ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is contributing to the obesity epidemic. On 28 March 2017, Catalonia enacted a law levying an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages for public health reasons. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the tax on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in Catalonia (Spain). Methods Before-and-after study to assess changes in the prevalence of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among 1929 persons aged 12 to 40 years residing in low-income neighbourhoods of Barcelona (intervention) and Madrid (control). Beverage consumption frequency was ascertained via a validated questionnaire administered during the month prior to the tax’s introduction (May 2017) and again at one year after it had come into force. The effect of the tax was obtained using Poisson regression models with robust variance. Results While the prevalence of regular consumers of taxed beverages fell by 41% in Barcelona as compared to Madrid, the prevalence of consumers of untaxed beverages remained stable. The main reason cited by more than two-thirds of those surveyed for reducing their consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was the increase in price, followed by a heightened awareness of their health effects. Conclusions The introduction of the Catalonian excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages was followed by a reduction in the prevalence of regular consumers of taxed beverages. Key messages This is the first study to show the efficacy of the Catalonian excise tax to reduce the prevalence of regular consumers of sugar sweetened beverages by residents of low-income neighbourhoods in Spain. Our results, along with the remaining scientific evidence on the subject, would justify the extension of the measure to the rest of Spain for public health reasons.

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Associations between beverage consumption of parents and their children. The ToyBox-study

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120006576 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Paloma Flores Barrantes ◽

Alicia Larruy ◽

Maria Luisa Miguel-Berges ◽

Pilar De Miguel-Etayo ◽

Iris Iglesia-Altaba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Role Models ◽

Fruit Juice ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Drinking Behavior ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Fruit Juices ◽

Self Report ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Beverage Consumption ◽

Sweetened Beverages

AbstractIntroduction: Dietary habits are established from a very young age. Parental role modeling is an important factor influencing the eating behavior of their children. Drinking behavior may have an impact in the development of childhood obesity. This study aimed to explore the correlations of core drinking beverages between parents and their children.Materials and Methods: The present study included children of 3.5–5.5 years and their parents from the (Multifactorial evidence-based approach using behavioral models in understanding and promoting fun, healthy food, play and policy for the prevention of obesity in early childhood) ToyBox study. The study was a kindergarten-based family-involved intervention, in preschool children from six European countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland, and Spain. For this study, we analyzed data from the baseline cross-sectional survey.Data on consumption frequency of water, homemade or fresh fruit juice, prepacked fruit juice, light beverages and sugared sweetened beverages consumption from parents and their children was obtained via a validated food frequency questionnaire. Parents were given examples of serving sizes and asked about how to self-report their usual consumption per day or week. Beverage consumption of children was reported by their parents and information about frequency and portion sizes was collected. Body weight and height of children was measured and classified according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Bivariate correlations were performed to analyze beverage consumption (servings per day) in children and their parents.Results: The studied sample included 5266 pairs of children (49.2% girls) and parents (91.7% women) that were included in the analysis.Girls presented higher correlations in water (r2 = 0,317) and sugar sweetened beverages (r2 = 0,302), whereas boys, presented slightly higher correlations of light soft drinks (r2 = 0,273), pure fruit juices (r2 = 0,308) and prepacked fruit juices (r2 = 0,324), all of them at < 0.01 level of significance. Considering boys and girls together, a slightly higher significant correlation coefficients were found between children-parents’ dyads with overweight/obesity compared to normal weight children-parentś for sugar sweetened beverages (r2 = 0,303) and light soft drinks (r2 = 0,396).Discussion: Beverage consumption of children and their parents were found to be moderately correlated. Overweight children seem to have better correlations with their parents in relation of sugar sweetened beverages and light soft drinks. Parents should encourage a healthy beverage consumption for their own health and most important, because there are key role models to their children.

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Effect of Commercially Available Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Subjective Appetite and Short-Term Food Intake in Boys

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11020270 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 270 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kelly Poirier ◽

Julia Totosy de Zepetnek ◽

Lorianne Bennett ◽

Neil Brett ◽

Terence Boateng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Random Order ◽

Chocolate Milk ◽

Water Control ◽

Short Term ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Beverage Consumption ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Fruit Drink ◽

Regulatory Controls

It is unclear whether sugar sweetened beverages bypass regulatory controls of food intake (FI) in boys. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of isovolumetric preloads (350 mL) of a fruit-flavoured drink (154 kcal), cola (158 kcal), 1% M.F. chocolate milk (224 kcal), and water (0 kcal) on subjective appetite and FI in boys aged 9–14 years. On four separate mornings, boys consumed one of the preloads in a random order; subjective appetite was measured at 15 min intervals, and FI was measured via an ad libitum pizza lunch at 60 min post-beverage consumption. In the 32 boys (age: 11.8 ± 0.3 years), FI was reduced (p < 0.001) after cola (940 ± 46 kcal) and chocolate milk (878 ± 41 kcal) compared with the water control (1048 ± 35 kcal) and after chocolate milk compared to the fruit drink (1005 ± 44 kcal). Cumulative FI after the fruit drink was greater than the water control (1159 ± 44 vs. 1048 ± 35 kcal; p = 0.03). Average appetite was not affected by the treatment, but the cola treatment resulted in greater fullness (p = 0.04) and lower prospective food consumption (p = 0.004) compared with the fruit drink. In conclusion, chocolate milk and cola suppressed next-meal FI at 60 min, while fruit drink increased cumulative FI (beverage + next meal) over 60 min in boys. Results from this study suggest that beverage composition is an important determinant of FI suppression in boys.

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Reduced Availability of Sugar-sweetened Beverages and Diet Soda Has a Limited Impact on Beverage Consumption Patterns in Maine High School Youth

Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior ◽

10.1016/j.jneb.2007.12.004 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 341-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Janet E. Whatley Blum ◽

Anne-Marie Davee ◽

Christina M. Beaudoin ◽

Paul L. Jenkins ◽

Lori A. Kaley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Consumption Patterns ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Limited Impact ◽

Beverage Consumption ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Diet Soda ◽

School Youth

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Restaurant kids’ meal beverage offerings before and after implementation of healthy default beverage policy statewide in California compared to citywide in Wilmington, Delaware

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021001245 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-23

Author(s):

Lorrene D. Ritchie ◽

Laura Lessard ◽

Phoebe Harpainter ◽

Marisa M. Tsai ◽

Gail Woodward-Lopez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Policy Implementation ◽

Low Income ◽

Multilevel Logistic Regression ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Additional Information ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Before And After ◽

Manager Perceptions ◽

Quick Service

Abstract Objective: In 2019, California and Wilmington, Delaware implemented policies requiring healthier default beverages with restaurant kids’ meals. This study assessed restaurant beverage offerings and manager perceptions. Design: Pre-post menu observations were conducted in California and Wilmington. Observations of cashiers/servers during orders were conducted pre-post implementation in California and post-implementation in Wilmington. Changes in California were compared using multilevel logistic regression and paired t-tests. Post-implementation, managers were interviewed. Setting: Inside and drive-through ordering venues in a sample of quick-service restaurants in low-income California communities and all restaurants in Wilmington subject to the policy, the month before and 7-12 months after policy implementation. Participants: Restaurant observations (California n=110; Wilmington n=14); managers (California n=75; Wilmington n=15). Results: Pre-implementation, the most common kids’ meal beverages on California menus were unflavored milk and water (78.8%, 52.0%); in Wilmington, juice, milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages were most common (81.8%, 66.7%, 46.2%). Post-implementation, menus including only policy-consistent beverages significantly increased in California (9.7% to 66.1%, p<0.0001), but remained constant in Wilmington (30.8%). During orders, cashiers/servers offering only policy-consistent beverages significantly decreased post-implementation in California (5.0% to 1.0%, p=0.002). Few managers (California 29.3%; Wilmington 0%) reported policy knowledge, although most expressed support. Most managers wanted additional information for customers and staff. Conclusions: While the proportion of menus offering only policy-consistent kids’ meal default beverages increased in California, offerings did not change in Wilmington. In both jurisdictions managers lacked policy knowledge and few cashiers/servers offered only policy-consistent beverages. Additional efforts are needed to strengthen implementation of kids’ meal beverage policies.

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Water Drinking and its Correlation with Beverage Consumption in Korean Adolescents

American Journal of Health Behavior ◽

10.5993/ajhb.45.1.12 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 152-160

Author(s):

Mi Ah Han

Keyword(s):

Drinking Behavior ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Beverage Consumption ◽

Korean Adolescents ◽

Water Drinking ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

The Status

Objectives: Water intake has been recognized as a critical factor for important health outcomes. This study was an investigation of the status of water drinking and its correlation with beverage consumption among Korean adolescents. Methods: The population of this cross-sectional study included Korean adolescents (N = 57,302) from the 15th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2019). Descriptive statistical and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the water-drinking behavior during a previous 7-day period according to the general characteristics of the adolescents. Associations were tested between water drinking and beverage consumption (carbonated beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages, energy/high-caffeine drinks, and milk). Results: Overall, 4.1% of adolescents drank less than one glass, 19.6% drank one to 2 glasses, 23.1% drank 3 glasses, 17.8% drank 4 glasses, and 35.4% drank ≥ 5 glasses of water per day during the last 7 days. The distribution of water drinking differed according to the characteristics of adolescents and was associated with the frequencies of consumption of carbonated drinks, and sugar-sweetened drinks. More than 3 times the carbonated drink (aOR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.19-1.38) and sugar-sweetened drink consumption (aOR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.16-1.34) were associated with lower water drinking. Conclusions: Higher consumption of carbonated and sugar-sweetened beverages was associated with less water drinking.

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Reduction of chronic malnutrition for infants in Bogotá, Colombia

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10620-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paula Andrea Castro Prieto ◽

Kenny Margarita Trujillo Ramírez ◽

Sergio Moreno ◽

Juan Sebastián Holguín ◽

Diana María Pineda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Public Health Intervention ◽

Nutrition Intervention ◽

Growth Trajectory ◽

Final Measurement ◽

Before And After ◽

One Year ◽

Before And After Study ◽

Height For Age

Abstract Background According to the 2015 National Survey of the Nutritional Situation in Colombia the prevalence of stunting in children under 5 years of age was 10.8%. In terms of region, Bogotá, presented the highest prevalence rate (13%), a figure that exceeded national records. With the collaboration of local and national government, and nongovernmental it was decided to develop a pilot study involving a public health intervention with residents of Bogotá under 1 year of age with nutritional classification by anthropometry compatible with stunting risk or stunting. Methods Pre-experimental, before and after study that sought to determine the magnitude of the change in nutritional status through a 10 months public health nutrition intervention in children under one-year-old residing in 3 prioritized territories of Bogotá. Results The intervention comprised 1126 children living in the following territories in Bogotá: Kennedy, San Cristóbal, and Engativá. A total of 43.3% children presented delay in height for age, and 56.7% presented risk of short stature. In the final measurement, data were obtained from 686 children, identifying that 17% of the children progressed from stunting to a stunting risk and that 4.5% recovered their growth trajectory, achieving an adequate length for their age. Conclusion That children classified as at risk or stunting at the beginning of the intervention showed an increased probability of approaching or being in the appropriate growth trajectory according to the length-for-age indicator after the intervention.

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Reduction in sugar-sweetened beverages is not associated with more water or diet drinks

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980010002727 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 1388-1393 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Jenny Veitch ◽

Amika Singh ◽

Maartje M van Stralen ◽

Willem van Mechelen ◽

Johannes Brug ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Controlled Trial ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Intervention Effect ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Beverage Consumption ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Diet Drinks

AbstractObjectiveThe Dutch Obesity Intervention in Teenagers (DOiT) is a school-based randomised controlled trial that was effective in decreasing the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among adolescents. The present study examined, using mediation analysis, whether this decrease in consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages could be explained by an increase in the consumption of water or diet drinks.DesignParticipants completed a questionnaire about their beverage consumption at baseline and at 8 months (immediately post-intervention), 12- and 20-month follow-ups. A series of multi-level linear regression analyses were performed to examine water and diet drink consumption as potential mediators of the intervention effect on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.SettingEighteen Dutch secondary schools.SubjectsA total of 747 adolescents (mean age: 12·7 years).ResultsIn addition to the DoiT intervention effect of a reduction in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages at 8 months (−284 ml/d; 95 % CI −420, −148) and 12 months (−260 ml/d; 95 % CI −360, −160), there was also a significant reduction in diet drinks at 8 months (−52 ml/d; 95 % CI −89, −16). There was no significant difference in water consumption at any follow-up. The decrease in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption could not be explained by an increase in water or diet drink consumption at any time point.ConclusionsInterventions aimed at reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption may be effective without changing consumption of other beverages. Reducing sugar-sweetened beverages was, however, a main message of the DOiT intervention. It is possible that a concomitant promotion of water may have resulted in a greater increase in water intake and replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages with water.

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Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption from 1998–2017: Findings from the health behaviour in school-aged children/school health research network in Wales

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0248847 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0248847

Author(s):

Kelly Morgan ◽

Emily Lowthian ◽

Jemma Hawkins ◽

Britt Hallingberg ◽

Manal Alhumud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Health ◽

Energy Drinks ◽

Research Network ◽

Socioeconomic Group ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Beverage Consumption ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Consumption Rates

To date no study has examined time trends in adolescent consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and energy drinks, or modelled change in inequalities over time. The present study aimed to fill this gap by identifying historical trends among secondary school students in Wales, United Kingdom. The present study includes 11–16 year olds who completed the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey and the Welsh School Health Research Network (SHRN) survey between 1998 to 2017. Multinomial regression models were employed alongside tests for interaction effects. A total of 176,094 student responses were assessed. From 1998 to 2017, the prevalence of daily sugar-sweetened beverage consumption decreased (57% to 18%) while weekly consumption has remained constant since 2006 (49% to 52%). From 2013 to 2017, daily consumption of energy drinks remained stable (6%) while weekly consumption reports steadily decreased (23% to 15%). Boys, older children and those from a low socioeconomic group reported higher consumption rates of sugar-sweetened beverages and energy drinks. Consumption according to socioeconomic group was the only characteristic to show a statistically significant change over time, revealing a widening disparity between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption rates of those from low and high socioeconomic groups. Findings indicate a positive shift in overall consumption rates of both sugar-sweetened beverages and energy drinks. Adolescents from a low socioeconomic group however were consistently shown to report unfavourable sugar-sweetened beverages consumption when compared to peers from high socioeconomic group. Given the established longer term impacts of sugar-sweetened beverage and energy drink consumption on adolescent health outcomes, urgent policy action is required to reduce overall consumption rates, with close attention to equity of impact throughout policy design and evaluation plans.

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