scholarly journals Sugar consumption in schoolchildren from southern Spain and influence on the prevalence of obesity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242602
Author(s):  
Leticia Heras-Gonzalez ◽  
José Antonio Latorre ◽  
Manuel Martinez-Bebia ◽  
Nuria Gimenez-Blasi ◽  
Fátima Olea-Serrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
School Year ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Total Carbohydrates

Aim The main cause of childhood overweight/obesity is an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The objective was to determine whether the intake by Spanish schoolchildren of sugars from habitually consumed foods and drinks can be related to overweight/obesity. Methods Subjects The study included 657 schoolchildren between 7–10 years from educational centers in Southern Spain. These children live under the influence of the Mediterranean diet. Design Participants completed an encoded questionnaire with three sections: a) data on sex, age, educational center, school year, and life/family habits, among others; b) semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire related to the previous 12 months; and c) information on anthropometrics and physical activities. Results Obesity was observed in 10.9% of the children. The daily activity questionnaire showed a mean energy expenditure of 8.73 (1.33) MJ/day. The study considered foods that supply carbohydrates in any form (total carbohydrates, starch, total sugars, added sugars, and free sugars). The likelihood of overweight/obesity was significantly greater with a higher intake/day of total sugars, starch, added sugars, and free sugars. The likelihood of normal weight was significantly greater with lower energy expenditure in sedentary activities (OR = 3.03), higher energy expenditure in sports activities (OR = 1.72), and higher total activity/day measured as METs (OR = 8.31). Conclusions In this population, overweight/obesity was influenced by the physical activity of the children and by their intake of energy, total sugars, starch, added sugars, and free sugars. Further studies are warranted to verify this observation and explore the implications for public health policies.

scholarly journals Energy, Sugars, Iron, and Vitamin B12 Content of Commercial Infant Food Pouches and Other Commercial Infant Foods on the New Zealand Market

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna Katiforis ◽  
Elizabeth A Fleming ◽  
Jillian J Haszard ◽  
Tiana Hape-Cramond ◽  
Rachael W Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Infant Food ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Infant Foods

There has been an important shift in the New Zealand infant food market over the past decade, with the majority of complementary foods now sold in “pouches”. Along with the increasing market share of commercial infant food pouches internationally, there have been growing concerns about their nutritional quality. However, research examining the nutritional quality of these pouches compared to other forms of commercial infant foods in New Zealand has not been undertaken. Nor have any studies reported the free sugars or added sugars content of these foods. To address this knowledge gap, a cross-sectional survey of infant foods sold in New Zealand supermarkets was conducted in 2019–2020. Recipes and nutrient lines were developed for the 266 foods identified (133 food pouches). The energy, iron, vitamin B12, total sugars, free sugars, and added sugars content of infant food pouches and other forms of commercial infant foods per 100 g were compared, both within food groups and by age group. Infant food pouches contained similar median amounts of energy, iron, and vitamin B12 to other forms of commercial infant foods but contained considerably more total sugars (8.4 g/100 g vs. 2.3 g/100 g). However, median free sugars and added sugars content was very low across all food groups except for “dairy” and “sweet snacks”. All “dry cereals” were fortified with iron whereas none of the infant food pouches were. Therefore, consuming food pouches to the exclusion of other commercial infant foods may place infants at risk of iron deficiency if they do not receive sufficient iron from other sources.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Quality Metrics and Their Association with Population Nutrient Intakes and Diet Quality in Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 510-510
Author(s):  
Michelle Blumfield ◽  
Andrew McConnell ◽  
Vanessa Campos ◽  
Kim-Anne Lê ◽  
Flavia Fayet-Moore
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Quality Metrics ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Simple Ratio

Abstract Objectives Carbohydrate (CHO) quality is important for health, yet it is unclear how to best define CHO quality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether diets that meet one of three CHO quality ratios, that include a combination of grams of CHO, fiber or free sugars, are associated with improved diet quality in Australia. Methods National data from the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were assessed (n = 12,153; age 49.0 ± 16.4y adults, 9.5 ± 5.0y children). Three CHO quality ratios were defined: (i) Simple ratio, 10:1 (10 g CHO: ³1 g fiber); (ii) Modified ratio, 10:1:2 (10 g CHO: ³1 g fiber: £2 g free sugars); and (iii) Dual ratio, 10:1 & 1:2 (10 g CHO: ³1 g fiber & £2 g free sugars per 1 g fiber). Participants were defined as having met or not met each ratio in terms of total daily nutrient intakes. Dietary data were collected using a validated Automated Multiple-Pass Method. Nutrient intakes and food group data were compared to Australian Nutrient Reference Values and an Australian Healthy Eating Index (HEIFA-2013). Results Prevalence of ratio adherence was: simple ratio (45%), modified ratio (30%) and dual ratio (36%). After adjusting for energy intake, adults and children who met a ratio reported lower energy intakes, higher fiber and micronutrient intakes, higher HEIFA-2013 scores (adults only) and lower intakes of total sugars, added sugars and sodium (P < .001 for all), compared to those who failed to meet any ratio. Compared to the simple ratio, modified and dual ratios further decreased adult intakes of total sugars (95 g modified, 71 g dual vs 116 g simple; P < .001), added sugars (36 g, 16 g vs 57 g; P < .001) and free sugars (50 g, 26 g vs 72 g; P < .001), and increased HEIFA-2013 scores (56, 59 vs 51; P < .001), with similar findings in children. Conclusions All three CHO quality metrics identified diets with higher nutrient intakes and HEIFA-2013 scores, with the addition of a free sugars constraint resulting in further improvements in diet quality. Utility of a CHO quality metric, based on CHO, fiber and free sugars, may offer a simple, standardized approach to improve total diet quality, which has potential for high public health impact. Funding Sources Nestlé Research.

scholarly journals Dietary sugars intake and micronutrient adequacy: a systematic review of the evidence

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid A. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Significance ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Hand Search ◽  
Dietary Sugars ◽  
The Relationship

Guidelines for sugars intake range from a population mean of less than 10 % energy from free sugars, to a maximum for individuals of 25 % energy from added sugars. The aim of the present review was to examine the evidence for micronutrient dilution by sugars and evaluate its nutritional significance. From a web-based search of MEDLINE and hand search of linked papers, forty-eight relevant publications were identified on sugars (total sugars, non-milk extrinsic sugars, or added sugars) or sugar-containing drinks. These included five reports from expert committees, six reviews, thirty-three observational studies and four small-scale interventions. There was inconsistency between studies as to the relationship between sugars intake (however expressed) and micronutrients. The statistical patterns varied between nutrients and population groups. Curvilinear associations were found in some analyses, with lower nutrient intakes at both extremes of sugar intake; however, factors such as dieting and under-reporting may confound the associations observed. Some studies found statistically significant inverse associations but these were weak, with sugars explaining less than 5 % of the variance. Mean intakes of most micronutrients were above the RDA or reference nutrient intake except among very high consumers of sugars. The available evidence does not allow for firm conclusions on an optimal level of added sugars intake for micronutrient adequacy and the trends that exist may have little biological significance except for a few nutrients (for example, Fe). It is established that energy intake is the prime predictor of micronutrient adequacy. A better understanding of valid approaches to energy adjustment, misreporting and the assessment of micronutrient adequacy is crucial to further progress in this area.

scholarly journals Relationship between energy from added sugars and frequency of added sugars intake in Irish children, teenagers and adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1117-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Triona Joyce ◽  
Sinead N. McCarthy ◽  
Michael J. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
The North ◽  
Food Consumption Survey ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Food Diaries

A WHO report on diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases recommended that frequency of consumption of foods and/or drinks containing free sugars should be limited to a maximum of four times per d. In addition, they recommended a reduction in the intake of free sugars to a maximum of no more than 10 % of energy intake. These recommendations were developed with the aim of reducing the prevalence of dental caries. The aim of the present study was to establish if there is a quantitative relationship between energy from added sugars and frequency of added sugars intakes in Irish children, teenagers and adults. In addition, the intake of added and total sugars and main contributors to added sugar intakes were examined. Data for the present analysis were based on the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey (n1379; aged 18–64 years), the National Children's Food Survey (n594; aged 5–12 years) and the National Teen Food Survey (n441; aged 13–17 years) which used 7 d food diaries to collect food and beverage intake data in representative samples of Irish adults, children and teenagers respectively. Results showed that in adults, frequency of intake of added sugar intake of four times per d corresponded to a mean added sugar intake of 9 %, which was similar to the WHO recommendation. In children and teenagers, a frequency of intake of four times per d corresponded to a mean added sugar intake of 14·6 and 12·4 % respectively and was therefore not in agreement with the WHO recommendation.

scholarly journals Procedure to Estimate Added and Free Sugars in Food Items from the Swedish Food Composition Database Used in the National Dietary Survey Riksmaten Adolescents 2016–17

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wanselius ◽  
Cecilia Axelsson ◽  
Lotta Moraeus ◽  
Christina Berg ◽  
Irene Mattisson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Sample ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Food Items ◽  
School Year ◽  
Specific Food

A high intake of added and free sugars is associated with poor diet quality, caries, and potentially has a role in non-communicable diseases. As a result, dietary guidelines advice limitation. However, there is no standardized method for estimation of added and free sugars in food items and consequently intake is difficult to measure. This study aimed to refine a procedure for sugars estimation and apply it to a Swedish dietary survey on adolescents (Riksmaten Adolescents 2016–17). A national sample of 3099 adolescents in school year 5, 8 and 11 participated (55% girls). Individual dietary intake data from two non-consecutive days was collected retrospectively and used for analysis. A ten-step systematic procedure for estimation of sugars in a Swedish context has been developed by combining two earlier methods, one for estimation of added sugars and one for free sugars. Sugars estimates were made for all food items comprising the survey database. Mainly objective decisions were necessary to make the estimates (92% and 93% for the sugars respectively); meaning that the procedure was largely transparent. In relation to Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, 45% of the participants had an intake that adhered to the guidelines. However, the majority of intakes was close to the recommendation. Further research on how specific food sources contribute to added and free sugars is necessary to facilitate further guidance on sugars and how to reach recommended target levels in Sweden.

Obesity in relation to risk factors and socioeconomic conditions among school-age children at Khartoum State 2011/2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 413-416
Author(s):  
Dr. Suzan Ail Yousif Abo* ,Dr. ALI abdalazez Salih
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Year ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Class Room ◽  
Watching Tv

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was carried out at Khartoum Stateduring the school year 20112/2012 to estimate the prevalence of obesity among schoolchildren aged 6-15 years and to investigate the relationship between BMI (Body MassIndex) and socioeconomic status and life style factors. Two hundred and fifty pupilsparticipated in this study. The researcher took the anthropometric measurement insidethe class room and gave the questionnaire the students to be answered by one of child’sparents. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS Version 13.0).In this study, prevalence of obesity was found to be (48%) of them 18% males and 30%females. Income of the family, number of high caloric carbonated beverages/week, wayof transportation to school, length of daily playing outside the home, and time spentin watching TV and video games were significantly correlated with student’s BMI.While parent’s BMI was not having significant correlation with student’s BMI.This study is considered as the first study in its field regarding this age category inKhartoum State, and it is promoting future researches in obesity and its determinant.Key words: Obesity in relation to risk factors and socioeconomic conditions amongschool-age children

scholarly journals Free Sugars Consumption in Canada

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1471
Author(s):  
Huma Rana ◽  
Marie-Claude Mallet ◽  
Alejandro Gonzalez ◽  
Marie-France Verreault ◽  
Sylvie St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Baked Products

Free sugars (FS) are associated with a higher risk of dental decay in children and an increased risk of weight gain, overweight and obesity and type 2 diabetes. For this reason, Canada’s Food Guide recommends limiting foods and beverages that contribute to excess free sugars consumption. Estimating FS intakes is needed to inform policies and interventions aimed at reducing Canadians’ consumption of FS. The objective of this study was to estimate FS intake of Canadians using a new method that estimated the free sugars content of foods in the Canadian Nutrient File, the database used in national nutrition surveys. We define FS as sugars present in food products in which the structure has been broken down. We found that 12% of total energy (about 56 g) comes from FS in the diet of Canadians 1 year of age and older (≥1 year). The top four sources were: (1) sugars, syrups, preserves, confectionary, desserts; (2) soft drinks; (3) baked products and (4) juice (without added sugars), and accounted for 60% of total free sugars intake. The results show that efforts need to be sustained to help Canadians, particularly children and adolescents, to reduce their FS intake.

scholarly journals Effect of organ and tissue masses on resting energy expenditure in underweight, normal weight and obese adults

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Bosy-Westphal ◽  
U Reinecke ◽  
T Schlörke ◽  
K Illner ◽  
D Kutzner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Resting Energy

Effects of Television on Metabolic Rate: Potential Implications For Childhood Obesity

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-286
Author(s):  
Robert C. Klesges ◽  
Mary L. Shelton ◽  
Lisa M. Klesges
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Television Viewing ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resting Energy

The effects of television viewing on resting energy expenditure (metabolic rate) in obese and normal-weight children were studied in a laboratory setting. Subjects were 15 obese children and 16 normal-weight children whose ages ranged from 8 to 12 years. All subjects had two measures of resting energy expenditure obtained while at rest and one measurement of energy expenditure taken while viewing television. Results indicated that metabolic rate during television viewing was significantly lower (mean decrease of 211 kcal extrapolated to a day) than during rest. Obese children tended to have a larger decrease, although this difference was not statistically significant (262 kcal/d vs 167 kcal/d, respectively). It was concluded that television viewing has a fairly profound lowering effect of metabolic rate and may be a mechanism for the relationship between obesity and amount of television viewing.

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