An invasive plant experiences greater benefits of root morphology from enhancing nutrient competition associated with arbuscular mycorrhizae in karst soil than a native plant

Abstract Non-native invasive plant species are a major cause of ecosystem degradation and impairment of ecosystem service benefits in the United States. Forested riparian areas provide many ecosystem service benefits and are vital to maintaining water quality of streams and rivers. These systems are also vulnerable to natural disturbances and invasion by non-native plants. We assessed whether planting native trees on disturbed riparian sites may increase biotic resistance to invasive plant establishment in central Vermont in the northeastern United States. The density (stems/m2) of invasive stems was higher in non-planted sites (x̄=4.1 stems/m2) compared to planted sites (x̄=1.3 stems/m2). More than 90% of the invasive plants were Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica). There were no significant differences in total stem density of native vegetation between planted and non-planted sites. Other measured response variables such as native tree regeneration, species diversity, soil properties and soil function showed no significant differences or trends in the paired riparian study sites. The results of this case study indicate that tree planting in disturbed riparian forest areas may assist conservation efforts by minimizing the risk of invasive plant colonization.

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Invasive plant indirectly regulates native plant decomposition by affecting invertebrate communities

Limnologica ◽

10.1016/j.limno.2021.125939 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 125939

Author(s):

Shaojun Chen ◽

Shimin Ding ◽

Kun Tang ◽

Yuanbo Liu

Keyword(s):

Invasive Plant ◽

Native Plant ◽

Invertebrate Communities ◽

Plant Decomposition

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Are declines in insects and insectivorous birds related?

The Condor ◽

10.1093/ornithapp/duaa059 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Douglas W Tallamy ◽

W Gregory Shriver

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Bird Species ◽

Insect Herbivores ◽

Native Plant ◽

Insectivorous Birds ◽

Population Declines ◽

Native Plant Species ◽

Host Plant Specialization ◽

Scale Population

Abstract A flurry of recently published studies indicates that both insects and birds have experienced wide-scale population declines in the last several decades. Curiously, whether insect and bird declines are causally linked has received little empirical attention. Here, we hypothesize that insect declines are an important factor contributing to the decline of insectivorous birds. We further suggest that insect populations essential to insectivorous birds decline whenever non-native lumber, ornamental, or invasive plant species replace native plant communities. We support our hypothesis by reviewing studies that show (1) due to host plant specialization, insect herbivores typically do poorly on non-native plants; (2) birds are often food limited; (3) populations of insectivorous bird species fluctuate with the supply of essential insect prey; (4) not all arthropod prey support bird reproduction equally well; and (5) terrestrial birds for which insects are an essential source of food have declined by 2.9 billion individuals over the last 50 years, while terrestrial birds that do not depend on insects during their life history have gained by 26.2 million individuals, a 111-fold difference. Understanding the consequences of insect declines, particularly as they affect charismatic animals like birds, may motivate land managers, homeowners, and restoration ecologists to take actions that reverse these declines by favoring the native plant species that support insect herbivores most productively.

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Interactive effects of climate change and plant invasion on alpine biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics

10.26686/wgtn.17138738.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Justyna Giejsztowt

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

New Zealand ◽

Plant Species ◽

Climate Warming ◽

Plant Invasion ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Ecosystem Dynamics ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Native Plant ◽

Competition For Pollination

<p>Drivers of global change have direct impacts on the structure of communities and functioning of ecosystems, and interactions between drivers may buffer or exacerbate these direct effects. Interactions among drivers can lead to complex non-linear outcomes for ecosystems, communities and species, but are infrequently quantified. Through a combination of experimental, observational and modelling approaches, I address critical gaps in our understanding of the interactive effects of climate change and plant invasion, using Tongariro National Park (TNP; New Zealand) as a model. TNP is an alpine ecosystem of cultural significance which hosts a unique flora with high rates of endemism. TNP is invaded by the perennial shrub Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. My objectives were to: 1) determine whether species-specific phenological shifts have the potential to alter the reproductive capacity of native plants in landscapes affected by invasion; 2) determine whether the effect of invasion intensity on the Species Area Relationship (SAR) of native alpine plant species is influenced by environmental stress; 3) develop a novel modelling framework that would account for density-dependent competitive interactions between native species and C. vulgaris and implement it to determine the combined risk of climate change and plant invasion on the distribution of native plant species; and 4) explore the possible mechanisms leading to a discrepancy in C. vulgaris invasion success on the North and South Islands of New Zealand. I show that species-specific phenological responses to climate warming increase the flowering overlap between a native and an invasive plant. I then show that competition for pollination with the invader decreases the sexual reproduction of the native in some landscapes. I therefore illustrate a previously undescribed interaction between climate warming and plant invasion where the effects of competition for pollination with an invader on the sexual reproduction of the native may be exacerbated by climate warming. Furthermore, I describe a previously unknown pattern of changing invasive plant impact on SAR along an environmental stress gradient. Namely, I demonstrate that interactions between an invasive plant and local native plant species richness become increasingly facilitative along elevational gradients and that the strength of plant interactions is dependent on invader biomass. I then show that the consequences of changing plant interactions at a local scale for the slope of SAR is dependent on the pervasion of the invader. Next, I demonstrate that the inclusion of invasive species density data in distribution models for a native plant leads to greater reductions in predicted native plant distribution and density under future climate change scenarios relative to models based on climate suitability alone. Finally, I find no evidence for large-scale climatic, edaphic, and vegetative limitations to invasion by C. vulgaris on either the North and South Islands of New Zealand. Instead, my results suggest that discrepancies in invasive spread between islands may be driven by human activity: C. vulgaris is associated with the same levels of human disturbance on both islands despite differences in the presence of these conditions between then islands. Altogether, these results show that interactive effects between drivers on biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics are frequently not additive or linear. Therefore, accurate predictions of global change impacts on community structure and ecosystems function require experiments and models which include of interactions among drivers such as climate change and species invasion. These results are pertinent to effective conservation management as most landscapes are concurrently affected by multiple drivers of global environmental change.</p>

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Effects of invasive knapweed (Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos) on a threatened native thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) vary with environment and life stage

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2015-0032 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 93 (9) ◽

pp. 543-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tatyana A. Rand ◽

Svata M. Louda ◽

Kate M. Bradley ◽

Kimberly K. Crider

Keyword(s):

Invasive Plant ◽

Lake Michigan ◽

Life Stage ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Native Plant ◽

Endemic Plant ◽

Centaurea Stoebe ◽

Seed Addition ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Cirsium Pitcheri

We examined the type and magnitude of invasive plant (Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos (Gugler) Hayek) effects on the demographic parameters of a rare plant (Cirsium pitcheri Torr. & A.Gray), using two seed addition experiments with three treatments in two dune habitats — lakeshore linear dunes and high perched dunes on Lake Michigan, USA. Treatments were near Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos, near a native plant, or in the open. Seedling emergence, establishment, and juvenile survivorship were significantly higher on perched dunes, with higher surface soil moisture, than on lakeshore dunes. Treatment effects varied significantly with habitat and life stage. Seedling establishment decreased near Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos on lakeshore dunes, but increased near any neighbor on perched dunes. However, juvenile survival was significantly lower near Centaurea stoebe. subsp. micranthos in both habitats. The probability of reaching the adult flowering stage was much lower, and occurred later, for plants near Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos, especially on lakeshore dunes. Thus, Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos had a strong negative effect on establishment, survival, and flowering of Cirsium pitcheri, but interaction intensity varied with habitat and life stage. The results suggest that coupling seed addition with watering and invasive plant removal could bolster populations of this rare endemic plant.

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Slash Pile Burn Scar Restoration: Tradeoffs between Abundance of Non-Native and Native Species

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11080813 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 813

Author(s):

Ian Sexton ◽

Philip Turk ◽

Lindsay Ringer ◽

Cynthia S. Brown

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Native Species ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Rocky Mountain ◽

Native Plant ◽

Burn Scar ◽

Native Plant Species ◽

Burned Areas ◽

Soil Scarification

The accumulation of live and dead trees and other vegetation in forests across the western United States is producing larger and more severe wildfires. To decrease wildfire severity and increase forest resilience, foresters regularly remove excess fuel by burning woody material in piles. This common practice could also cause persistent ecosystem changes such as the alteration of soil physical and chemical properties due to extreme soil heating, which can favor invasion by non-native plant species. The abundance and species richness of native plant communities may also remain depressed for many years after burning has removed vegetation and diminished propagules in the soil. This adds to the vulnerability of burned areas to the colonization and dominance by invasive species. Research into the use of revegetation techniques following pile burning to suppress invasion is limited. Studies conducted in various woodland types that investigated revegetation of pile burn scars have met with varying success. To assess the effectiveness of restoring pile burn scars in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, we monitored vegetation in 26 scars, each about 5 m in diameter, the growing season after burning. Later that summer, we selected 14 scars for restoration that included soil scarification, seed addition, and pine duff mulch cover. We monitored the scars for four years, pre-restoration, and three years post-restoration and found that the cover of seeded species exceeded the surrounding unburned areas and unseeded controls. The restoration seeding suppressed cover of non-native species as well as native species that were not seeded during restoration. Our results suggest that restoration of pile burn scars could be a useful tool to retard the establishment of invasive plant species when there are pre-existing infestations near scars. However, this must be weighed against the simultaneous suppression of native species recruitment. Monitoring for periods more than three years will help us understand how long the suppression of native and non-native species by restoration species may persist.

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The influence of warming and biotic interactions on the potential for range expansion of native and nonnative species

AoB Plants ◽

10.1093/aobpla/plaa040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Betsy von Holle ◽

Sören E Weber ◽

David M Nickerson

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Range Expansion ◽

Species Interactions ◽

Native Species ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Soil Microbes ◽

Enemy Release ◽

Native Plant ◽

Soil Pathogens ◽

Microbe Interactions

Abstract Plant species ranges are expected to shift in response to climate change, however, it is unclear how species interactions will affect range shifts. Because of the potential for enemy release of invasive nonnative plant species from species-specific soil pathogens, invasive plants may be able to shift ranges more readily than native plant species. Additionally, changing climatic conditions may alter soil microbial functioning, affecting plant–microbe interactions. We evaluated the effects of site, plant–soil microbe interactions, altered climate, and their interactions on the growth and germination of three congeneric shrub species, two native to southern and central Florida (Eugenia foetida and E. axillaris), and one nonnative invasive from south America (E. uniflora). We measured germination and biomass for these plant species in growth chambers grown under live and sterile soils from two sites within their current range, and one site in their expected range, simulating current (2010) and predicted future (2050) spring growing season temperatures in the new range. Soil microbes (microscopic bacteria, fungi, viruses and other organisms) had a net negative effect on the invasive plant, E. uniflora, across all sites and temperature treatments. This negative response to soil microbes suggests that E. uniflora’s invasive success and potential for range expansion are due to other contributing factors, e.g. higher germination and growth relative to native Eugenia. The effect of soil microbes on the native species depended on the geographic provenance of the microbes, and this may influence range expansion of these native species.

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Interspecific competitive potential of wavyleaf basketgrass (Oplismenus undulatifolius), a recent introduction to the mid-Atlantic United States

Invasive Plant Science and Management ◽

10.1017/inp.2020.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 23-29

Author(s):

Cody Kepner ◽

Vanessa B. Beauchamp

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Interspecific Competition ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Perennial Grass ◽

Community Diversity ◽

Grass Species ◽

Native Plant ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Japanese Stiltgrass ◽

Wavyleaf Basketgrass

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms by which an invasive plant species is able to colonize and successfully expand into native plant communities can help in estimating the potential threat posed by a new invader and predict impacts on community diversity, structure, and function. Wavyleaf basketgrass [Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P. Beauv.] is a perennial, shade-tolerant grass species that has been recently introduced to the mid-Atlantic United States. Areas invaded by O. undulatifolius typically have low species richness, but it is unknown whether O. undulatifoius actively outcompetes other species or simply thrives primarily in species-poor habitats. This study used a greenhouse experiment to quantify interspecific competition in shade and sun among seedlings of O. undulatifolius; Japanese stiltgrass [Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus], an invasive annual grass common in the region; and a mix of three native perennial grass species commonly used in restoring areas invaded by M. vimineum. In this experiment, shade did not significantly affect growth or competitive ability. Interspecific competition irrespective of shade had a negative effect on growth of all species, but O. undulatifolius was affected to a much greater degree than either M. vimineum or the native grass mix. These results suggest that, at least under these conditions, O. undulatifolius is a weak interspecific competitor and may be capable of forming dense monotypic stands only in areas that already have low species diversity. In the mid-Atlantic region, postagricultural legacies and overabundant deer populations, which lead to depauperate understories, may be a major facilitator of O. undulatifolius invasion in forests.

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Disease in Invasive Plant Populations

Annual Review of Phytopathology ◽

10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012757 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 97-117

Author(s):

Erica M. Goss ◽

Amy E. Kendig ◽

Ashish Adhikari ◽

Brett Lane ◽

Nicholas Kortessis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Invasive Plants ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Evolutionary Dynamics ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Native Plant ◽

Plant Populations ◽

Native Invasive ◽

Disease Free ◽

Over Time

Non-native invasive plants can establish in natural areas, where they can be ecologically damaging and costly to manage. Like cultivated plants, invasive plants can experience a relatively disease-free period upon introduction and accumulate pathogens over time. Diseases of invasive plant populations are infrequently studied compared to diseases of agriculture, forestry, and even native plant populations. We evaluated similarities and differences in the processes that are likely to affect pathogen accumulation and disease in invasive plants compared to cultivated plants, which are the dominant focus of the field of plant pathology. Invasive plants experience more genetic, biotic, and abiotic variation across space and over time than cultivated plants, which is expected to stabilize the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of interactions with pathogens and possibly weaken the efficacy of infectious disease in their control. Although disease is expected to be context dependent, the widespread distribution of invasive plants makes them important pathogen reservoirs. Research on invasive plant diseases can both protect crops and help manage invasive plant populations.

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Cheatgrass invasion alters the abundance and composition of dark septate fungal communities in sagebrush steppe

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2015-0237 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 94 (6) ◽

pp. 481-491 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Catherine A. Gehring ◽

Michaela Hayer ◽

Lluvia Flores-Rentería ◽

Andrew F. Krohn ◽

Egbert Schwartz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Composition ◽

Plant Species ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Native Species ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Soil Microbial Communities ◽

Sagebrush Steppe ◽

Native Plant ◽

Native Plant Species ◽

Dark Septate Fungi

Invasive, non-native plant species can alter soil microbial communities in ways that contribute to their persistence. While most studies emphasize mycorrhizal fungi, invasive plants also may influence communities of dark septate fungi (DSF), which are common root endophytes that can function like mycorrhizas. We tested the hypothesis that a widespread invasive plant in the western United States, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), influenced the abundance and community composition of DSF by examining the roots and rhizosphere soils of cheatgrass and two native plant species in cheatgrass-invaded and noninvaded areas of sagebrush steppe. We focused on cheatgrass because it is negatively affected by mycorrhizal fungi and colonized by DSF. We found that DSF root colonization and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness were significantly higher in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) and rice grass (Achnatherum hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth) from invaded areas than noninvaded areas. Cheatgrass roots had similar levels of DSF colonization and OTU richness as native plants. The community composition of DSF varied with invasion in the roots and soils of native species and among the roots of the three plant species in the invaded areas. The substantial changes in DSF we observed following cheatgrass invasion argue for comparative studies of DSF function in native and non-native plant species.

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