scholarly journals Evaluation of the Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm-Associated Virulence Factors AhrC and Eep in Rat Foreign Body Osteomyelitis and In Vitro Biofilm-Associated Antimicrobial Resistance

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e0130187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristi L. Frank ◽  
Paschalis Vergidis ◽  
Cassandra L. Brinkman ◽  
Kerryl E. Greenwood Quaintance ◽  
Aaron M. T. Barnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Virulence Factors

Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence of Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Retail Food†

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
LORI L. McGOWAN-SPICER ◽  
PAULA J. FEDORKA-CRAY ◽  
JONATHAN G. FRYE ◽  
RICHARD J. MEINERSMANN ◽  
JOHN B. BARRETT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Overall Resistance ◽  
Retail Food

Although enterococci are considered opportunistic nosocomial pathogens, their contribution to foodborne illnesses via dissemination through retail food remains undefined. In this study, prevalence and association of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of 80 Enterococcus faecalis isolates from retail food items were investigated. The highest rates of resistance were observed for lincomycin (73 of 80 isolates, 91%) and bacitracin (57 of 80 isolates, 71%), and lower rates of resistance (≤40%) were found for chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, flavomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, and tylosin. Overall resistance to antimicrobials was low for most isolates tested. Of the virulence factors tested, the majority of isolates were positive for ccf (78 of 80 isolates, 98%), efaAfs (77 of 80, 96%), and cpd (74 of 80, 93%). Isolates also commonly contained cob (72 of 80 isolates, 90%) and gelE (68 of 80, 85%). Very few isolates contained cylMBA (12 of 80 isolates [15%] for cylM and 9 of 80 isolates [11%] for both cylB and cylA) and efaAfm (2 of 80 isolates, 3%). Positive statistical associations (significance level of 0.05) were found between agg and tetracycline resistance, cylM and erythromycin resistance, and gelE and efaAfs and lincomycin resistance. The presence of the cylB and cylA alleles also was positively correlated with bacitracin and tetracycline resistance. Negative correlations were observed between many of the virulence attributes and resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, flavomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and tylosin. These data suggest that both positive and negative associations exist between antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors in E. faecalis isolates from foods commonly purchased from grocery stores.

In vitro adhesive properties and virulence factors of Enterococcus faecalis strains

2002 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Archimbaud ◽  
Nathan Shankar ◽  
Christiane Forestier ◽  
Arto Baghdayan ◽  
Michael S Gilmore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Adhesive Properties

scholarly journals Characteristics of High-Level Aminoglycoside-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Bulk Tank Milk in Korea

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1724
Author(s):  
Hyo Jung Kang ◽  
Sunghyun Yoon ◽  
Koeun Kim ◽  
Young Ju Lee
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
High Level

Enterococci, which are considered environmental mastitis-causing pathogens, have easily acquired aminoglycoside-resistant genes that encode various aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AME). Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the distribution of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant (HLAR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) bacteria isolated from bulk tank milk in four dairy companies in Korea. Moreover, it analyzed the characteristics of their antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors. Among the 301 E. faecalis bacteria studied, 185 (61.5%) showed HLAR with no significant differences among the dairy companies. Furthermore, 129 (69.7%) of the 185 HLAR E. faecalis showed MDR without significant differences among companies. In contrast, HLAR E. faecalis from companies A, B, and C were significantly higher in resistance to the four classes than those in company D, which had the highest MDR ability against the three antimicrobial classes (p < 0.05). In addition, in the distribution of AME genes, 72 (38.9%) and 36 (19.5%) of the isolates carried both aac(6′)Ie-aph(2″)-la and ant(6)-Ia genes, and the ant (6)-Ia gene alone, respectively, with significant differences among the companies (p < 0.05). In the distribution of virulence genes, the ace (99.5%), efa A (98.9%), and cad 1 (98.4%) genes were significantly prevalent (p < 0.05). Thus, our results support that an advanced management program by companies is required to minimize the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors.

scholarly journals Virulence Factors Associated with Enterococcus Faecalis Infective Endocarditis: A Mini Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian T. Madsen ◽  
Marianne N. Skov ◽  
Sabine Gill ◽  
Michael Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Bacterial Attachment ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Bacterial Binding ◽  
Life Threatening

Introduction:The enterococci are accountable for up to 20% of all cases of infective endocarditis, withEnterococcus faecalisbeing the primary causative isolate. Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening infection of the endocardium that results in the formation of vegetations. Based on a literature review, this paper provides an overview of the virulence factors associated withE. faecalisinfective endocarditis. Furthermore, it reports the effects of active or passive immunization against some of these involved factors.Individual virulence factors:Nine virulence factors have in particular been associated withE. faecalisinfective endocarditis. Absence of these factors entailed attenuation of strains in both mixed- and mono-bacterial infection endocarditis models as well as inin vitroandex vivoassays when compared to their virulence factor expressing parental strains.Pathogenesis:The virulence factors promote a broad spectrum of events that together allow for disease development and progression. The infection is initiated through bacterial binding to ligands present at the site of infection after which the colonization can be accelerated through inter-bacterial attachment and modulation of the host immune response. The formation and growth of the vegetation provide protection and promote growth. Controlled degeneration of the vegetation appears to increase the likelihood of embolization and dissemination, without exposing protected bacteria.Prophylactic immunization:In most cases, active and passive immunization against associated virulence factors provided partial protection.Future prospects:There is a need for further evaluation of the known virulence factors. Immunization against two or more virulence factors might be an effective prophylactic tool.

scholarly journals Activities of Fosfomycin and Rifampin on Planktonic and Adherent Enterococcus faecalis Strains in an Experimental Foreign-Body Infection Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 1284-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Oliva ◽  
Ulrika Furustrand Tafin ◽  
Elena Maryka Maiolo ◽  
Safaa Jeddari ◽  
Bertrand Bétrisey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Planktonic Bacteria ◽  
Biofilm Bacteria ◽  
Time Kill

ABSTRACTEnterococcal implant-associated infections are difficult to treat because antibiotics generally lack activity against enterococcal biofilms. We investigated fosfomycin, rifampin, and their combinations against planktonic and adherentEnterococcus faecalis(ATCC 19433)in vitroand in a foreign-body infection model. The MIC/MBClogvalues were 32/>512 μg/ml for fosfomycin, 4/>64 μg/ml for rifampin, 1/2 μg/ml for ampicillin, 2/>256 μg/ml for linezolid, 16/32 μg/ml for gentamicin, 1/>64 μg/ml for vancomycin, and 1/5 μg/ml for daptomycin. In time-kill studies, fosfomycin was bactericidal at 8× and 16× MIC, but regrowth of resistant strains occurred after 24 h. With the exception of gentamicin, no complete inhibition of growth-related heat production was observed with other antimicrobials on early (3 h) or mature (24 h) biofilms. In the animal model, fosfomycin alone or in combination with daptomycin reduced planktonic counts by ≈4 log10CFU/ml below the levels before treatment. Fosfomycin cleared planktonic bacteria from 74% of cage fluids (i.e., no growth in aspirated fluid) and eradicated biofilm bacteria from 43% of cages (i.e., no growth from removed cages). In combination with gentamicin, fosfomycin cleared 77% and cured 58% of cages; in combination with vancomycin, fosfomycin cleared 33% and cured 18% of cages; in combination with daptomycin, fosfomycin cleared 75% and cured 17% of cages. Rifampin showed no activity on planktonic or adherentE. faecalis, whereas in combination with daptomycin it cured 17% and with fosfomycin it cured 25% of cages. Emergence of fosfomycin resistance was not observedin vivo. In conclusion, fosfomycin showed activity against planktonic and adherentE. faecalis. Its role against enterococcal biofilms should be further investigated, especially in combination with rifampin and/or daptomycin treatment.

scholarly journals Gentamicin Improves the Activities of Daptomycin and Vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis In Vitro and in an Experimental Foreign-Body Infection Model

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 4821-4827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrika Furustrand Tafin ◽  
Ivana Majic ◽  
Cyrine Zalila Belkhodja ◽  
Bertrand Betrisey ◽  
Stéphane Corvec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Body ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Logarithmic Phase ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Percutaneous Injection ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTFor enterococcal implant-associated infections, the optimal treatment regimen has not been defined. We investigated the activity of daptomycin, vancomycin, and gentamicin (and their combinations) againstEnterococcus faecalis in vitroand in a foreign-body infection model. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by time-kill and growth-related heat production studies (microcalorimetry) as well as with a guinea pig model using subcutaneously implanted cages. Infection was established by percutaneous injection ofE. faecalisin the cage. Antibiotic treatment for 4 days was started 3 h after infection. Cages were removed 5 days after end of treatment to determine the cure rate. The MIC, the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) in the logarithmic phase, and the MBC in the stationary phase were 1.25, 5, and >20 μg/ml for daptomycin, 1, >64, and >64 μg/ml for vancomycin, and 16, 32, and 4 μg/ml for gentamicin, respectively.In vitro, gentamicin at subinhibitory concentrations improved the activity againstE. faecaliswhen combined with daptomycin or vancomycin in the logarithmic and stationary phases. In the animal model, daptomycin cured 25%, vancomycin 17%, and gentamicin 50% of infected cages. In combination with gentamicin, the cure rate for daptomycin increased to 55% and that of vancomycin increased to 33%. In conclusion, daptomycin was more active than vancomycin against adherentE. faecalis, and its activity was further improved by the addition of gentamicin. Despite a short duration of infection (3 h), the cure rates did not exceed 55%, highlighting the difficulty of eradicatingE. faecalisfrom implants already in the early stage of implant-associated infection.

scholarly journals Long-Term Colonization Dynamics ofEnterococcus faecalisin Implanted Devices in Research Macaques

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia T. Lieberman ◽  
Daria Van Tyne ◽  
JoAnn Dzink-Fox ◽  
Eric J. Ma ◽  
Michael S. Gilmore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Neuroscience Research

ABSTRACTEnterococcus faecalisis a common opportunistic pathogen that colonizes cephalic recording chambers (CRCs) of macaques used in cognitive neuroscience research. We previously characterized 15E. faecalisstrains isolated from macaques at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2011. The goal of this study was to examine how a 2014 protocol change prohibiting the use of antimicrobials within CRCs affected colonizingE. faecalisstrains. We collected 20E. faecalisisolates from 10 macaques between 2013 and 2017 for comparison to 4 isolates previously characterized in 2011 with respect to the sequence type (ST) distribution, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and changes in genes that might confer a survival advantage. ST4 and ST55 were predominant among the isolates characterized in 2011, whereas the less antimicrobial-resistant lineage ST48 emerged to dominance after 2013. Two macaques remained colonized by ST4 and ST55 strains for 5 and 4 years, respectively. While the antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors identified in these ST4 and ST55 strains remained relatively stable, we detected an increase in biofilm formation ability over time in both isolates. We also found that ST48 strains were typically robust biofilm formers, which could explain why this ST increased in prevalence. Finally, we identified mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genesmutSandmutLin separate ST55 and ST4 strains and confirmed that strains bearing these mutations displayed a hypermutator phenotype. The presence of a hypermutator phenotype may complicate future antimicrobial treatment for clinically relevantE. faecalisinfections in macaques.IMPORTANCEEnterococcus faecalisis a common cause of health care-associated infections in humans, largely due to its ability to persist in the hospital environment, colonize patients, acquire antimicrobial resistance, and form biofilms. Understanding how enterococci evolve in health care settings provides insight into factors affecting enterococcal survival and persistence. Macaques used in neuroscience research have long-term cranial implants that, despite best practices, often become colonized byE. faecalis. This provides a unique opportunity to noninvasively examine the evolution of enterococci on a long-term indwelling device. We collectedE. faecalisstrains from cephalic implants over a 7-year period and characterized the sequence type, antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, biofilm production, and hypermutator phenotypes. Improved antimicrobial stewardship allowed a less-antimicrobial-resistantE. faecalisstrain to predominate at the implant interface, potentially improving antimicrobial treatment outcomes if future clinical infections occur. Biofilm formation appears to play an important role in the persistence of theE. faecalisstrains associated with these implants.

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