scholarly journals Using repeated home-based HIV testing services to reach and diagnose HIV infection among persons who have never tested for HIV, Chókwè health demographic surveillance system, Chókwè district, Mozambique, 2014–2017

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242281
Author(s):  
Carol Lin ◽  
Isabelle Casavant ◽  
Alicia Jaramillo ◽  
Timothy Green
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Demographic Surveillance System ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Testing Uptake ◽  
Hiv Testing Services ◽  
Testing Coverage

Background HIV prevalence in Mozambique (12.6%) is one of the highest in the world, yet ~40% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) do not know their HIV status. Strategies to increase HIV testing uptake and diagnosis among PLHIV are urgently needed. Home-based HIV testing services (HBHTS) have been evaluated primarily as a 1-time campaign strategy. Little is known about the potential of repeating HBHTS to diagnose HIV infection among persons who have never been tested (NTs), nor about factors/reasons associated with never testing in a generalized epidemic setting. Methods During 2014–2017, counselors visited all households annually in the Chókwè Health and Demographic Surveillance System (CHDSS) and offered HBHTS. Cross-sectional surveys were administered to randomly selected 10% or 20% samples of CHDSS households with participants aged 15–59 years before HBHTS were conducted during the visit. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to assess the proportion of NTs, factors/reasons associated with never having been tested, HBHTS acceptance, and HIV-positive diagnosis among NTs. Results The proportion of NTs decreased from 25% (95% confidence interval [CI]:23%–26%) during 2014 to 12% (95% CI:11% –13%), 7% (95% CI:6%–8%), and 7% (95% CI:6%–8%) during 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. Adolescent boys and girls and adult men were more likely than adult women to be NTs. In each of the four years, the majority of NTs (87%–90%) accepted HBHTS. HIV-positive yield among NTs subsequently accepting HBHTS was highest (13%, 95% CI:10%–15%) during 2014 and gradually reduced to 11% (95% CI:8%–15%), 9% (95% CI:6%–12%), and 2% (95% CI:0%–4%) during 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. Conclusions Repeated HBHTS was helpful in increasing HIV testing coverage and identifying PLHIV in Chókwè. In high HIV-prevalence settings with low testing coverage, repeated HBHTS can be considered to increase HIV testing uptake and diagnosis among NTs.

scholarly journals Formative research to inform the development of a peer-led HIV self-testing intervention to improve HIV testing uptake and linkage to HIV care among adolescents, young people and adult men in Kasensero fishing community, Rakai, Uganda: a qualitative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph K. B. Matovu ◽  
Aminah Nambuusi ◽  
Scovia Nakabirye ◽  
Rhoda K. Wanyenze ◽  
David Serwadda
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Self Testing ◽  
Testing Uptake ◽  
Hiv Testing Services ◽  
Linkage To Hiv Care

Abstract Background Despite efforts to improve HIV testing and linkage to HIV care among adolescents, young people and adult men, uptake rates remain below global targets. We conducted formative research to generate data necessary to inform the design of a peer-led HIV self-testing (HIVST) intervention intended to improve HIV testing uptake and linkage to HIV care in Kasensero fishing community in rural Uganda. Methods This qualitative study was conducted in three study communities in Kasensero fishing community in Rakai district, Uganda, in May 2019. Six single-sex focus group discussions (FGDs) comprising 7–8 participants were conducted with adolescents and young people (15–24 years) and adult men (25+ years). We collected data on people’s perceptions about peer-led HIVST; potential acceptability of a peer-led HIVST intervention and suggestions on how to improve linkage to HIV care after a positive HIVST result. Peer-led HIVST was defined as an approach where trained lay people distribute HIVST kits to other people in the community. FGDs were audio-recorded with permission from the participants, transcribed verbatim and analysed manually following a thematic framework approach. Results Forty-seven participants (31 men and 16 women) participated in the FGDs. Across communities and age-groups, most participants mentioned that peer-led HIVST would be generally acceptable to people in the fishing community but people will need support in performing the test due to fear of performing the test wrongly or failing to cope with HIV-positive results. Most participants felt that peer-led HIVST would bring HIV testing services closer to the community “because [the peer-leader] could be my immediate neighbour”, making it easier for people to obtain the kits at any time of their convenience. To improve linkage to HIV care, participants felt that the use of peer-leaders to deliver the initial ART dose to self-tested HIV-positive individuals would be more preferable to the use of community-based ART groups or home-based ART initiation. Conclusion Our study shows that peer-led HIVST is potentially acceptable in the fishing community. These findings suggest that this approach can improve uptake of HIV testing and linkage to HIV care services among populations that are usually missed through conventional HIV testing services.

A new surveillance system for monitoring HIV infection in Victoria, Australia

Sexual Health ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Guy ◽  
Megan S. C. Lim ◽  
Yung-Hsuan J. Wang ◽  
Nicholas Medland ◽  
Jonathan Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Anal Intercourse ◽  
Unprotected Anal Intercourse ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sexual Risk Behaviour ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Test

Objectives: To establish a new mechanism for monitoring patterns of HIV infection, in the context of a sustained increase in HIV diagnosis among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Victoria. Methods: Between April 2004 and August 2005, a linked voluntary HIV sentinel surveillance system was implemented at five medical clinics with a high case load of MSM. Using a questionnaire, doctors collected HIV testing history, demographic and sexual risk behaviour information from all clients undergoing voluntary HIV testing. Questionnaires were linked with HIV test results. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with HIV infection. Results: Of 3435 MSM tested for HIV at participating sites, 1.7%, (95% CI = 1.2–2.2) were newly diagnosed with HIV; between 2004 and 2005 the proportion increased from 1.3% (95% CI = 1.2–1.5) to 2.0% (95% CI = 1.8–2.2), P = 0.107. There was no significant change in the number of HIV tests conducted per month or in demographic characteristics, testing history and sexual behaviour characteristics between time periods. In multivariate analysis, reporting unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with any partner, UAI with a HIV-positive partner/s and being aged 30–39 years or 40 years or greater were significantly associated with HIV infection. Conclusion: This new surveillance mechanism, based on linked testing at participating clinics, indicates that the increase in HIV notifications in 2005 was unrelated to changes in testing and data from a Melbourne sexual behavioural survey suggests the increase was more likely to be attributed to increases in transmission within the past few years. The sentinel system highlighted UAI, especially with HIV positive partner/s are important transmission factors.

scholarly journals HIV testing uptake and prevalence among hospitalized older adults in Togo: A cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246151
Author(s):  
Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi ◽  
Wendpouire Ida Carine Zida-Compaore ◽  
Arnold Junior Sadio ◽  
Martin Kouame Tchankoni ◽  
Balakiyem Magnim Kadangha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Testing Uptake ◽  
Hospitalized Older Adults

Objectives This study aimed to describe HIV testing uptake, as well as HIV prevalence and its associated factors among older adults aged ≥50 years in health facilities in Togo. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2018 to June 2019 among hospitalized older adults aged ≥50 years in tertiary and secondary hospitals in Togo. HIV testing was performed according to the national algorithm. Socio-demographic data and HIV testing history were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Results A total of 619 patients (43.9% female) of median age 61 years, (IQR: 55–70) were recruited and offered HIV testing. Among them, 25.7% had never previously tested for HIV. In total, 91.6% (567/619) accepted HIV testing while 8.4% (52/619) refused to be tested. Of those who tested, forty patients were HIV positive, yielding a prevalence of 7.1%. Twenty-three patients (57.5%) were newly diagnosed with HIV infection. In multivariable analysis, two factors were associated with HIV infection: living alone (aOR = 5.83; 95%CI = [2.26–14.53]) and being <60 years (aOR = 3.12; 95%CI = [1.51–6.66]). Conclusion The majority of older adults in this study accepted testing for HIV and almost three in five HIV positive older adults were newly diagnosed with HIV as a result of this testing. There is an urgent need to integrate older adults into responses to the HIV epidemic and to strengthen targeted prevention care and treatment in this population.

scholarly journals Influence of anonymous HIV testing on national HIV surveillance in the Republic of Korea (2000 to 2015): a retrospective analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mee-Kyung Kee ◽  
Myeongsu Yoo ◽  
Jaehyung Seong ◽  
Ju-Yeon Choi ◽  
Myung Guk Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Screening ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Hiv Surveillance ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Anonymous Hiv Testing

Abstract Background Owing to the continuous increase in the number of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Korea, public health centers (PHCs) have performed anonymous tests since 1989. No study has examined the patterns of anonymous HIV testing performed at PHCs and the characteristics of HIV infection detected in those tests. We aimed to assess the influence of anonymous HIV testing on Korea’s national HIV surveillance. Methods HIV screening test data from 253 PHCs over a 16-year period were classified into 13 groups based on reason for testing. For anonymous HIV test takers (Anonymous), the HIV positivity per 10,000 tests was calculated, as repetitions could not be distinguished. Those with suspected HIV infection voluntarily underwent HIV testing and revealed their identity (Suspected). HIV prevalence was calculated as the number of HIV-positive persons per 10,000 test takers. Analyses were performed using chi-square and Cochran-Armitage trend test with SAS 9.4. Results Approximately 400,000 HIV screening tests were performed at PHCs annually, which remained unchanged in the past 10 years. The proportion of anonymous testing increased from < 3.0% before 2014 to 4.8% in 2014 and 6.1% in 2015. While the number of HIV cases increased, the number of anonymous HIV-positive test results per 10,000 tests decreased from 68.8 in 2010 to 41.8 in 2015. The HIV prevalence among the suspected was approximately 20.0 per 10,000 test takers before 2014, which steeply increased to 71.6 in 2015. Those with suspected HIV were predominantly men, aged 20 years, foreigners, and metropolitan city dwellers in the last 6 years. The high prevalence of persons with suspected HIV resulted in a doubling of HIV prevalence at PHCs between 2014 and 2015. Conclusions Anonymous and Suspected, which were driven by similar motives, impacted each other. Increase in HIV prevalence among the suspected led to a higher HIV prevalence among all test takers in PHCs and higher proportions of HIV infection nationwide, which could be attributed to the increase in the number of anonymous tests performed in PHCs. HIV positivity among the anonymous and HIV prevalence among the suspected are key indexes of the national HIV surveillance in Korea.

Constitutional Challenges to the Compulsory HIV Testing of Prisoners and the Mandatory Segregation of HIV-Positive Prisoners

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH C. HAAS
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use ◽  
Homosexual Activity ◽  
Mandatory Testing

Intravenous drug use is both a common aspect of the pre-imprisonment lifestyles of many American prisoners and a leading risk factor for contracting HIV—the virus that causes AIDS. Moreover, incarcerated inmates frequently engage in behavior that can spread the disease, particularly homosexual activity and intravenous drug use. Correctional officials face increasing pressure to protect inmates and staff from HIV infection, and some have responded by implementing policies requiring all inmates to undergo HIV testing and by housing HIV-positive inmates in separate units. Screening and segregation policies, however, have been challenged on constitutional grounds by HIV-positive prisoners. This article examines the leading constitutional developments in this emerging area of law and finds that most courts so far have been inclined to reject constitutional challenges to mandatory testing and segregation policies. There are enough unsettled issues, however, to warrant expanded appellate review and eventual U.S. Supreme Court resolution of the key constitutional questions.

Emergencies in HIV-positive patients

2010 ◽  
pp. 479-505
Author(s):  
Punit S. Ramrakha ◽  
Kevin P. Moore ◽  
Amir Sam
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Primary Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Indicator ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Neurological Conditions

Emergency presentations of HIV infection 480 Factors influencing presentation in HIV disease 482 HIV testing 484 Clinical indicator diseases for adult HIV infection 486 Primary HIV infection (PHI) 487 Acute neurological conditions in HIV-positive patients: assessment 488 Acute neurological conditions in HIV-positive patients: investigations 490...

scholarly journals Implementation of a Community-Based Hybrid HIV Testing Services Program as a Strategy to Saturate Testing Coverage in Western Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Ha M. Truong ◽  
Eliud Akama ◽  
Mary A. Guzé ◽  
Frankline Otieno ◽  
Duncan Obunge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Hiv Testing Services ◽  
Testing Coverage

scholarly journals Trends in HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among men who have sex with men from 2013 to 2017 in Nanjing, China: a consecutive cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e021955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengping Zhu ◽  
Hongjing Yan ◽  
Sushu Wu ◽  
Yuanyuan Xu ◽  
Wenjiong Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Risk Behaviours ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Testing Rate ◽  
Sex With Men

ObjectiveTo examine the trends of HIV prevalence, risk behaviours and HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nanjing.DesignFive consecutive cross-sectional surveys.SettingNanjing, China.Primary and secondary outcome measuresHIV and syphilis prevalence, HIV testing rate and factors associated with HIV infection; demographic characteristics and behaviours.Results649, 669, 577, 633, 503 MSM were recruited from 2013 to 2017. HIV prevalence was 9.9%, 12.3%, 12.5%, 9.8% and 10.1%, respectively. Syphilis prevalence decreased with a range from 10.6% to 5.6%. Risk behaviours like unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) and unprotected virginal sex in the past 6 months decreased, but multiple sex partners and ever used rush popper rose significantly. MSM tested for HIV in the previous year remained stable from 57.0% to 64.1% (P=0.633). Multivariate analysis showed that tested for HIV in the past year was protective factor against HIV infection. MSM who had UAI in the past 6 months, sex role as receptive and dual, diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the past year and currently syphilis infected were risk factors for HIV infection.ConclusionsWe observed stable high HIV prevalence, a steady HIV testing rate, decreasing syphilis prevalence and UAI among MSM in Nanjing. However, rush popper use rose dramatically. The HIV preventive strategies for MSM including condom promotion, HIV testing expansion and reduction of rush popper use, STDs screening and standardised treatment should be strengthened.

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