scholarly journals Total Control – Pollen Presentation and Floral Longevity in Loasaceae (Blazing Star Family) Are Modulated by Light, Temperature and Pollinator Visitation Rates

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e41121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilo Henning ◽  
Maximilian Weigend
Keyword(s):  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Floral Longevity ◽  
Visitation Rates ◽  
Pollen Presentation ◽  
Total Control

scholarly journals How does timing of flowering affect competition for pollinators, flower visitation and seed set in an early spring grassland plant?

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Kehrberger ◽  
Andrea Holzschuh
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Floral Longevity ◽  
Visitation Rates ◽  
Phenological Shifts

Abstract Knowledge on how the timing of flowering is related to plant fitness and species interactions is crucial to understand consequences of phenological shifts as they occur under climate change. Early flowering plants may face advantages of low competition for pollinators and disadvantages of low pollinator abundances and unfavourable weather conditions. However, it is unknown how this trade-off changes over the season and how the timing affects reproductive success. On eight grasslands we recorded intra-seasonal changes in pollinators, co-flowering plants, weather conditions, flower visitation rates, floral longevity and seed set of Pulsatilla vulgaris. Although bee abundances and the number of pollinator-suitable hours were low at the beginning of the season, early flowers of P. vulgaris received higher flower visitation rates and estimated total number of bee visits than later flowers, which was positively related to seed set. Flower visitation rates decreased over time and with increasing number of co-flowering plants, which competed with P. vulgaris for pollinators. Low interspecific competition for pollinators seems to be a major driver for early flowering dates. Thus, non-synchronous temporal shifts of co-flowering plants as they may occur under climate warming can be expected to strongly affect plant-pollinator interactions and the fitness of the involved plants.

scholarly journals The factors influencing the pollinators visitation of the oilseed rape cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 574-580
Author(s):  
Jan Kazda ◽  
Aneta Bokšová ◽  
Martina Stejskalová ◽  
Tomáš Šubrt ◽  
Jan Bartoška ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Visitation Rates ◽  
The Individual

Currently, the hybrid cultivars are predominant in the cultivation of winter oilseed rape in Europe. Cultivation of hybrid cultivars instead of the traditional line can affect the visitation of pollinators. Beekeepers and farmers claim that hybrid cultivars are not visited by pollinators as much as the line. Ten yellow and one white flowering oilseed rape cultivars were used to compare the visitation rates of pollinators (Apis mellifera L. and Bombus sp.) during flowering in the years 2015–2017. At the same time, the visitation of hybrid and line cultivars by pollinators was evaluated. Visitation of pollinators on each cultivar was calculated from observed visitations to flowering oilseed rape plants in an area 2.1 m<sup>2</sup> from the edge of single plots for 20 s. The results from this study clearly show that the individual cultivars, whether hybrids or lines, did not have a major influence on the pollinators’ visitation, either by honey bees or bumble bees. It is thus proved that hybrid cultivars do not affect the pollinator visitation and there is no need to worry about the prevalence of these cultivars in the Czech fields. However, a more significant effect for both pollinator groups appears to have been the color of the flower.

Pollinator visitation, pollen limitation, and selection on flower size through female function in contrasting habitats within a population of Campanula persicifolia

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivi-Irèn Hansen ◽  
Ørjan Totland
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Pollinator Attraction ◽  
Female Function ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Visitation Rates

We looked at whether flower visitation rates, pollen limitation on seed production, and phenotypic selection on flower size through female function varied across a sharp gradient in light intensity (open meadow vs. forest) within a population of the perennial plant Campanula persicifolia L. (Campanulaceae). Flower visitation rates of putative pollinators were similar in both habitats. Seed number per fruit was strongly pollen limited, with no difference in the magnitude of pollen limitation between the two habitats. This strong pollen limitation set the basis for significant phenotypic selection, through female function, on a trait that probably is important for pollinator attraction: flower size. This was revealed by path analysis and structural equation modelling. The lack of difference in pollen limitation on seed production in the two habitats may be explained by the similarity in flower visitation rates in the two habitats. Moreover, the similarity in pollen limitation in the two habitats probably resulted in a similar magnitude and direction of selection on flower size through female function. Our results suggest that pollen limitation and selection through female function may vary little across space within a popualtion despite large variation in the environmental conditions experienced by plants.

scholarly journals Pollinator Behaviour on a Food-Deceptive OrchidCalypso bulbosaand Coflowering Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Tuomi ◽  
Juho Lämsä ◽  
Lauri Wannas ◽  
Thomas Abeli ◽  
Anne Jäkäläniemi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Terrestrial Orchid ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Pollinator Behaviour ◽  
Visitation Rates ◽  
Competition Hypothesis ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
Pollination Strategy

Food deception as a pollination strategy has inspired many studies over the last few decades. Pollinator deception has evolved in many orchids possibly to enhance outcrossing. Food-deceptive orchids usually have low pollinator visitation rates as compared to rewarding species. They may benefit in visitations from the presence (magnet-species hypothesis) or, alternatively, absence of coflowering rewarding species (competition hypothesis). We present data on pollinator visitations on a deceptive, terrestrial orchidCalypso bulbosa, a species with a single flower per plant and whose flowering period partly overlaps with rewarding, early flowering willows (Salixsp.) and later-flowering bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). When surveying inactive bumblebee queens on willows in cool weather, about 7% of them carriedCalypsopollinia. Most common bumblebee species appeared to visit and thus pollinateCalypso. Bumblebees typically visited one to threeCalypsoflowers before flying away, providing some support for the outcrossing hypothesis. We conclude that, regarding the pollinations strategy, both magnet-species and competition hypotheses have a role in the pollination ofCalypso, but on different spatial scales. On a large scale rewarding species are important for attracting pollinators to a given region, but on a small scale absence of competition ensures sufficient pollination rate for the deceptive orchid.

scholarly journals The effects of experimental floral resource removal on plant-pollinator interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin A. Bain ◽  
Rachel G. Dickson ◽  
Andrea M. Gruver ◽  
Paul J. CaraDonna
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Species Loss ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Local Loss ◽  
Visitation Rates ◽  
Floral Visitor ◽  
Plant Pollinator

AbstractPollination is essential for ecosystem functioning, yet our understanding of the empirical consequences of species loss for plant-pollinator interactions remains limited. It is hypothesized that the loss of abundant and generalized (well-connected) species from a pollination network will have a large effect on the remaining species and their interactions. However, to date, relatively few studies have experimentally removed species from their natural setting to address this hypothesis. We investigated the consequences of losing an abundant, well-linked species from a series of plant-pollinator networks by experimentally removing the flowers of Helianthella quinquenervis (Asteraceae) from half of a series of 10 paired plots (15 m diameter) within a subalpine ecosystem. We then asked how the localized loss of this species influenced pollinator visitation patterns, floral visitor composition, and interaction network structure. The experimental removal of Helianthella flowers led to an overall decline in plot-level pollinator visitation rates and shifts in pollinator composition. Species-level responses to floral removal differed between the two other abundant, co-flowering plants in our experiment: Potentilla pulcherrima received higher visitation rates, whereas Erigeron speciosus visitation rates did not change. Experimental floral removal altered the structural properties of the localized plant-pollinator networks such that they were more specialized, less nested, and less robust to further species loss. Such changes to interaction structure were consistently driven more by species turnover than by interaction rewiring. Our findings suggest that the local loss of an abundant, well-linked, generalist plant can bring about diverse responses within pollination networks, including potential competitive and facilitative effects for individual species, changes to network structure that may render them more sensitive to future change, but also numerous changes to interactions that may also suggest flexibility in response to species loss.

scholarly journals Floral Longevity and Attraction of Arctic Lupine, Lupinus arcticus: Implications for Pollination Efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Clara Reid
Keyword(s):  
Colour Change ◽  
Flower Colour ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Floral Longevity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Floral Attraction ◽  
The Many

Pollination by insects is a mutualistic relationship in which flowers receive pollen for reproduction while pollinators are rewarded with pollen or nectar. Floral longevity (the period an individual flower blooms) and floral attraction (the period during which pollinators are attracted to the flower, often indicated by petal colour) both play prominent roles in plant and pollinator success. This study investigated whether floral longevity and floral attraction were mediated by pollination type in arctic lupine (Lupinus arcticus S. Wats.), a common herbaceous perennial in northwestern North America. Flowers were either open to pollinators, cross-pollinated by hand, or bagged to prevent cross-pollination, and floral longevity, seed set, and flower colour were observed. Open and hand-pollinated flowers had significantly shorter floral longevities and higher percent fruit sets than bagged flowers. A colour change of the banner petal marking from white to pink occurred in some flowers and was a signal of floral attraction, as pollinators preferentially visited pre-change flowers. Pre-change flowers contained more pollen and were less likely to have been injured by herbivory than post-change flowers, yet the colour change was not related to pollination type or fruit set. Pollination-induced shortening of floral longevity is likely an adaptation to limited plant resources and pollinator visitation rates. For L. arcticus, this could be influenced by short growing seasons and low annual temperatures in the study area. In the face of climatic changes and shifting species phenologies, the mediation of floral longevity by pollinators could decrease temporal mismatch between plants and their pollinators, yet the many factors at play make this difficult to accurately predict.  

scholarly journals Feeding the enemy: loss of nectar and nectaries to herbivores reduces tepal damage and increases pollinator attraction in Iris bulleyana

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 20170271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Ru Zhu ◽  
Min Yang ◽  
Jana C. Vamosi ◽  
W. Scott Armbruster ◽  
Tao Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hengduan Mountains ◽  
Alpine Plant ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Floral Nectar ◽  
Herbivore Damage ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Pollinator Attraction ◽  
Sw China ◽  
Visitation Rates ◽  
Herbivore Consumption

Floral nectar usually functions as a pollinator reward, yet it may also attract herbivores. However, the effects of herbivore consumption of nectar or nectaries on pollination have rarely been tested. We investigated Iris bulleyana , an alpine plant that has showy tepals and abundant nectar, in the Hengduan Mountains of SW China. In this region, flowers are visited mainly by pollen-collecting pollinators and nectarivorous herbivores. We tested the hypothesis that, in I. bulleyana , sacrificing nectar and nectaries to herbivores protects tepals and thus enhances pollinator attraction. We compared rates of pollination and herbivory on different floral tissues in plants with flowers protected from nectar and nectary consumption with rates in unprotected control plants. We found that nectar and nectaries suffered more herbivore damage than did tepals in natural conditions. However, the amount of tepal damage was significantly greater in the flowers with protected nectaries than in the controls; this resulted in significant differences in pollinator visitation rates. These results provide the first evidence that floral nectar and nectaries may be ‘sacrificed’ to herbivores, leading to reduced damage to other floral tissues that are more important for reproduction.

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