scholarly journals Medical abortion kit dispensing practices of community pharmacies in Pokhara Metropolitan, Nepal

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244969
Author(s):  
Nim Bahadur Dangi ◽  
Sangam Subedi ◽  
Mahasagar Gyawali ◽  
Aashish Bhattarai ◽  
Tulsi Ram Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Medical Abortion ◽  
P Value ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safe Abortion ◽  
Male Clients ◽  
Dispensing Practices ◽  
Pokhara Valley

Background Medical abortion (MA) refers to the use of medicines to terminate the pregnancy. There is an urgent need to spread safe abortion services in the community. This study assessed the MA kit dispensing practices of community pharmacies in Pokhara Valley, Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Pokhara Valley, Nepal from December 2017 to November 2018. Among the community pharmacies of Pokhara Valley, 115 community pharmacies were selected using a consecutive sampling method. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. MA kit and related information were requested by simulated male clients visiting the community pharmacies. The information obtained from the pharmacy workers was recorded in the data collection sheet. Results Nine brands of MA kit from eight manufacturing companies were found in practice in Pokhara Valley, out of those only five (56%) were registered in Nepal. Seven brands were sold at more than the labeled price. The pharmacy workers asked about the gestational age and confirmation of pregnancy in all the cases. Most of them counseled the clients on the frequency, duration, and direction of use. Dispensing practice and level of counseling were found to be significantly correlated (r = 0.40, p value = 0.01). Conclusion Despite the awareness of the pharmacy workers on the MA kit, most of them provided limited information to the clients. Nearly half unregistered MA kits were found in practice at the community pharmacies. Thus, the Department of Drugs Administration and other concerned authorities must provide relevant training and awareness programs to the pharmacy workers of the community pharmacies for preventing the malpractice of MA kit. The Government of Nepal must restrict the illegal entry of unregistered brands and assure the standards of MA kit by regulating drug acts and policies effectively.

scholarly journals Dispensing Antibiotics without Prescription at Community Pharmacies and Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets in Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1025
Author(s):  
Pendo Ndaki ◽  
Martha Mushi ◽  
Joseph Mwanga ◽  
Eveline Konje ◽  
Nyanda Ntinginya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuing Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Country Study ◽  
Dispensing Practices ◽  
Regulations And Guidelines

Worldwide, antimicrobial resistance is increasing rapidly and is associated with misuse of antimicrobials. The HATUA study (a broader 3-country study) investigated the antibiotic dispensing practices of pharmaceutical providers to clients, particularly the propensity to dispense without prescription. A cross-sectional study using a ‘mystery client’ method was conducted in 1148 community pharmacies and accredited drugs dispensing outlets (ADDO) in Mwanza (n = 612), Mbeya (n = 304) and Kilimanjaro (n = 232) in Tanzania. Mystery clients asked directly for amoxicillin, had no prescription to present, did not discuss symptoms unless asked [when asked reported UTI-like symptoms] and attempted to buy a half course. Dispensing of amoxicillin without prescription was common [88.2, 95%CI 86.3–89.9%], across all three regions. Furthermore, the majority of outlets sold a half course of amoxicillin without prescription: Mwanza (98%), Mbeya (99%) and Kilimanjaro (98%). Generally, most providers in all three regions dispensed amoxicillin on demand, without asking the client any questions, with significant variations among regions [p-value = 0.003]. In Mbeya and Kilimanjaro, providers in ADDOs were more likely to do this than those in pharmacies but no difference was observed in Mwanza. While the Tanzanian government has laws, regulations and guidelines that prohibit antibiotic dispensing without prescription, our study suggests non-compliance by drug providers. Enforcement, surveillance, and the provision of continuing education on dispensing practices is recommended, particularly for ADDO providers.

scholarly journals Sales Territory Design and Salesforce Performance in the Detergent Manufacturing Companies: The Actual Kenyan Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (35) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Benson Muchoki Mwangi ◽  
Francis N. Kibera ◽  
Mary Kinoti ◽  
Magutu P. Obara
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Territory Design ◽  
Simple Regression Model ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

This paper focuses on determining the influence of sales territory design on salesforce performance in the detergent manufacturing companies in Kenya. Detergents play a critical role in our everyday lives by ensuring hygiene at our personal level, in our homes, in schools, institutions, and hospitals. Detergents have gained a lot of prominence since the onset of the Corona Virus (COVID-19) disease in 2019, as it has been proved that they play an important role in curtailing the transmission of the COVID-19 disease. The Salesforce plays an important role in organizations as they are the ones who in most cases interact with customers, provide information about their organization and products, provide prices, demonstrate how products are used, train customers, provide after sales service, and resolve any issues that may arise. The study was anchored on Expectancy Theory, Resource Based Theory, Equity Theory, and Agency Theory. The study adopted positivism philosophy and used a descriptive cross sectional design. The unit of analysis was the sales people in the detergent manufacturing companies in Kenya who are members of Kenya Association of Manufacturers as per list obtained from KAM in December 2018. The study used primary data which was collected by administering semi-structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed using a combination of both descriptive and inferential statics to describe the manifestations of the variables in the data collected, simple regression model was used to test the significance of the influence of sales territory design (independent variable) on the salesforce performance (dependent variable). Fischer distribution test (F-test) was used to test the significance of the independent variable and the overall model. The p-value for the F-statistic was used to determine the robustness of the model. This was done at 95% confidence level (p<0.05). The study found a strong relationship between sales territory design and salesforce performance. This depicts that sales territory design is critical in determining salesforce performance in detergent manufacturing companies in Kenya.

scholarly journals Feeding practice of infant and young children and their nutritional status among tea worker community of West Tripura district, India: an observational study

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Arjun Saha ◽  
Himadri Bhattacharjya
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
P Value ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Breastfeeding Initiation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Prelacteal Feeding ◽  
Initiation Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: People working in tea gardens of Tripura differ from other people in terms of ethnicity, culture, food habit, literacy etc. and limited information is available regarding infant feeding practices and its association if any, with nutritional status of under-five children of this community. Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was conducted during 1st July to 31st August 2016, using a validated interview schedule, among 170 women working in different tea estates of West Tripura district, having children aged 6 months to 2 yr, chosen by multistage sampling. Descriptive statistics and χ2 test were used to present data. P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Breastfeeding initiation rate within one hr of birth was 50.59%, colostrums was fed to 82.35%, prelacteal feeding was given to 30.59%, 65.88% were exclusively breast fed and overall feeding practice was proper in 51.76% of the study children. Khichdi (34.1%) was the commonest complimentary feed and katori and spoon (64.7%) were the commonest feeding utensils. Prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was 9.0%, 12.9% and 7.3% respectively and these were found to be more frequent among children who received prelacteal feeding, late initiation of breastfeeding and early complimentary feeding, though statistically these were not significant. Conclusions: Overall infant feeding practice was better among educated mothers and institutional births; hence improvement in literacy and promoting institutional deliveries will further improve feeding practice in this community. Though underweight, stunting and wasting was prevalent but these had no significant association with feeding practices. Hence further studies are required to investigate the causes of malnutrition among children of this community. 

scholarly journals Why Women Choose At-Home Abortion via Teleconsultation in France?: A Mixed-Method Study on Drivers of Telemedicine Abortion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazal Atay ◽  
Helene Perivier ◽  
Kristina Gemzell-Danielson ◽  
Jean Guilleminot ◽  
Danielle Hassoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Medical Abortion ◽  
Patient And Public Involvement ◽  
Mixed Method Study ◽  
List Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safe Abortion ◽  
Abortion Care ◽  
At Home

AbstractObjectivesIn face of the COVID-19 health emergency, France has allowed medical abortions to be performed by teleconsultation until 9 weeks of gestation. In an attempt to understand the demand and main drivers of telemedicine abortion, we analysed the requests that Women on Web (WoW), an online telemedicine abortion service operating worldwide, received from France throughout 2020.MethodsWe conducted a parallel convergent mixed-method study among 809 consultations received from France at WoW between 1 January and 31 December 2020. We performed a cross-sectional study of data obtained from the WoW consultation survey and a manifest content analysis of anonymised email correspondence of 140 women consulting with WoW helpdesk from France.ResultsWe found that women encounter macro-level, individual-level, and provider-level constraints while trying to access abortion in France. The preferences and needs over secrecy (46.2%), privacy (38.3%), and comfort (34.9%) are among the most frequent reasons for women from France to choose telemedicine abortion through WoW. The COVID-19 pandemic seems to be an important driver for resorting to telemedicine (30.6%). The lockdowns seem to have had an impact on the number of consultations received at WoW from France, increasing from 60 in March to 128 in April during the first lockdown and from 54 in October to 80 in November during the second lockdown.ConclusionsThe demand for at-home medical abortion via teleconsultation increased in France during the lockdowns. However, drivers of telemedicine abortion are multi-dimensional and go beyond the conditions unique to the pandemic. Given the various constraints women continue to encounter in accessing safe abortion, telemedicine can help meet women’s preferences and needs for secrecy, privacy and comfort, while facilitating improved access to and enabling more person-centred abortion care.Tweetable AbstractAt-home abortion via teleconsultation can help meet women’s needs and preferences for privacy, secrecy, and comfort, while facilitating improved access to abortion care in France.Key MessagesThe lockdowns seem to have had an impact on the number of consultations received at WoW from France, increasing from 60 in March to 128 in April during the first lockdown and from 54 in October to 80 in November during the second lockdown.While the COVID-19 pandemic was an important push factor for women to choose telemedicine, the drivers of telemedicine are multidimensional and go beyond conditions unique to the pandemic.Telemedicine can help meet women’s needs and preferences for privacy, secrecy, and comfort, while facilitating access to and enabling more person-centred abortion care in France.Funding InformationThis research was funded by a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the “Investissements d’Avenir” program LIEPP (ANR-11-LABX-0091, ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02) and the Université de Paris IdEx (ANR-18-IDEX-0001).Patient and public involvement statementThis public policy analysis does not involve patients or the public in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this work. However, the service that WoW provides is designed to address the priorities and experiences of people who access the service. Thus, the research questions were informed by the needs of people who rely on WoW to access abortion.Ethics approvalThe study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee, Karolinska Institutet, Dnr 2009/2072-31/2 and Dnr 2020/05406.

scholarly journals The Weekend Drug; Recreational Use of Sildenafil Citrate and Concomitant Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berhanemeskel Weldegerima Atsbeha ◽  
Beza Tefera Kebede ◽  
Biruktawit Shewafera Birhanu ◽  
Dawit Kumilachew Yimenu ◽  
Wudneh Simegn Belay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sildenafil Citrate ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Clients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Recreational Use

Background: Men who use erectile dysfunction medications for recreational purposes may be at increased risk of becoming psychologically dependent, which in turn could lead to psychogenic-based erectile dysfunction symptoms. Sildenafil has become one of the most commonly prescribed and abused drugs available today.Objectives: This study aimed to describe the utilization pattern and associated factors of sildenafil citrate among its users visiting community pharmacies in Gondar, Ethiopia.Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 20, 2017 to May 10, 2017, among male clients who visited community pharmacies in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia. A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used to collect data from Sildenafil users older than 18 years, that started using the drug (Sildenafil) for at least 6 months before the data collection period. A regression analysis was conducted to determine the association between study variables, and a P-value of &lt;0.05 was considered to declare statistical significance.Results: A total of 65 men participated in the study. Of the total study participants, 33.8% were aged 25–34 years and about 40% of them had multiple sexual partners. The use of sildenafil for recreational purposes was 66.2% and was found to be higher than its use for medical purposes 33.8%. Use of the drug for &lt;1-year duration (AOR = 34.086, 95% CI [2.90, 401.37]) and 2 years duration (AOR = 21.42: 95% CI [2.10, 218.82]) were significantly associated with its use for recreational purpose. Non-recreational use of sildenafil includes erectile problems associated with diabetes mellitus (27.1%), heart disease (9.2%), hyperlipidemia (4.2%), and relationship problems due to stress and poor communication (3.1%).Conclusion: Most men who use sildenafil citrate do so for recreational purposes, and use of sildenafil citrate for 2 years or less was associated with recreational use. There should be a collaborative effort among pharmacists, health professionals, and policymakers to improve the rational use of sildenafil.

Safe abortion practice and knowledge on abortion legalization among Nepalese undergraduate female students

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiva Raj Acharya ◽  
Raju Sherstha ◽  
Sandip Pahari ◽  
Yong Chul Shin ◽  
Deog Hwan Moon
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safe Abortion ◽  
Abortion Law ◽  
Abortion Legalization ◽  
Undergraduate Female ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
Pokhara Valley

Background: Unsafe abortion remains one of the major public health problems, especially in developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge on the legalization of abortion and the practice of abortion among Nepalese undergraduate female students. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among the 490 female students of Pokhara Valley, Nepal. Study populations from the 10 colleges were selected through purposive and systematic random sampling. The semi-structured questionnaire was used as a data collection technique. Results: Only 34% of students have a good knowledge of abortion legalization, compared to 42% who have poor knowledge. While two-thirds of the participants (66.6%) were aware that abortion is legal in Nepal, only a few were aware of the conditions for legalized safe abortion. During sexual intercourse, almost half of the participants (51.3%) did not use any form of contraception. Unintended conception was the primary cause of abortion (53.3%). Conclusion: The level of knowledge about the abortion law, safe abortion practice, and utilization of abortion services were found to be poor. Age of the participant, autonomy level for decision making, religion, and study background were the associated factors with the level of knowledge and practice of abortion. Community-based health promotion and awareness programs focusing on the youth population should be conducted.

Knowledge regarding COVID-19 among Registered Nurses of Pokhara, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Akriti Kafle ◽  
Sirjana Pandit Pahari ◽  
Sudip Khanal ◽  
Kushalata Baral ◽  
Kabita Pathak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Registered Nurses ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
R Software ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Profound Knowledge ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pokhara Valley ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Background: Coronavirus disease is an emerging pandemic disease. The whole world is suffering from this disease these days. It is an acute respiratory disease in which transmission occurs essentially through respiratory droplets and this virus said to have 2-14 days of incubation.Objective: To assess their knowledge regarding COVID19 among registered nurses of Pokhara valley.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with the help of the pretested and self-administered questionnaires to 750 registered nurses of Pokhara valley. Thus collected data was entered into SPSS version 20 and then further analyzed using R software. Frequency, percentages, the mean and standard deviation were calculated for the analysis. p-value was calculated where ever applicable to find the significance of data.Results: The study disclosed that mass of the respondents had moderate proportion (44.8%) concerning understanding, followed by the respondents had a low level of knowledge (29.2%) and the rest of them (26.0%) had good knowledge about COVID 19.Conclusion: Overall knowledge among nurses was found to be satisfactory as the disease is entirely new. Further research and updates on the diseases will help to profound knowledge among nurses.

scholarly journals Assessment of Prescribing and Dispensing Practices Based on WHO Core Prescribing Indicators in Hospital and Community Pharmacies in Khartoum State - Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Rabie ◽  
Salah I. Kheder
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Prescription ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Continuous Assessment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
Hospital Pharmacies ◽  
Dispensing Practices

Background Rational drug management has become an increasingly important topic in order to make optimal use of the drug budget to offer health services of the highest possible standard. It is important that continuous assessment for rational prescribing and use of drug have to be carried. Objective of this study was to gather data on existing drug prescription and dispensing practices and to evaluate the prescribing and dispensing indicators as described by the WHO. Method Observational, cross-sectional, prospective study was designed and conducted to evaluate the performance of hospital and community pharmacies in Khartoum state, related to rational drug use and prescribing and dispensing practices during the period from November 2018 to March 2019. 297 Hospital and community pharmacies from public and private sectors were contacted for carrying out this study survey and the collected data were analysed against WHO standards for core drug use indicators. Results The average number of drugs per encounter was 3.98 drugs. Hospital pharmacies had a higher (4.18±1.516) number of drugs prescribed than community pharmacies (3.87±1.331) with significance difference between mean of two types of pharmacies (P = 0.015). The percentage of antibiotic per prescription was (53.7%). Antibiotic prescribing was much higher (54.0%) in the hospital pharmacies compared to (48.6 %) in community pharmacies. The average percentage of injections per prescription at the facilities was found to be (57.6%). The percentage of prescription with written diagnosis was (26%.0) and the percentage of prescriptions with written dose was (78%.0). The average dispensing time was (1.75) minutes, The Percentage of drugs actually dispensed was (55.99%), the average adequacy of labelling of drugs was (30.4%). Overall prescribing and dispensing indicators were higher than WHO standard. Conclusion The degree of poly pharmacy was greater than of WHO criteria. The completeness and rationality of prescription was found suboptimal and components were missed.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Tungiasis and its risk factors of among children of Mettu woreda, southwest Ethiopia, 2020

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262168
Author(s):  
Sime Daba Jorga ◽  
Yohannes Lulu Dessie ◽  
Mohammed Reshad Kedir ◽  
Dereje Oljira Donacho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
P Value ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia

Tungiasis is caused by the flea tunga penetrans and results in painful skin lesions, skin infections, and permanent disability. However, limited information is available that shows the magnitude of the problem and its risk factors that help for intervention in Ethiopia. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of tungiasis in children aged 5 to 14 in Mettu woreda in 2020. A community based cross sectional study was conducted among randomly selected kebeles of Mettu woreda, in Southwest Ethiopia. To select study participants, multistage sampling was used. The data were collected through physical examination of the children, interview of parents/guardians of the children, and observation of the home environment using checklists and questionnaires. The descriptive analysis was done for socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence of tungiasis, and housing conditions. A logistic regression analysis was performed, and variables in multivariable regression reported odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals once the variables were identified using a p-value of 0.05 as a risk factor of statistical significance. The prevalence of tungiasis among children 5–14 years of age in Mettu rural woreda was 52 percent (n = 821). As a risk factor, large family size (AOR: 2.9, 95% CI: 2.13, 4.40); school attendance (AOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.18), floor inside the house (AOR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.76, 8.43); having sleeping bed (AOR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.82); access to protected water sources (AOR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.39); access to improved toilet facilities(AOR: 0.63: 95% CI: 0.44, 0.89); access to electric services (AOR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.62); and lack of own farmland (AOR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.50) were found. Therefore, planning and implementation of interventions focus on those risk factors that are particularly important. Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions, and livelihood improvement interventions are required to solve the problem in the setting.

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