scholarly journals Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as potential vectors for Leishmania martiniquensis and Trypanosoma sp. in northern Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0010014
Author(s):  
Sakone Sunantaraporn ◽  
Arunrat Thepparat ◽  
Atchara Phumee ◽  
Sriwatapron Sor-Suwan ◽  
Rungfar Boonserm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Potential Vector ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Biting Midge ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
And Control

Biting midges of genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the vectors of several pathogenic arboviruses and parasites of humans and animals. Several reports have suggested that biting midges might be a potential vector of Leishmania parasites. In this study, we screened for Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA in biting midges collected from near the home of a leishmaniasis patient in Lamphun province, northern Thailand by using UV-CDC light traps. The identification of biting midge species was based on morphological characters and confirmed using the Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The detection of Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA was performed by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes, respectively. All the amplified PCR amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The collected 223 biting midges belonged to seven species (Culicoides mahasarakhamense, C. guttifer, C. innoxius, C. sumatrae, C. huffi, C. oxystoma, and C. palpifer). The dominant species found in this study was C. mahasarakhamense (47.53%). Leishmania martiniquensis DNA was detected in three samples of 106 specimens of C. mahasarakhamense tested indicating a field infection rate of 2.83%, which is comparable to reported rates in local phlebotomines. Moreover, we also detected Trypanosoma sp. DNA in one sample of C. huffi. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular detection of L. martiniquensis in C. mahasarakhamense as well as the first detection of avian Trypanosoma in C. huffi. Blood meal analysis of engorged specimens of C. mahasarakhamense, C. guttifer, and C. huffi revealed that all specimens had fed on avian, however, further studies of the host ranges of Culicoides are needed to gain a better insight of potential vectors of emerging leishmaniasis. Clarification of the vectors of these parasites is also important to provide tools to establish effective disease prevention and control programs in Thailand.

scholarly journals Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Gansu, northwest China

Parasite ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Yilin Wang ◽  
Jianke Cao ◽  
Yankai Chang ◽  
Fuchang Yu ◽  
Sumei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
And Control

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are common gastrointestinal parasites with a broad range of hosts, including humans, livestock, and wildlife. To examine the infection status and assess the zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in dairy cattle in Gansu, China, a total of 1414 fecal samples were collected from the rectum, with one sample collected from each individual animal. All the samples were tested using nested PCR based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. The overall infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis were 4.2% (n = 59) and 1.0% (n = 14), respectively. Four Cryptosporidium species were identified: C. andersoni (n = 42), C. parvum (n = 12), C. bovis (n = 5), and C. ryanae (n = 1). In further analyses of subtypes of C. parvum isolates based on the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, five were successfully subtyped as IIdA19G1 (n = 4) and IIdA15G1 (n = 1). All 14 G. duodenalis isolates were identified as assemblage E using the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene. The relatively low positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis detected here and the predominance of non-human pathogenic species/assemblages of these parasites indicated their unique transmission dynamics in this area and the low level of threat posed to public health. However, continuous monitoring and further studies of these parasites should be conducted for the prevention and control of these pathogens.

Phylogenetic analysis of the rumen ciliate family Ophryoscolecidae based on 18S ribosomal RNA sequences, with new sequences fromDiplodinium,Eudiplodinium, andOphryoscolex

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 963-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
André-Denis G. Wright ◽  
Denis H. Lynn
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Rna Sequences ◽  
Ribosomal Rna Sequences ◽  
The Family

Phylogenetic relationships within the largest family of entodiniomorphid rumen ciliates, the Ophryoscolecidae, were inferred from comparisons of small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. These included three new sequences from Diplodinium dentatum (1638 base pairs (bp)), Eudiplodinium maggii (1637 bp), and Ophryoscolex purkynjei (1636 bp). Using morphological characters, Lubinsky constructed a cladogram of the Ophryoscolecidae, and on the basis of his analysis, he divided the family into three subfamilies (Entodiniinae, Diplodiniinae, Ophryoscolecinae) to reflect his "natural" groupings (G. Lubinsky. 1957. Can. J. Zool. 35: 141 – 159). Our cladistic analysis, based on the limited morphological and ultrastructural data available, indicates that there are no synapomorphies supporting the Diplodiniinae sensu Lubinsky. However, based upon the six 18S sequences for the Ophryoscolecidae, the rumen ciliates are monophyletic and fall into three distinct groups corresponding to Lubinsky's subfamilial division of the family. Our molecular analysis shows Entodinium to be the earliest branching rumen ciliate (subfamily Entodiniinae) and Eudiplodinium, not Diplodiium, branching first among the diplodiniines.

Parasitodiplogaster species associated with Pharmacosycea figs in Panama

Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Robin M. Giblin-Davis ◽  
Weimin Ye ◽  
Edward Allen Herre ◽  
Barbara J. Center
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Monophyletic Clade ◽  
Male Tail ◽  
Stomatal Morphology ◽  
Rna Genes

Parasitodiplogaster species that are associated with figs in the Ficus subsection Pharmacosycea, i.e., Ficus maxima, F. yoponensis, F. insipida and F. glabrata, were studied using morphological characters and molecular sequences. Some nematodes isolated from the fig sycones were casually observed and recorded as morphospecies according to their morphotype, and were then digested for their DNA, while others were fixed in formalin-glycerin for additional morphological study. High resolution microscopic observation of the morphological materials yielded five morphospecies including two nominal species, P. maxinema and P. pharmaconema. The morphospecies were distinguished from each other by male tail characters. By contrast, five and six genotypes were recognised by D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU) and near-full-length sequences of small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA genes, respectively. Except for two nominal species, genotypes and morphospecies were not clearly correlated because of limitations in the microscopic resolution in the initial morphotyping. Although the morphospecies and genotypes were not clearly paired, Pharmacosycea-associated Parasitodiplogaster species, which are tentatively referred to as the ‘P. maxinema group’, formed a monophyletic clade in both D2/D3 LSU and SSU analyses and are morphologically characterised by their stomatal morphology, i.e., a tube-shaped stoma with two stick-like teeth and male tail morphology, presence of nine paired papillae and relatively slender spicule.

Mixia osmundae: transfer from the Ascomycota to the Basidiomycota based on evidence from molecules and morphology

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 660-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromi Nishida ◽  
Katsuhiko Ando ◽  
Yasuo Ando ◽  
Aiko Hirata ◽  
Junta Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
18S Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
Fungal Evolution ◽  
Sporobolomyces Roseus ◽  
Sporidiobolus Johnsonii

To determine phylogenetic placement of Mixia osmundae (T. Nishida) Kramer (Mixiaceae, Protomycetales), we sequenced the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene from M. osmundae IFO-32408 and compared it with that from 4 archiascomycetes (Ascomycota) and 24 basidiomycetes. Our molecular phylogeny indicates that M. osmundae and the basidiomycetes Rhodosporidium toruloides, Leucosporidium scottii, Sporobolomyces roseus, Sporidiobolus johnsonii, Cronartium ribicola, Peridermium harknessii, and Erythrobasidium hasegawianum group together in 100% of bootstrap replicates. The M. osmundae spores on the host fern Osmunda japonica have been regarded as ascospores (i.e., endogenously produced within an ascus), but our light microscopic, SEM, and TEM observations for fresh materials of M. osmundae on O. japonica in Japan clearly demonstrated that these are produced exogenously, blastically, and simultaneously from the sporogenous cell. Evidence from both molecular and morphological characters suggests that M. osmundae is not a member of the ascomycetes and is not related to either the Taphrinales or Protomycetales. Obviously Mixia osmundae is a member of the basidiomycetes and placed within the simple septate basidiomycete lineage. Key words: fungal evolution, basidiomycete phylogeny, Mixia osmundae, Taphrinales, Protomycetales, 18S rRNA.

scholarly journals  Bluetongue: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 430-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sperlova ◽  
D. Zendulkova
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Biting Midge ◽  
Culicoides Imicola ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Control

 Bluetongue is a non-contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by a virus within the Orbivirus genus of the family Reoviridae and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. It is a reportable disease of considerable socioeconomic concern and of major importance for the international trade of animals and animal products. In the past, bluetongue endemic areas were found between latitudes 40°N and 35°S; however, bluetongue has recently spread far beyond this traditional range. This is in accordance with the extension of areas in which the biting midge Culicoides imicola, the major vector of the virus in the “Old World”, is active. After 1998 new serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) were discovered in Southern European and Mediterranean countries. Since 2006 BTV-serotype 8 has also been reported from the countries in Northern and Western Europe where Culicoides imicola has not been found. In such cases, BTV is transmitted by Palearctic biting midges, such as C. obsoletus or C. dewulfi, and the disease has thus spread much further north than BTV has ever previously been detected. New BTV serotypes have recently been identified also in Israel, Australia and the USA. This review presents comprehensive information on this dangerous disease including its history, spread, routes of transmission and host range, as well as the causative agent and pathogenesis and diagnosis of the disease. It also deals with relevant preventive and control measures to be implemented in areas with bluetongue outbreaks.  

scholarly journals Cockroach as a Vector of Blastocystis sp. is Risk for Golden Monkeys in Zoo

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-587
Author(s):  
Lei Ma ◽  
Yongbin Zhang ◽  
Haixia Qiao ◽  
Shuai Li ◽  
Heqin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
North China ◽  
Abdominal Distension ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Evolution Analysis ◽  
Blastocystis Sp ◽  
And Control

Blastocystis sp. is a kind of protozoa living in the intestinal tract of human and animals, which will cause intestinal diseases such as diarrhea, abdominal distension and vomiting. This paper was aimed to understand the infection of Blastocystis sp. In golden monkeys and the transmission path in North China. Thirty-seven feces samples from golden monkeys and 116 cockroach samples from Shijiazhuang Zoo were collected from July to October 2019 for PCR analysis of Blastocystis sp. Genetic diversity analysis was further conducted on the samples with positive PCR results. The results showed that the infection rate was 48.7% (18/37) in golden monkeys and 82.8% (96/116) in cockroaches, respectively. The genetic evolution analysis based on small subunit ribosomal RNA demonstrated that three subtypes (ST) of Blastocystis sp. including ST1, ST2, and ST3 existed in the intestinal tract of golden monkeys, while only ST2 was detected in the intestinal tract of cockroaches. This paper may provide supports for the quarantine and control of Blastocystis sp. for the zoo in Northern China.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium spp. in Aratinga jandaia, Diopsittaca nobilis and Pionus menstruus in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Dayane Barbosa De Vasconcelos ◽  
Edison Eduardo Vasconcellos Goulart De Amarante ◽  
Mariane Marques da Guarda Pinto ◽  
Daniel De Almeida Balthazar ◽  
Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Ara Macao ◽  
Amazona Amazonica

Background: Cryptosporidium is an important protozoan in public health and veterinary medicine that often causes diarrhea in an array of hosts in developed/developing countries. Infection of the gastrointestinal system is the most common, but the respiratory system and other sites can also be affected, especially in birds and immunocompromised individuals. Transmission occurs through ingestion or inhalation of oocysts. The number of wild animals, including those in the class of birds, infected with this parasite has grown in recent years. This study aimed to report parasitism by Cryptosporidium spp. in captive-raised birds of family Psittacidae at the Rio City Zoo in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-three pools of fecal samples of the species Amazona aestiva, Amazona amazonica, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, Ara auricollis, Ara canga, Ara glaucogularis, Ara macao, Ara manilapa, Ara maracana, Ara rubrogenys, Aratinga erythrogenys, Aratinga cactorum, Aratinga auerea, Aratinga mitrata, Aratinga auricapilla, Aratinga jandaia, Aratinga wagleri, Aratinga leucophthalmus, Brotogeris acuticaudata, Cynoliseus patagonus, Caracopsis vasa, Diopsittaca nobilis, Graydidascalus brachyurus, Muopsitta monachus, Nangayus nenday, Pionites melancephala, Pionites leucogaster, Pionus menstruus, Pionus chalcopteus, Pionus maxiliani, Pyrrhura perlata, Pyrrhura leucotis, and Triclharia malachitacea, kept in separate enclosures, were analyzed using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detection of parasitic antigens. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) was conducted in order to identify the species Cryptosporidium in the positive samples targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA), followed by sequencing and analysis of the DNA amplicons. Cryptosporidium spp. antigen was detected in three (9%) of the thirtythree pools assessed, corresponding to the following species of family Psittacidae: Jandaya parakeet (Aratinga jandaya), Red-shouldered macaw (Diopsittaca nobilis), and Blue-headed parrot (Pionus menstruus). Positivity of the three samples was confirmed by qPCR analysis, but it was not possible to identify the species of Cryptosporidium by this technique.Discussion: Zoonotic diseases, such as cryptosporidiosis, have been reported in wild and captive-bred animals worldwide. Several species of the class of birds are parasitized by Cryptosporidium spp. Infection in order Psittaciformes has been described in some species raised in captivity in Brazil; however, no reports of Cryptosporidium spp. infecting the following species of order Psittaciformes: Jandaya parakeet (Aratinga jandaia), Red-breasted macaw (Diopsittaca nobilis), and Blue-headed parrot (Pionus menstrus), were found in the specific scientific literature. The present study detected infection by Cryptosporidium spp. in three species of order Psittaciformes using ELISA and confirmed the positivity of the samples by qPCR, but the species of Cryptosporidium could not be identified. These infected birds should be carefully investigated, with identification of the species and analysis of their zoonotic potential, because they can be sources of environmental contamination and infection for the caregivers, visitors, and other animals of the Zoo. This is the first report of parasitism by Cryptosporidium spp. in these species of family Psittacidae in Brazil.

scholarly journals Freshwater ascomycetes: Lophiostoma vaginatispora comb. nov. (Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Lophiostomaceae) based on morphological and molecular data

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang Zhang ◽  
Kevin D. Hyde ◽  
Yongchang Zhao ◽  
ERIC H.C. MCKENZIE ◽  
Dequn Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

Lophiostoma vaginatispora comb. nov. was collected from submerged wood in a stream in Northern Thailand. The species is characteristic by immersed to erumpent ascomata, with slot-like ostioles, with long, branched and numerous periphyses, an unequally thick peridium where the upper part is narrower than the lower part, and 1-septate, narrowly fusiform ascospores with a thick surrounding papilionaceous sheath. The placement of this species in Lophiostoma is based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of the partial nuclear ribosomal 18S small subunit and 28S large subunit DNA sequence data. Lophiostoma vaginatispora is distinguished from other Lophiostoma species in possessing a wide papilionaceous sheath.

scholarly journals Species diversity, molecular phylogeny and ecological habits of Cyanosporus (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) with an emphasis on Chinese collections

MycoKeys ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 19-46
Author(s):  
Shun Liu ◽  
Tai-Min Xu ◽  
Chang-Ge Song ◽  
Chang-Lin Zhao ◽  
Dong-Mei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ribosomal Rna Gene

Cyanosporus is a genus widely distributed in Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania. It grows on different angiosperm and gymnosperm trees and can cause brown rot of wood. Blue-tinted basidiomata of Cyanosporus makes it easy to distinguish from other genera, but the similar morphological characters make it difficult to identify species within the genus. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Cyanosporus were carried out based on worldwide samples with an emphasis on Chinese collections, and the species diversity of the genus is updated. Four new species, C. flavus, C. rigidus, C. subungulatus and C. tenuicontextus, are described based on the evidence of morphological characters, distribution areas, host trees and molecular phylogenetic analyses inferred from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit of mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF). Our study expanded the number of Cyanosporus species to 35 around the world including 23 species from China. Detailed descriptions of the four new species and the geographical locations of the Cyanosporus species in China are provided.

scholarly journals High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes Identified in Cryptosporidiosis Acquired in Sweden and Abroad

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
Marianne Lebbad ◽  
Jadwiga Winiecka-Krusnell ◽  
Christen Rune Stensvold ◽  
Jessica Beser
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
Intestinal Protozoan ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Glycoprotein Gene ◽  
High Diversity

The intestinal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to expand the knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden to better understand transmission patterns and potential zoonotic sources. Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples were collected between January 2013 and December 2014 from 12 regional clinical microbiology laboratories in Sweden. Species and subtype determination was achieved using small subunit ribosomal RNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein gene analysis. Samples were available for 398 patients, of whom 250 (63%) and 138 (35%) had acquired the infection in Sweden and abroad, respectively. Species identification was successful for 95% (379/398) of the samples, revealing 12 species/genotypes: Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 299), C. hominis (n = 49), C. meleagridis (n = 8), C. cuniculus (n = 5), Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I (n = 5), C. felis (n = 4), C. erinacei (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), and one each of C. suis, C. viatorum, C. ditrichi, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype. One patient was co-infected with C. parvum and C. hominis. Subtyping was successful for all species/genotypes, except for C. ditrichi, and revealed large diversity, with 29 subtype families (including 4 novel ones: C. parvum IIr, IIs, IIt, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype VIc) and 81 different subtypes. The most common subtype families were IIa (n = 164) and IId (n = 118) for C. parvum and Ib (n = 26) and Ia (n = 12) for C. hominis. Infections caused by the zoonotic C. parvum subtype families IIa and IId dominated both in patients infected in Sweden and abroad, while most C. hominis cases were travel-related. Infections caused by non-hominis and non-parvum species were quite common (8%) and equally represented in cases infected in Sweden and abroad.

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