scholarly journals Immunity and survival response of Atta cephalotes (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) workers to Metarhizium anisopliae infection: Potential role of their associated microbiota

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247545
Author(s):  
Sandra Milena Valencia-Giraldo ◽  
Andrea Niño-Castro ◽  
Andrea López-Peña ◽  
Danna Trejos-Vidal ◽  
Odair Correa-Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Atta Cephalotes ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Defensive Role ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
The Individual

Leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex are at constant risk of epizootics due to their dense living conditions and frequent social interactions between genetically related individuals. To help mitigate the risk of epizootics, these ants display individual and collective immune responses, including associations with symbiotic bacteria that can enhance their resistance to pathogenic infections. For example, Acromyrmex spp. harbor actinobacteria that control infection by Escovopsis in their fungal gardens. Although Atta spp. do not maintain symbiosis with protective actinobacteria, the evidence suggests that these insects are colonized by bacterial microbiota that may play a role in their defense against pathogens. The potential role of the bacterial microbiome of Atta workers in enhancing host immunity remains unexplored. We evaluated multiple parameters of the individual immunity of Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus, 1758) workers, including hemocyte count, encapsulation response, and the antimicrobial activity of the hemolymph in the presence or absence of bacterial microbiota. Experiments were performed on ants reared under standard conditions as well as on ants previously exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus Metharrizium anisopliae. Furthermore, the effects of the presence/absence of bacteria on the survival of workers exposed to M. anisopliae were evaluated. The bacterial microbiota associated with A. cephalotes workers does not modulate the number of hemocytes under control conditions or under conditions of exposure to the fungal pathogen. In addition, infection by M. anisopliae, but not microbiota, increases the encapsulation response. Similarly, the exposure of workers to this fungus led to increased hemolymph antimicrobial activity. Conversely, the removal of bacterial microbiota did not have a significant impact on the survival of workers with M. anisopliae. Our results suggest that the bacterial microbiota associated with the cuticle of A. cephalotes workers does not play a role as a modulator of innate immunity, either at baseline or after exposure to the entomopathogen M. anisopliae. Further, upon infection, workers rely on mechanisms of humoral immunity to respond to this threat. Overall, our findings indicate that the bacterial microbiota associated with A. cephalotes workers does not play a defensive role.

scholarly journals The role of the bacterial microbiome in the treatment of cancer

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Kun Yu ◽  
Rui-Ling Xie ◽  
Rui You ◽  
You-Ping Liu ◽  
Xu-Yin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome

AbstractThe human microbiome is defined as the microorganisms that reside in or on the human body, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their genomes. The human microbiome participates in the modulation of human metabolism by influencing several intricate pathways. The association between specific bacteria or viruses and the efficacy of cancer treatments and the occurrence of treatment-related toxicity in cancer patients has been reported. However, the understanding of the interaction between the host microbiome and the cancer treatment response is limited, and the microbiome potentially plays a greater role in the treatment of cancer than reported to date. Here, we provide a thorough review of the potential role of the gut and locally resident bacterial microbiota in modulating responses to different cancer therapeutics to demonstrate the association between the gut or locally resident bacterial microbiota and cancer therapy. Probable mechanisms, such as metabolism, the immune response and the translocation of microbiome constituents, are discussed to promote future research into the association between the microbiome and other types of cancer. We conclude that the interaction between the host immune system and the microbiome may be the basis of the role of the microbiome in cancer therapies. Future research on the association between host immunity and the microbiome may improve the efficacy of several cancer treatments and provide insights into the cause of treatment-related side effects.

Potential Role of Darvyadi Kwatha in the Management of Diabetes

The Healer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Shankar Gautam ◽  
Abhishek Upadhyay ◽  
Rashmi Mutha ◽  
BINOD KUMAR SINGH ◽  
Ram Kishor Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Diabetes is a clinical condition characterized by a spike in blood glucose in plasma. It is one of the 21st century's greatest public health crises and is among the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Although new drugs and therapeutics are emerging for its management but the prevalence is increasing at an alarming pace; thus, every system must contribute for effective management. An effort is made to review the efficacy and safety evaluation of the individual herbs of Darvyadi Kwatha (DK), an Ayurvedic formulation mentioned in Charaka Samhita. The constituents of the DK has some strong efficient antidiabetic/hypoglycaemic chemical principle having insulin-triggering and insulin-like behaviors which increases the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glucokinase and decreases glucose-6-phosphatase activity, reduce oxidative stress and prevention of glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity play a critical role in glucose homeostasis. DK also improve biochemical parameters such as SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol and triglycerides and is found to be safe in animal experiments. The various evidences clearly indicates that DK has definite hypoglycemic potential as well as anti-diabetic activity.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF GERONTOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN ACHIEVING THE UN’S SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S75-S76
Author(s):  
Toni C Antonucci
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract The United Nations has identified 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) designed to improve the health and well-being of the world’s most vulnerable populations. This presentation will review the potential role psychology, in particular, illustrative theories and research, in achieving the SDGs of reducing poverty and achieving gender equality and empowerment. We consider life span (individual) developmental and life course (environmental structure) theories as useful for explaining how poverty and inequality influence the individual and community at one point in time and over time. Further, we use research evidence to illustrate how naturally occurring resources can be garnered to better explain, understand, identify and create successful intervention programs. We emphasize the importance psychology to achieving SDGs and emphasize that the application psychology to changing the behavior and expectations of individuals and societies to achieve sustainable development that contributes to a world that celebrates optimal and sustainable development for all.

The Notion of ‘Persuasive Value’ of External Precedent in International Criminal Law

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-58
Author(s):  
Aldo Zammit Borda
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
The Individual

This article examines the notion of ‘persuasive value’ of external precedent in the context of international criminal law. It finds that, in a number of cases, individual judges have appeared to assess the relevance and persuasive value of the same judicial decision differently and suggests that an assessment of this notion may be contingent on the specific circumstances of the case, including the individual approaches of judges. The article proceeds to flesh out some extrinsic and intrinsic elements of this notion. With respect to the former, these include: (1) the specific attitudes of individual judges; (2) the authority of the forum, including the generalist or specialist character of the court and the potential role of judicial networks; (3) the effect of successive citations; and (4) the potentially uneven playing field of citations. With respect to the latter, these may include: (1) the nature of the law being applied and the consonance of the findings with the applicable law; and (2) the quality of the reasoning. While there potentially may be a link between the quality of reasoning of a given decision and an assessment of its persuasive value, this may depend on the circumstances of the case and, in particular, on the approaches of the individual judges, who may accord differing weight to the elements involved in the equation. Thus, the article concludes that, ultimately, any assessment of the notion of persuasive value may have to remain contingent and incomplete.

The microRNA-200 family: still much to discover

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Senfter ◽  
Sibylle Madlener ◽  
Georg Krupitza ◽  
Robert M. Mader
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Predictive Biomarker ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Active Regulation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Open Issues

AbstractIn the last decade, microRNAs (miRs or miRNAs) became of great interest in cancer research due to their multifunctional and active regulation in a variety of vital cellular processes. In this review, we discuss the miR-200 family, which is composed of five members (miR-141, miR-200a/200b/200c and miR-429). Although being among the best investigated miRNAs in the field, there are still many open issues. Here, we describe the potential role of miR-200 as prognostic and/or predictive biomarker, its influence on motility and cell migration as well as its role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis formation in different tumour types. Recent studies also demonstrated the influence of miR-200 on drug resistance and described a correlation between miR-200 expression levels and overall survival of patients. Despite intense research in this field, the full role of the miR-200 family in cancer progression and metastasis is not completely understood and seems to differ between different tumour types and different cellular backgrounds. To elucidate these differences further, a finer characterisation of the role of the individual miRNA-200 family members is currently under investigation.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF GERONTOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN ACHIEVING THE UN’S SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S76-S76
Author(s):  
Toni C Antonucci
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract The United Nations has identified 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) designed to improve the health and well-being of the world’s most vulnerable populations. This presentation will review the potential role psychology, in particular, illustrative theories and research, in achieving the SDGs of reducing poverty and achieving gender equality and empowerment. We consider life span (individual) developmental and life course (environmental structure) theories as useful for explaining how poverty and inequality influence the individual and community at one point in time and over time. Further, we use research evidence to illustrate how naturally occurring resources can be garnered to better explain, understand, identify and create successful intervention programs. We emphasize the importance psychology to achieving SDGs and emphasize that the application psychology to changing the behavior and expectations of individuals and societies to achieve sustainable development that contributes to a world that celebrates optimal and sustainable development for all.

scholarly journals Mayaro Virus: The Potential Role of Microbiota and Wolbachia

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Thiago Nunes Pereira ◽  
Fabiano Duarte Carvalho ◽  
Jerônimo Nunes Rugani ◽  
Vanessa Rafaela de Carvalho ◽  
Jaqueline Jarusevicius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Mayaro Virus ◽  
Two Populations

The Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus that circulates mainly in tropical forests or rural areas in Latin America and is transmitted mainly by Haemagogus mosquitoes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vector competence, microbiome, and the presence of Wolbachia in three Aedes albopictus populations infected with MAYV. The vector competence was assessed based on viral infection and transmission by RT-qPCR. In addition, the microbiome was evaluated by amplification of the 16S rRNA V4 region and PCR to detect the presence of Wolbachia (strain wAlbA/wAlbB). Our results show that all three populations were susceptible to MAYV infection. The potential transmission of the MAYV was consistent in all populations of naïve mosquitoes injected (more than 50%). The microbiome analysis revealed 118 OTUs (operational taxonomic unit) from the three populations, 8 phyla, 15 classes, 26 orders, 35 families, 65 genera, and 53 species. All populations had Pseudomonas and Wolbachia as predominant genera. There was no difference between the variables for MAYV and Wolbachia (wAlbA or wAlbB) in the abdomen. However, in the head + thorax samples at 14 dpi, there was a difference between the two populations, indicating a possible correlation between the presence of Wolbachia (wAlbB) and infection. Overall, we show evidence that Ae. albopictus displays significant infection and transmission competence for the MAYV in the laboratory, and its bacterial microbiota play an important role in the host, mainly the strains of Wolbachia. The influence of the intestinal microbiota of Ae. albopictus is poorly known, and a better understanding of these interactions would open new perspectives for disease control through the manipulation of microbial communities. The exact contribution of this mosquito species to the transmission of the MAYV in the field remains to be confirmed.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Responses of Atta sexdens rubropilosa Workers to Essential Oils of Eucalyptus and its Chemical Composition

2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciane G. Batista-Pereira ◽  
João B. Fernandes ◽  
M. Fátima G. F. da Silva ◽  
Paulo C. Vieira ◽  
Odair C. Bueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Atta Sexdens ◽  
Atta Sexdens Rubropilosa ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
Leaf Cutting

AbstractThe leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 is the most harmful of the Eucalyptus pests, causing severe losses in wood production through defoliation. Various strategies have been tried and effort spent on the development of methods to control this pest, however no practical and environmentally acceptable one currently exists. In this work the chemical composition of the essential oil of seven Eucalyptus species was identified and the selectivity and sensitivity of antennal receptors of A. sexdens rubropilosa workers to the volatile compounds were determined using the electroantennographic technique (EAG and GC-EAD). Analysis by GC-EAD showed in E. cloesiana and E. maculata, respectively, seventeen and sixteen terpenes that elicited responses in ant workers’ antennae, indicating the potential role of the essential oils as allelochemicals that determine the choice of the foraging material.

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