scholarly journals Comparison of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks between farmland treated with three and six years level soil bund and adjacent farmland without conservation measure: In the case of southwestern Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0252123
Author(s):  
Leta Hailu ◽  
Mulugeta Betemariyam
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Conservation Measure ◽  
Southwestern Ethiopia ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Control

This study was conducted to examine and compare the status of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks between farmlands treated with level soil bund (LSB) of three and six years and adjacent farmland without conservation measure (control) at Somodo Watershed. Soil samples were collected from farmland treated with LSB-3 years, LSB-6 years and control using randomized complete block design. A total of 108 composite soil samples (3 treatments * 6 replications * 3 bund zones * 2 depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) were collected for analysis and determination of the Organic Carbon fraction (OC) and Nitrogen fraction (N). OC was determined using Walkley and Black method while N was determined using the Kjeldahl digestion, distillation and titration method. The result indicated that farmland treated with LSB-6 years has insignificantly higher SOC (98.43±11.55 Mg ha-1) and TN (9.37±1.10 Mg ha-1) stock than control SOC (93.01±13.51 Mg ha-1) and TN (9.28±1.60 Mg ha-1) stock. Likely, farmland treated with LSB-6 years has insignificantly higher SOC and TN stock than farmland treated with LSB-3 years SOC (96.61±11.45 Mg ha-1) stock. With respect to the age of LSB, farmland treated with LSB-6 years accumulated more SOC stock (5.83%) than control. This study revealed that the age of LSB conservation measures has a critical role in enhancing soil fertility through maintaining and sequestering SOC and TN.

Predicting contents of carbon and its component fractions in Australian soils from diffuse reflectance mid-infrared spectra

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Baldock ◽  
B. Hawke ◽  
J. Sanderman ◽  
L. M. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Organic And Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Mir Spectra

Quantifying the content and composition of soil carbon in the laboratory is time-consuming, requires specialised equipment and is therefore expensive. Rapid, simple and low-cost accurate methods of analysis are required to support current interests in carbon accounting. This study was completed to develop national and state-based models capable of predicting soil carbon content and composition by coupling diffuse reflectance mid-infrared (MIR) spectra with partial least-squares regression (PLSR) analyses. Total, organic and inorganic carbon contents were determined and MIR spectra acquired for 20 495 soil samples collected from 4526 locations from soil depths to 1 m within Australia’s agricultural regions. However, all subsequent MIR/PLSR models were developed using soils only collected from the 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depth layers. The extent of grinding applied to air-dried soil samples was found to be an important determinant of the variability in acquired MIR spectra. After standardisation of the grinding time, national MIR/PLSR models were developed using an independent test-set validation approach to predict the square-root transformed contents of total, organic and inorganic carbon and total nitrogen. Laboratory fractionation of soil organic carbon into particulate, humus and resistant forms was completed on 312 soil samples. Reliable national MIR/PLSR models were developed using cross-validation to predict the contents of these soil organic carbon fractions; however, further work is required to enhance the representation of soils with significant contents of inorganic carbon. Regional MIR/PLSR models developed for total, organic and inorganic carbon and total nitrogen contents were found to produce more reliable and accurate predictions than the national models. The MIR/PLSR approach offers a more rapid and more cost effective method, relative to traditional laboratory methods, to derive estimates of the content and composition of soil carbon and total nitrogen content provided that the soils are well represented by the calibration samples used to build the predictive models.

scholarly journals A Two-Stage Approach to the Estimation of High-Resolution Soil Organic Carbon Storage with Good Extension Capability

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Sunwei Wei ◽  
Zhengyong Zhao ◽  
Qi Yang ◽  
Xiaogang Ding
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Organic Carbon Storage

Soil organic carbon storage (SOCS) estimation is a crucial branch of the atmospheric–vegetation–soil carbon cycle study under the background of global climate change. SOCS research has increased worldwide. The objective of this study is to develop a two-stage approach with good extension capability to estimate SOCS. In the first stage, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is adopted to estimate SOCS based on 255 soil samples with five soil layers (20 cm increments to 100 cm) in Luoding, Guangdong Province, China. This method is compared with three common methods: The soil type method (STM), ordinary kriging (OK), and radial basis function (RBF) interpolation. In the second stage, a linear model is introduced to capture the regional differences and further improve the estimation accuracy of the Luoding-based ANN model when extending it to Xinxing, Guangdong Province. This is done after assessing the generalizability of the above four methods with 120 soil samples from Xinxing. The results for the first stage show that the ANN model has much better estimation accuracy than STM, OK, and RBF, with the average root mean square error (RMSE) of the five soil layers decreasing by 0.62–0.90 kg·m−2, R2 increasing from 0.54 to 0.65, and the mean absolute error decreasing from 0.32 to 0.42. Moreover, the spatial distribution maps produced by the ANN model are more accurate than those of other methods for describing the overall and local SOCS in detail. The results of the second stage indicate that STM, OK, and RBF have poor generalizability (R2 < 0.1), and the R2 value obtained with ANN method is also 43–56% lower for the five soil layers compared with the estimation accuracy achieved in Luoding. However, the R2 of the linear models built with the 20% soil samples from Xinxing are 0.23–0.29 higher for the five soil layers. Thus, the ANN model is an effective method for accurately estimating SOCS on a regional scale with a small number of field samples. The linear model could easily extend the ANN model to outside areas where the ANN model was originally developed with a better level of accuracy.

Predicting spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in a typical human impacted area

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Yingcong Ye ◽  
Yefeng Jiang ◽  
Lihua Kuang ◽  
Yi Han ◽  
Zhe Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen

scholarly journals Tillage in Relation to Distribution of Nutrients and Organic Carbon in the Soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Božena Šoltysová ◽  
Martin Danilovič
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
The Difference

Tillage in Relation to Distribution of Nutrients and Organic Carbon in the SoilChanges of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and soil organic carbon were observed on gleyic Fluvisols (locality Milhostov) at the following crops: grain maize (2005), spring barley (2006), winter wheat (2007), soya (2008), grain maize (2009). The experiment was realized at three soil tillage technologies: conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no-tillage. Soil samples were collected from three depths (0-0.15 m; 0.15-0.30 m; 0.30-0.45 m). The ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen was also calculated.Soil tillage affects significantly the content of total nitrogen in soil. The difference between the convetional tillage and soil protective tillages was significant. The balance showed that the content of total nitrogen decreased at reduced tillage by 5.2 rel.%, at no-tillage by 5.1 rel.% and at conventional tillage by 0.7 rel.%.Similarly, the content of organic matter in the soil was significantly affected by soil tillage. The content of soil organic carbon found at the end of the research period was lower by 4.1 rel.% at reduced tillage, by 4.8 rel.% at no-tillage and by 4.9 rel.% at conventional tillage compared with initial stage. The difference between the convetional tillage and soil protective tillages was significant.Less significant relationship was found between the soil tillage and the content of available phosphorus. The balance showed that the content of available phosphorus was increased at reduced tillage (by 4.1 rel.%) and was decreased at no-tillage (by 9.5 rel.%) and at conventional tillage (by 3.3 rel.%).Tillage did not significantly affect the content of available potassium in the soil.

scholarly journals Introduction of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) green manure in rotations of head salads and baby leaf crops under greenhouse

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Morra ◽  
Domenico Cerrato ◽  
Maurizio Bilotto ◽  
Salvatore Baiano
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Balance ◽  
Soil Biomass ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Control

This paper deals with the introduction in tunnel-greenhouses of sweet sorghum cultivated in short, summer cycle as green manure with the aim to amend soils with biomass grown on farm. This practice has been spreading in tunnels of Sele river Valley (Salerno, Italy) where baby leaf crops are cultivated in numerous cycles (up to 5-7) per year. Three sorghum varieties for forage or biomass (Goliath, BMR 201 and BMR 333) were cultivated in two farms at Eboli and San Marzano sul Sarno with the aims to study their responses in term of fresh and dry aboveground biomass yielded, C and N content of the biomass incorporated in soil, C balance in amended soils after one year of ordinary cash crop sequences. No differences, with regard to all the parameters measured, were pointed out among the tested varieties in each site. The sorghum cycle lasted 45 days at Eboli, yielding on average 98 and 13 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of fresh and dry biomass, respectively; soil biomass incorporation supplied, on average 5.8 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of organic carbon and 273 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> of total nitrogen. In the farm of San Marzano, sorghum cycle lasted 68 days, yielding 116 and 18 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of fresh and dry biomass, respectively; soil biomass incorporation supplied, on average 8 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of organic carbon and 372 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> of total nitrogen. After one year, the plots amended with sorghum biomass showed a soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration not different from the starting point while SOC decreased in fallow plots. At Eboli, initial SOC content was 12.3 g kg<sup>-1</sup>, but one year later it resulted 12.3, 12.8, 12.2 and 11.3 g kg<sup>-1</sup> in BMR 201, BMR 333, Goliath and control plots, respectively. At San Marzano initial SOC content was 11.4 g kg<sup>-1</sup>, but one year later it resulted 11, 12, 10.7 and 10.5 g kg<sup>-1</sup> in BMR 201, BMR 333, Goliath and control plots, respectively. The annual C balance put in evidence that the green manure with sorghum biomass caused SOC losses higher than those detected in fallow plots let us supposing a prime effect in boosting the soil microbial C mineralization. Only cv BMR 333 in the Eboli trial, pointed out a positive SOC change of 1.8 t ha<sup>-1</sup>. Further studies are requested to better understand the real efficacy of sorghum cover crop in soil amendment under tunnels devoted to intensive vegetable crop sequence.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Tillage Systems on Soil Organic Carbon and Enzymatic Activity

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Szostek ◽  
Ewa Szpunar-Krok ◽  
Renata Pawlak ◽  
Jadwiga Stanek-Tarkowska ◽  
Anna Ilek
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Organic Farming Systems ◽  
Organic Matter Fractions

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of conventional, simplified, and organic farming systems on changes in the content of soil organic carbon, organic matter fractions, total nitrogen, and the enzymatic activity. The research was conducted from 2016–2018 on arable land in the south-eastern part of Poland. The selected soils were cultivated in conventional tillage (C_Ts), simplified tillage (S_Ts), and organic farming (O_Fs) systems. The analyses were performed in soil from the soil surface layers (up to 25 cm depth) of the experimental plots. The highest mean contents of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organic matter fractions were determined in soils subjected to the simplified tillage system throughout the experimental period. During the study period, organic carbon concentration on surface soil layers under simplified tillage systems was 31 and 127% higher than the soil under conventional tillage systems and organic farming systems, respectively. Also, the total nitrogen concentration in those soils was more than 40% and 120% higher than conventional tillage systems and organic farming systems, respectively. Moreover, these soils were characterised by a progressive decline in SOC and Nt resources over the study years. There was no significant effect of the analysed tillage systems on the C:N ratio. The tillage systems induced significant differences in the activity of the analysed soil enzymes, i.e., dehydrogenase (DH) and catalase (CAT). The highest DH activity throughout the experiment was recorded in the O_Fs soils, and the mean value of this parameter was in the range of 6.01–6.11 μmol TPF·kg−1·h−1. There were no significant differences in the CAT values between the variants of the experiment. The results confirm that, regardless of other treatments, such as the use of organic fertilisers, tillage has a negative impact on the content of SOC and organic matter fractions in the O_Fs system. All simplifications in tillage reducing the interference with the soil surface layer and the use of organic fertilisers contribute to improvement of soil properties and enhancement of biological activity, which helps to maintain its productivity and fertility.

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