scholarly journals Goal sharing with others modulates the sense of agency and motor accuracy in social contexts

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246561
Author(s):  
Kazuki Hayashida ◽  
Yuki Nishi ◽  
Michihiro Osumi ◽  
Satoshi Nobusako ◽  
Shu Morioka
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Cooperative Groups ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Predictive Processes ◽  
Motor Accuracy

Sense of agency (SoA), the feeling of control over one’s own actions and their effects, is fundamental to goal-directed actions at the individual level and may constitute a cornerstone of everyday life, including cooperative behavior (i.e., goal sharing). Previous studies have demonstrated that goal sharing can activate the motor prediction of both agent’s action and partner’s action in joint-action tasks. Moreover, given that from an SoA perspective, predictive processes are an essential basis, there is a possibility that goal sharing may modulate SoA. However, the possibility for goal sharing to modulate SoA remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether goal sharing modulates the intentional binding (IB) effect (a method that can quantitatively measure SoA) of self-generated and observed partner’s actions and improves motor accuracy. Participants were required to stop a circular horizontal moving object by pressing a key when the object reaches the center of a target in a social situation. This task measured IB by having participants estimate the time interval between action and effect in several 100 milliseconds, with shorter time interval estimations indicating enhancement of SoA. Participants were randomly divided into 13 Cooperative groups (goal sharing) and 13 Independent groups (non-goal sharing). Cooperative groups were instructed to perform the task together, while Independent groups did so individually. Participants estimated the time interval between them by pressing the key and hearing the corresponding sound (Self-generated action) and the other person pressing the key and hearing the sound (Observed action). Our results indicated that goal sharing improved motor accuracy and enhanced both the IB of Self-generated and Observed actions compared to non-goal sharing. We suggest that SoA can be modulated by goal sharing in specific social contexts.

Applying Social Psychological Perspectives to the Sport Psychology Consulting Process

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Brustad ◽  
Michelle Ritter-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Clinical And Counseling Psychology ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disordered Eating Patterns ◽  
Applied Sport Psychology

Psychological processes in sport are inextricably linked to the social contexts within which they occur. However, research and practice in applied sport psychology have shown only marginal concern for the social dimensions of participation. As a consequence of stronger ties to clinical and counseling psychology than to social psychology, the prevailing model of intervention in applied sport psychology has been individually centered. Focus at the individual level has been further bolstered by cognitive emphases in modem psychology. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the need for a balanced consideration of social and personal influences. Four social psychological dimensions of interest will be explored, including athletic subculture membership; athletic identity concerns; social networks of influence; and leadership processes. The relevance of these forms of influence will be examined in relation to applied concerns in the areas of athlete academic performance, overtraining and burnout, and disordered eating patterns. At minimum, consultants need to address contextual and relational correlates of psychological and performance issues.

scholarly journals Explaining Cooperative Behavior in Public Goods Games: How Preferences and Beliefs Affect Contribution Levels

Games ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Ackermann ◽  
Ryan Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Repeated Interaction ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
The Individual

There is a large body of evidence showing that a substantial proportion of people cooperate in public goods games, even if the situation is one-shot and completely anonymous. In the present study, we bring together two major endogenous factors that are known to affect cooperation levels, and in so doing replicate and extend previous empirical research on public goods problems in several important ways. We measure social preferences and concurrently elicit beliefs on the individual level using multiple methods, and at multiple times during the experiment. With this rich set of predictor variables at the individual level, we test how well individual contribution decisions can be accounted for in both a one-shot and a repeated interaction. We show that when heterogeneity in people’s preferences and beliefs is taken into consideration, more than 50% of the variance in individual choice behavior can be explained. Furthermore, we show that people do not only update their beliefs in a repeated public goods game, but also that their social preferences change, to some extent, in response to the choices of other decision makers.

scholarly journals Predicting the Future: Art and Algorithms

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-911
Author(s):  
Akos Rona-Tas
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Consumer Credit ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Predictive Algorithms ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Political Governance

Abstract Predictive algorithms are replacing the art of human judgement in rapidly growing areas of social life. By offering pattern recognition as forecast, predictive algorithms mechanically project the past onto the future, embracing a peculiar notion of time where the future is different in no radical way from the past and present, and a peculiar world where human agency is absent. Yet, prediction is about agency, we predict the future to change it. At the individual level, the psychological literature has concluded that in the realm of predictions, human judgement is inferior to algorithmic methods. At the sociological level, however, human judgement is often preferred over algorthms. We show how human and algorithmic predictions work in three social contexts—consumer credit, college admissions and criminal justice—and why people have good reasons to rely on human judgement. We argue that mechanical and overly successful local predictions can result in self-fulfilling prophecies and, eventually, global polarization and chaos. Finally, we look at algorithmic prediction as a form of societal and political governance and discuss how it is currently being constructed as a wide net of control by market processes in the USA and by government fiat in China.

Reliability of Aggregated Organizational Data: An Evaluation of Five Empirical Indices

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Forbes ◽  
Roma L. Taunton
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Style ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Work Group ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
The Individual

Nursing systems research has included many levels of measurement such as individuals, work groups, organizations, and systems of organizations. Variables important to organizational survival often are measured at the individual level, with inferences made to the work group or the organization. This study demonstrated a process for determining the reliability of individual level data aggregated to the work group and organization levels. Data were analyzed on four variables: job enjoyment; manager’s leadership style in terms of structuring expectations and consideration; and control over nursing practice. Job enjoyment was assessed over time. Registered staff nurses (n = 632), representing 54 nursing units from 4 large acute care hospitals, comprised the sample. The results indicated the assessment of reliability and validity is important at the level of inference and at each time interval. Aggregated data were deemed reliable when the following criteria were met: Cronbach’s alpha >.60; intraclass correlation (1, k) >.60; and a significant F ratio. The interpretation of ω2 as an indicator of effect size suggested that the validity of inference at the aggregated level is in question when effect size is negligible or small.

Globalization and people’s interest in foreign affairs

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis LF Lee ◽  
Zhou He ◽  
Chin-chuan Lee ◽  
Wanying Lin ◽  
Mike Z Yao
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Comparative Survey ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Parts

Globalization signifies the increasing interconnectedness among different parts of the world. But few studies have examined whether and how the processes of globalization relate to people’s interests in foreign affairs. This study tackles the question at the individual level. It identifies transnational social connections, willingness to move abroad, foreign language abilities, and perceived impact of globalization as four factors representing people’s connections with and orientations toward the processes of globalization. These four factors are hypothesized as correlates of people’s interest in foreign affairs. Analysis of a comparative survey ( N = 1117) conducted in Hong Kong and Taipei generally supports the hypotheses, but the results also show that social contexts may shape the strengths of the relationships among different factors. The analysis also explores the problematic of causality. The results suggest that some, but not all, aspects of individuals’ connections with globalization can influence interest in foreign affairs.

scholarly journals Heart Rate Variability as a Prospective Predictor of Early COVID-19 Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Ponomarev ◽  
Konstantin Tyapochkin ◽  
Ekaterina Surkova ◽  
Evgeniya Smorodnikova ◽  
Pavel Pravdin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Interval Data ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
The Individual

Heart rate variability (HRV) is the fluctuation in the time interval between consecutive heartbeats, the measurement of which is a non-invasive method for assessing the autonomic status. The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in physiological situations, and in various pathological processes such as in cardiovascular diseases and viral infections. This study examined the cardiac autonomic responses, as measured by HRV before, after, and during coronavirus disease. In this study, we used beat interval data extracted from the Welltory app from 14 eligible subjects (9 men and 5 women) with a mean age (SD) of 44 (8.7) years. HRV analysis was performed through an assessment of time-domain indices (SDNN and RMSSD). Group analysis did not reveal any statistical difference between HRV metrics before, during, and after COVID-19. However, HRV at the individual level showed a statistically significant individual change during COVID-19 in some users. These data further support the usefulness of using individual-level HRV tracking for the detection of early diseases inclusive of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Couple-level Minority Stress: An Examination of Same-sex Couples’ Unique Experiences

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Frost ◽  
Allen J. LeBlanc ◽  
Brian de Vries ◽  
Eli Alston-Stepnitz ◽  
Rob Stephenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Minority Stress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
The Individual

Social stress resulting from stigma, prejudice, and discrimination—“minority stress”—negatively impacts sexual minority individuals’ health and relational well-being. The present study examined how being in a same-sex couple can result in exposure to unique minority stressors not accounted for at the individual level. Relationship timeline interviews were conducted with 120 same-sex couples equally distributed across two study sites (Atlanta and San Francisco), gender (male and female), and relationship duration (at least six months but less than three years, at least three years but less than seven years, and seven or more years). Directed content analyses identified 17 unique couple-level minority stressors experienced within nine distinct social contexts. Analyses also revealed experiences of dyadic minority stress processes (stress discrepancies and stress contagion). These findings can be useful in future efforts to better understand and address the cumulative impact of minority stress on relational well-being and individual health.

scholarly journals Culture and cooperation: Examination of US-Japan differences in the framework of uncertainty avoidance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kodai Kusano
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Framework ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

The objective of this thesis was to examine whether uncertainty avoidance dimension of culture produces Unites State-Japan differences in cooperative behavior. I examined how uncertainty operated to produce cooperative behaviors differently between American and Japanese subjects. The subjects' cooperative behaviors were observed during the ultimatum game. Individual differences in individualism-collectivism, intolerance of uncertainty, and neuroticism were also measured as potential mediators or covariates of the effect of uncertainty and country on the cooperative behavior. Data showed that although there was no cultural difference on cooperative behaviors between Americans and the Japanese, uncertainty generally increased cooperative behaviors across cultures. The individual-level analysis also demonstrated that the Japanese had higher intolerance of uncertainty than did Americans. This thesis suggests that the uncertainty avoidance dimension is a useful cultural framework to explore cultural differences between Americans and Japanese in various domains of behaviors.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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