scholarly journals Temporal and spatial relationship between gluteal muscle Surface EMG activity and the vertical component of the ground reaction force during walking

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251758
Author(s):  
Christoph Anders ◽  
Klaus Sander ◽  
Frank Layher ◽  
Steffen Patenge ◽  
Raimund W. Kinne
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Surface Emg ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vertical Line ◽  
Gluteal Region ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Walking Speeds

Background Optimized temporal and spatial activation of the gluteal intermuscular functional unit is essential for steady gait and minimized joint loading. Research question To analyze the temporal relationship between spatially resolved surface EMG (SEMG) of the gluteal region and the corresponding ground reaction force (GRF). Methods Healthy adults (29♀; 25♂; age 62.6±7.0 years) walked at their self-selected slow, normal, and fast walking speeds on a 10 m walkway (ten trials/speed). Bilateral paired eight-electrode strips were horizontally aligned at mid-distance of the vertical line between greater trochanter and iliac crest. Concerning the ventral to dorsal direction, the center of each strip was placed on this vertical line. Initially, these signals were monopolarly sampled, but eight vertically oriented bipolar channels covering the whole gluteal region from ventral to dorsal (P1 to P8) were subsequently calculated by subtracting the signals of the corresponding electrodes of each electrode strip for both sides of the body. Three vertical bipolar channels represented the tensor fasciae latae (TFL; P2), gluteus medius (Gmed, SENIAM position; average of P4 and P5), and gluteus maximus muscles (Gmax; P7). To determine the interval between SEMG and corresponding GRF, the time delay (TD) between the respective first amplitude peaks (F1) in SEMG and vertical GRF curves was calculated. Results Throughout the grand averaged SEMG curves, the absolute amplitudes significantly differed among the three walking speeds at all electrode positions, with the amplitude of the F1 peak significantly increasing with increasing speed. In addition, when normalized to slow, the relative SEMG amplitude differences at the individual electrode positions showed an impressively homogeneous pattern. In both vertical GRF and all electrode SEMGs, the F1 peak occurred significantly earlier with increasing speed. Also, the TD between SEMG and vertical GRF F1 peaks significantly decreased with increasing speed. Concerning spatial activation, the TD between the respective F1 peaks in the SEMG and vertical GRF was significantly shorter for the ventral TFL position than the dorsal Gmed and Gmax positions, showing that the SEMG F1 peak during this initial phase of the gait cycle occurred earlier in the dorsal positions, and thus implying that the occurrence of the SEMG F1 peak proceeded from dorsal to ventral. Significance Tightly regulated spatial and temporal activation of the gluteal intermuscular functional unit, which includes both speed- and position-dependent mechanisms, seems to be an essential requirement for a functionally optimized, steady gait.

scholarly journals Usability of gait analysis in the alignment of trans-tibial prostheses: A clinical study

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. van Velzen ◽  
H. Houdijk ◽  
W. Polomski ◽  
C. A. M. van Bennekom
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Prosthetic Alignment ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics

The purpose of the study was to investigate which systematic effects of prosthetic misalignment could be observed with the use of the SYBAR system. The alignment of the prosthesis of five well-trained unilateral trans-tibial amputees was changed 158 in magnitude in varus, valgus, flexion, extension, endorotation, exorotation, dorsal flexion, and plantar flexion. Subjects walked over a distance of 8 m at a self-selected walking speed with the alignment of the prosthesis as it was at the start of the experiment (reference) and with each changed alignment. Two video cameras (frontal and sagittal) and a force plate of the SYBAR system (Noldus Information Technology, The Netherlands) were used to capture gait characteristics of the subjects. Temporal and spatial characteristics, the magnitude and timing of the ground reaction force (GRF), and the external joint moments were derived from these data. Despite the substantial perturbations to prosthetic alignment, only a few effects were observed in the temporal and spatial characteristics of gait, the magnitude and timing of the GRF, and the external joint moments. Only the pattern of the ground reaction force in the mediolateral direction and the joint moment around the ankle in the frontal plane during terminal stance showed a systematic effect when the alignment was set into varus and valgus or exorotation. It was concluded that using the SYBAR system in this study revealed little effect of perturbations in prosthetic alignment, for this group of patients, and for the selected parameters. It was questioned whether this is due to the relatively low resolution of the SYBAR system or the capacity of the well-trained subjects to compensate for the disturbance in alignment. It was suggested that the usability of the SYBAR system in clinical settings should be further explored.

A Nonlinear Oscillator Model to Generate Lateral Walking Force on a Rigid Flat Surface

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Kumar ◽  
Anil Kumar ◽  
Silvano Erlicher
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Oscillator ◽  
Perturbation Technique ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Van Der Pol Oscillators ◽  
Walking Speeds

This study proposes a single degree of freedom nonlinear oscillator to model the lateral movement of the body center of mass of a pedestrian walking on a flat rigid surface. Experimentally recorded ground reaction force of a dozen of pedestrians in the lateral direction is used to develop the model. In detail, the hardening and softening effects are observed in the stiffness curve as well as higher odd harmonics are present in the frequency spectrum of the lateral force signals. The proposed oscillator is a modification of the Rayleigh and the Van der Pol oscillators with additional nonlinear softening and hardening terms. To obtain an approximation of the limit cycle of the oscillator and its stability, two methods are studied: the energy balance method and the Lindstedt–Poincare perturbation technique. The experimental force signals of pedestrians at four different walking speeds are used for the identification of the values of the model parameters. The results obtained from the proposed model show a good agreement with the experimental ones.

scholarly journals Body and tail-assisted pitch control facilitates bipedal locomotion in Australian agamid lizards

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (146) ◽  
pp. 20180276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christofer J. Clemente ◽  
Nicholas C. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bipedal Locomotion ◽  
Temporal Asymmetry ◽  
Pitch Control ◽  
Force Profile ◽  
Torque Moment ◽  
Modelling Studies

Certain lizards are known to run bipedally. Modelling studies suggest bipedalism in lizards may be a consequence of a caudal shift in the body centre of mass, combined with quick bursts of acceleration, causing a torque moment at the hip lifting the front of the body. However, some lizards appear to run bipedally sooner and for longer than expected from these models, suggesting positive selection for bipedal locomotion. While differences in morphology may contribute to bipedal locomotion, changes in kinematic variables may also contribute to extended bipedal sequences, such as changes to the body orientation, tail lifting and changes to the ground reaction force profile. We examined these mechanisms among eight Australian agamid lizards. Our analysis revealed that angular acceleration of the trunk about the hip, and of the tail about the hip were both important predictors of extended bipedal running, along with increased temporal asymmetry of the ground reaction force profile. These results highlight important dynamic movements during locomotion, which may not only stabilize bipedal strides, but also to de-stabilize quadrupedal strides in agamid lizards, in order to temporarily switch to, and extend a bipedal sequence.

Use of Ground Reaction Force Parameters in Predicting Peak Tibial Accelerations in Running

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewald M. Hennig ◽  
Thomas L. Milani ◽  
Mario A. Lafortune
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Force Platform ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Force Peak ◽  
Power Frequency ◽  
Initial Force ◽  
Force Data

Ground reaction force data and tibial accelerations from a skin-mounted transducer were collected during rearfoot running at 3.3 m/s across a force platform. Five repetitive trials from 27 subjects in each of 19 different footwear conditions were evaluated. Ground reaction force as well as tibial acceleration parameters were found to be useful for the evaluation of the cushioning properties of different athletic footwear. The good prediction of tibial accelerations by the maximum vertical force rate toward the initial force peak (r2 = .95) suggests that the use of a force platform is sufficient for the estimation of shock-absorbing properties of sport shoes. If an even higher prediction accuracy is required a regression equation with two variables (maximum force rate, median power frequency) may be used (r2 = .97). To evaluate the influence of footwear on the shock traveling through the body, a good prediction of peak tibial accelerations can be achieved from force platform measurements.

scholarly journals Acute fatigue effects on ground reaction force of lower limbs during countermovement jumps

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-745
Author(s):  
Carlos Gabriel Fábrica ◽  
Paula V. González ◽  
Jefferson Fagundes Loss
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
External Work ◽  
Jumping Performance ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
The Relationship

Parameters associated with the performance of countermovement jumps were identified from vertical ground reaction force recordings during fatigue and resting conditions. Fourteen variables were defined, dividing the vertical ground reaction force into negative and positive external working times and times in which the vertical ground reaction force values were lower and higher than the participant's body weight. We attempted to explain parameter variations by considering the relationship between the set of contractile and elastic components of the lower limbs. We determined that jumping performance is based on impulsion optimization and not on instantaneous ground reaction force value: the time in which the ground reaction force was lower than the body weight, and negative external work time was lower under fatigue. The results suggest that, during fatigue, there is less contribution from elastic energy and from overall active state. However, the participation of contractile elements could partially compensate for the worsening of jumping performance.

scholarly journals Estimates of Running Ground Reaction Force Parameters from Motion Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaspare Pavei ◽  
Elena Seminati ◽  
Jorge L.L. Storniolo ◽  
Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Vertical Stiffness ◽  
Leg Stiffness ◽  
Force Peak ◽  
Body Center

We compared running mechanics parameters determined from ground reaction force (GRF) measurements with estimated forces obtained from double differentiation of kinematic (K) data from motion analysis in a broad spectrum of running speeds (1.94–5.56 m⋅s–1). Data were collected through a force-instrumented treadmill and compared at different sampling frequencies (900 and 300 Hz for GRF, 300 and 100 Hz for K). Vertical force peak, shape, and impulse were similar between K methods and GRF. Contact time, flight time, and vertical stiffness (kvert) obtained from K showed the same trend as GRF with differences < 5%, whereas leg stiffness (kleg) was not correctly computed by kinematics. The results revealed that the main vertical GRF parameters can be computed by the double differentiation of the body center of mass properly calculated by motion analysis. The present model provides an alternative accessible method for determining temporal and kinetic parameters of running without an instrumented treadmill.

scholarly journals Effects of age and walking speeds on vertical ground reaction force in younger and older adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-299
Author(s):  
Maryam Rastegar ◽  
Seyyed Hosein Hoseini ◽  
Mohamad Hosein Naser Melli ◽  
Morteza Taffah
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Walking Speeds

scholarly journals Cricket Biomechanics Analysis of Skilled and Amateur Fast Bowling Techniques

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
KA Thiagarajan ◽  
Tvisha Parikh ◽  
Anees Sayed ◽  
MB Gnanavel ◽  
S Arumugam
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Ball Release ◽  
Equality Of Means ◽  
Counter Rotation ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Release Speed

ABSTRACT Cricket fast bowling action involves complex three-dimensional (3D) motion of the body and poses a high risk of injury more so in schoolboys. It is not known how the bowling technique varies between skilled and less skilled fast bowlers. The aim of this study is to compare the differences in bowling technique between young sub-elite (skilled) and amateur university level cricketers. Twelve players, 6 skilled and six amateur, were attached with 35 retro-reflective markers using the full body Plug-in-Gait marker set and asked to bowl 6 deliveries at a good length. Their bowling action was captured with 12 Vicon 3D cameras and the ground reaction force was measured using AMTI force plates. The best delivery from each bowler was selected. Their bowling action types were classified and parameters like shoulder counter rotation (scr), pelvicshoulder separation angle at back foot contact, trunk lateral flexion, front knee angle, front foot vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and ball release speed were measured. The results were analyzed with Levene's test for Equality of Variances and a t-test for equality of means. The skilled bowlers showed faster ball release speed and experienced larger vGRF while the other parameters did not show any significant differences. How to cite this article Thiagarajan KA, Parikh T, Sayed A, Gnanavel MB, Arumugam S. Cricket Biomechanics Analysis of Skilled and Amateur Fast Bowling Techniques. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(4):173-181.

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