scholarly journals Does varying the ingestion period of sodium citrate influence blood alkalosis and gastrointestinal symptoms?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251808
Author(s):  
Charles S. Urwin ◽  
Rodney J. Snow ◽  
Liliana Orellana ◽  
Dominique Condo ◽  
Glenn D. Wadley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
The Mean

Objectives To compare blood alkalosis, gastrointestinal symptoms and indicators of strong ion difference after ingestion of 500 mg.kg-1 BM sodium citrate over four different periods. Methods Sixteen healthy and active participants ingested 500 mg.kg-1 BM sodium citrate in gelatine capsules over a 15, 30, 45 or 60 min period using a randomized cross-over experimental design. Gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaires and venous blood samples were collected before ingestion, immediately post-ingestion, and every 30 min for 480 min post-ingestion. Blood samples were analysed for blood pH, [HCO3-], [Na+], [Cl-] and plasma [citrate]. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the effect of the ingestion protocols. Results For all treatments, blood [HCO3-] was significantly elevated above baseline for the entire 480 min post-ingestion period, and peak occurred 180 min post-ingestion. Blood [HCO3-] and pH were significantly elevated above baseline and not significantly below the peak between 150–270 min post-ingestion. Furthermore, blood pH and [HCO3-] were significantly lower for the 60 min ingestion period when compared to the other treatments. Gastrointestinal symptoms were minor for all treatments; the mean total session symptoms ratings (all times summed together) were between 9.8 and 11.6 from a maximum possible rating of 720. Conclusion Based on the findings of this investigation, sodium citrate should be ingested over a period of less than 60 min (15, 30 or 45 min), and completed 150–270 min before exercise.

Induced Alkalosis and Gastrointestinal Symptoms After Sodium Citrate Ingestion: a Dose-Response Investigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Urwin ◽  
Dan B. Dwyer ◽  
Amelia J. Carr
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Gastrointestinal Distress ◽  
Induced Alkalosis

Sodium citrate induces alkalosis and can provide a performance benefit in high-intensity exercise. Previous investigations have been inconsistent in the ingestion protocols used, in particular the dose and timing of ingestion before the onset of exercise. The primary aim of the current study was to quantify blood pH, blood bicarbonate concentration and gastrointestinal symptoms after ingestion of three doses of sodium citrate (500 mg⋅kg-1, 700 mg⋅kg-1 and 900 mg⋅kg-1). Thirteen participants completed four experimental sessions, each consisting of a different dose of sodium citrate or a taste-matched placebo solution. Blood pH and blood bicarbonate concentration were measured at 30-min intervals via analysis of capillary blood samples. Gastrointestinal symptoms were also monitored at 30-min intervals. Statistical significance was accepted at a level of p < .05. Both measures of alkalosis were significantly greater after ingestion of sodium citrate compared with placebo (p < .001). No significant differences in alkalosis were found between the three sodium citrate doses (p > .05). Peak alkalosis following sodium citrate ingestion ranged from 180 to 212 min after ingestion. Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher after sodium citrate ingestion compared with placebo (p < .001), while the 900 mg.kg-1 dose elicited significantly greater gastrointestinal distress than 500 mg⋅kg-1 (p = .004). It is recommended that a dose of 500 mg⋅kg-1 of sodium citrate should be ingested at least 3 hr before exercise, to achieve peak alkalosis and to minimize gastrointestinal symptoms before and during exercise.

Myoelectric effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on rabbit small intestine

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (1) ◽  
pp. G46-G51
Author(s):  
C. A. Sninsky ◽  
M. M. Wolfe ◽  
J. L. Martin ◽  
B. A. Howe ◽  
T. M. O'Dorisio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Intestinal Secretion ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Myoelectric Activity ◽  
Rabbit Ileum ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Rabbit Small Intestine ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Potential Complex

Myoelectric recording techniques were used to study the motility of rabbit ileum during infusions of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP was infused intravenously at a rate of 300 pmol X kg-1 X h-1, and peripheral venous blood samples were obtained hourly for VIP assay. VIP was also infused intraluminally at a similar rate, and hourly portal vein blood samples were obtained for VIP assay. Alterations in motility were observed after both intravenous and intraluminal infusions of VIP. These alterations in motility consisted of the migrating action potential complex and repetitive bursts of action potentials. The VIP infusion rate used and the mean peripheral plasma VIP level of 267 +/- 29 pg/ml attained during intravenous VIP infusion were similar to those that induced intestinal secretion in other animal species. Portal venous VIP levels (93 +/- 21 pg/ml) were unchanged during the intraluminal infusion of VIP. These studies show that intravenous infusion of VIP causes alterations in motility of rabbit ileum. These alterations in motility with concomitant secretion of water and electrolytes may contribute to the diarrhea induced by VIP infusion. In addition, intraluminal infusion of VIP also induced alterations in myoelectric activity, which suggested that this peptide has a luminal effect as well as a hormonal effect.

scholarly journals Blood total carbon dioxide content and bicarbonate can be used together to predict blood pH correctly in venous blood samples

Renal Failure ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-146
Author(s):  
Fatih Bulucu ◽  
Mustafa Çakar ◽  
Ömer Kurt ◽  
Fatih Yeşildal ◽  
Hakan Şarlak
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Ph

scholarly journals PENDEKATAN STEWART DALAM pH DARAH YANG MENDASARI ASIDOSIS METABOLIK

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Efrida Efrida ◽  
Ida Parwati ◽  
Ike Sri Redjeki
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Ph Measurement ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stewart Approach ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Disorder ◽  
The Mean

Metabolic acidosis is the most frequent acid-base disorder in patients of the Intensive Care Unit. By conventional approach based onpH value, [HCO3–], and base deficit (BD) from blood gas analyzer (BGA) measurement are often inappropriate with the clinical stateand inadequate in explaining the mechanism of the metabolic acidosis. The Stewart approach states that the blood pH is determinedby a strong ion difference (SID), the carbon dioxide tension (pCO2), the total concentration of non-volatile weak acid. The Stewartapproach may give a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the metabolic acidosis. The purpose of this study is to knowthe correlation of blood pH value measurement from BGA and calculation based on Stewart approach and identifying the mechanismsthat underlie a metabolic acidosis. In this study an analytic observational cross-sectional method was used. The examined subjectsconsisted of 71 patients who were admitted with a metabolic acidosis at the ICU from July up to August 2007. All patients were measuredfor their blood pH, pCO2, [HCO3–], BD, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, lactate, albumin, and phosphate. The resultwas reported as the mean and standard deviation. The data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation test and linier multiple regression.Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05. The mean values of blood pH measurement from BGA and blood pH calculationbased on the Stewart approach were 7.33 (0.11) and 7.49 (0.11) (r = 0.681; p < 0.001). Most patients had two underlying mechanisms ofmetabolic acidosis. Hyperlactatemia was present in 61.8%, hyperchloremia was present in 58.2% of patients. Based on this study so far,by using the Stewart approach there is an excellent and significant correlation between the blood pH measurement from BGA and bloodpH calculation. Hyperlactatemia and hyperchloremia are the main causes of the metabolic acidosis in patients of the ICU ward.

scholarly journals Evaluation of blood electrolyte alterations in cats during elec-tive laparoscopic ovariectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Iulia Melega ◽  
Lucia Victoria Bel ◽  
Cosmina Andreea Dejescu ◽  
Madalina Florina Dragomir ◽  
Bogdan Sevastre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Anaesthesia Induction ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Blood Electrolytes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Pneumoperitoneum ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
K Concentration

In a clinical setting, we tested the hypothesis of whether hypercapnia developed during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum is associated with changes in blood electrolytes. This prospective study involved ten female cats that underwent elective laparoscopic ovariectomy. Venous blood samples for assessment of electrolytes were collected in the following sequence: T1- before anaesthesia induction, T2 - 10 minutes after anaesthesia induction, T3 - 30 minutes of pneumoperitoneum and T4 - at the end of pneumoperitoneum. Statistical analysis revealed AB disturbances associated with general anaesthesia and pneumoperitoneum, manifested with decreased blood pH, whereas blood PvCO2, PO2 and BE were increased. A constant increase of K+ concentration was recorded in all animals during pneumoperitoneum (P<0.05), whereas iMg registered a significant increase only at T3 (P<0.05). Correlations were recorded between blood pH and Na+, iCa, iMg, as well as between Na+ and Cl¯ at different time points during anaesthesia. No correlations were noted between pH and K+ or PvCO2 and K+. In conclusion, electrolyte imbalance represents a possible complication associated with laparoscopic surgery in healthy cats. However, further studies should investigate the causes involved in K+ concentration elevation.

VARIATION OF FUNCTIONAL PLATELET PARAMETERS DURING STORAGE AND DURING VENOUS OCCLUSSION MEASURED

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Spannagl ◽  
G Valet ◽  
W Schramm
Keyword(s):  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Transmembrane Potential ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Blue Fluorescence ◽  
Platelet Volume ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Variation Of Functional ◽  
Whole Blood Sample

Information on platelet function would be of great importance for many clinical situations in addition to platelet count and bleeding time. It was the purpose of this study to test Di0c6 (3,3-dihexyl-oxacarbocyanine: transmembrane potential), AO (acridine orange: granular content), and ADB (1,4-di-acetoxy-2,3-dicyanobenzene: intracellular esterase-activity and pH) stained platelets after 1 and 5 hours storage (anticoagulated with EDTA, Heparin and Sodium-Citrate) and 2, 6, 12 and 20 minutes after venous occlussion (immediately diluted in HEPES-Buffer (1:50)). A fresh whole blood sample diluted in Buffer served as control. All blood samples were gained from normal persons. Platelets were finally diluted 1:200 in HEPES buffered saline and stained. Cell volume, green and blue fluorescence were then measured in a Fluovo-Metricell-II flow cytometer.- The mean platelet volume increased to 111% (1 h) and 117% (5 h) of control during storage. The volume remained stable during venous occlussion. - The transmembrane potential (Di0c6) decreased to 52% of control after 5 hours storage. We saw an increase to 141% after 20 minutes venous occlussion.- The granular content (A0) decreased to 81% of control during storage. There was no variation during VOT.- Esterase activity (ADB) remained constant during storage and had the lowest coefficient of variation (CV = 51%). There was an increase to 132% after 20 minutes venous occlussion.- We saw most increase in volume and decrease in Di0c6 and A0 dye content after storage in EDTA compared to Citrate and Heparin.The present results show that the dyes of functional platelet parameters are sensitively picked up by flow cytometry. The methodology seems attractive for clinical purposes because measurements can be performed in diluted blood samples within less than five minutes after venipuncture.

Validation of Oxygen Saturation Monitoring in Neonates

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyang-Yun Pamela K. Shiao ◽  
Ching-Nan Ou
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation

•Background Pulse oximetry is commonly used to monitor oxygenation in neonates, but cannot detect variations in hemoglobin. Venous and arterial oxygen saturations are rarely monitored. Few data are available to validate measurements of oxygen saturation in neonates (venous, arterial, or pulse oximetric). •Purpose To validate oxygen saturation displayed on clinical monitors against analyses (with correction for fetal hemoglobin) of blood samples from neonates and to present the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve for neonates. •Method Seventy-eight neonates, 25 to 38 weeks’ gestational age, had 660 arterial and 111 venous blood samples collected for analysis. •Results The mean difference between oxygen saturation and oxyhemoglobin level was 3% (SD 1.0) in arterial blood and 3% (SD 1.1) in venous blood. The mean difference between arterial oxygen saturation displayed on the monitor and oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples was 2% (SD 2.0); between venous oxygen saturation displayed on the monitor and oxyhemoglobin in venous blood samples it was 3% (SD 2.1) and between oxygen saturation as determined by pulse oximetry and oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples it was 2.5% (SD 3.1). At a Pao2 of 50 to 75 mm Hg on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples was from 92% to 95%; oxygen saturation was from 95% to 98% in arterial blood samples, from 94% to 97% on the monitor, and from 95% to 97% according to pulse oximetry. •Conclusions The safety limits for pulse oximeters are higher and narrower in neonates (95%–97%) than in adults, and clinical guidelines for neonates may require modification.

scholarly journals Accuracy and Precision of a Point-of-Care HbA1c Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-889
Author(s):  
William D. Arnold ◽  
Kenneth Kupfer ◽  
Randie R. Little ◽  
Meera Amar ◽  
Barry Horowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Whole Blood Samples ◽  
Highly Correlated

Background: Point-of-care (POC) hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing has advantages over laboratory testing, but some questions have remained regarding the accuracy and precision of these methods. The accuracy and the precision of the POC Afinion™ HbA1c Dx test were investigated. Methods: Samples spanning the assay range were collected from prospectively enrolled subjects at three clinical sites. The accuracy of the POC test using fingerstick and venous whole blood samples was estimated via correlation and bias with respect to values obtained by an NGSP secondary reference laboratory (SRL). The precision of the POC test using fingerstick samples was estimated from duplicate results by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV) and standard deviation (SD), and separated into its components using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The precision of the POC test using venous blood was evaluated from samples run in four replicates on each of three test cartridge lots, twice per day for 10 consecutive days. The SD and CV by study site and overall were calculated. Results: Across the assay range, POC test results from fingerstick and venous whole blood samples were highly correlated with results from the NGSP SRL ( r = .99). The mean bias was −0.021% HbA1c (−0.346% relative) using fingerstick samples and −0.005% HbA1c (−0.093% relative) using venous samples. Imprecision ranged from 0.62% to 1.93% CV for fingerstick samples and 1.11% to 1.69% CV for venous samples. Conclusions: The results indicate that the POC test evaluated here is accurate and precise using both fingerstick and venous whole blood.

scholarly journals Alpha-cyclodextrin Attenuates the Glycemic and Insulinemic Impact of White Bread in Healthy Male Volunteers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Bär ◽  
Ioannis Diamantis ◽  
Werner Venetz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Time Profile ◽  
White Bread ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Healthy Male Volunteers ◽  
Male Volunteers

Twelve overnight fasted, healthy, male volunteers received on separate days a test breakfast consisting of (A) 100 g fresh white bread (providing 50 g starch) and 250 mL drinking water, (B) the same bread with a supplement of 10 g alpha-cyclodextrin dissolved in the drinking water (250 mL), and (C) 250 mL drinking water containing 25 g alpha-cyclodextrin. Capillary and venous blood samples were collected before breakfast and at regular intervals for a period of 3 hours thereafter. Plasma glucose was determined in capillary blood and plasma insulin in venous blood samples. Breakfast (A) let to the expected rise in blood glucose and insulin concentrations. Breakfast (C) did not produce a significant glycemic and insulinemic response, demonstrating that alpha-cyclodextrin is not hydrolyzed to glucose in the human digestive tract. Mild intestinal symptoms after the ingestion of alpha-cyclodextrin were reported by 4 subjects. The postprandial rises of plasma glucose and insulin were significantly smaller after breakfast (B) than (A). Under the conditions of this study, alpha-cyclodextrin reduced the glycemic and insulinemic index of white bread by 57 and 55 %, respectively. The postprandial time profile of plasma glucose and insulin suggests that, in an initial phase, the digestion of starch is inhibited by alpha-cyclodextrin almost completely. Yet, despite the delayed and reduced digestion of starch, the intake of breakfast (B) was not associated with flatulence or any other gastrointestinal symptoms.

scholarly journals Selection under assortative mating in mice

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Sutherland ◽  
Patricia E. Biondini ◽  
L. H. Haverland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Variance Component ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variance Component Analysis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Differentials

1. Approximately 25000 mice have been produced over twelve generations of selection in nine lines. The experimental design involved a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of direction of selection with mating system. The primary character measured was 6-week body weight.2. Consistently high phenotypic correlations between mates have been achieved, positive in the assortative lines, negative in the disassortative lines. Correlations were low and inconsistent in direction in the random-bred lines. These correlations have had very little, if any, effect in redistributing the genetic variance as estimated from the variance component analysis; the expected higher variances in the assortative lines and expected lower variances in the disassortative lines have not appeared, thus leaving heritability unaffected.3. Selection differentials likewise show no consistent advantage for the assortative lines, so that the progress from selection has been virtually identical in all three mating systems in each direction.4. Assortment of mates, either positively or negatively, for characters of even moderate heritability appears to have little influence on the outcome of selection. On the other hand, selection has been singularly effective in modifying the mean 6-week weight, with progress markedly greater in the downward direction; indeed it appears that the lower limit, may already have been approximately attained.5. Environmental effects operating in the various generations have affected all lines in remarkably consistent fashion.

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