scholarly journals When face masks signal social identity: Explaining the deep face-mask divide during the COVID-19 pandemic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253195
Author(s):  
Nattavudh Powdthavee ◽  
Yohanes E. Riyanto ◽  
Erwin C. L. Wong ◽  
Jonathan X. W. Yeo ◽  
Qi Yu Chan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Prisoners Dilemma ◽  
Public Health Officials

With the COVID-19 pandemic still raging and the vaccination program still rolling out, there continues to be an immediate need for public health officials to better understand the mechanisms behind the deep and perpetual divide over face masks in America. Using a random sample of Americans (N = 615), following a pre-registered experimental design and analysis plan, we first demonstrated that mask wearers were not innately more cooperative as individuals than non-mask wearers in the Prisoners’ Dilemma (PD) game when information about their own and the other person’s mask usage was not salient. However, we found strong evidence of in-group favouritism among both mask and non-mask wearers when information about the other partner’s mask usage was known. Non-mask wearers were 23 percentage points less likely to cooperate than mask wearers when facing a mask-wearing partner, and 26 percentage points more likely to cooperate than mask wearers when facing a non-mask-wearing partner. Our analysis suggests social identity effects as the primary reason behind people’s decision whether to wear face masks during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Cooperation in the Time of Coronavirus: When Wearing Face Masks Signals More Than Just Willingness to Cooperate and Comply

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nattavudh Powdthavee ◽  
Yohanes Eko Riyanto ◽  
Erwin C. L. Wong ◽  
Jonathan Yeo Xiong-Wei ◽  
Chan Qi-Yu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Revealed Preference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Prisoners Dilemma ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Willingness To Cooperate

With the COVID-19 pandemic still raging and the vaccination program still rolling out, there continues to be an immediate need for public health officials to better understand the mechanisms behind the deep and perpetual divide over face masks in America. Using a random sample of Americans (N=615), following a pre-registered experimental design and analytic plan, we first demonstrated that mask wearers were not innately more cooperative as individuals than non-mask wearers in the Prisoners’ Dilemma (PD) game when information about their own and the other person’s mask usage was not salient. However, we found strong, revealed preference evidence of in-group favoritism among both mask and non-mask wearers when information about the other partner’s mask usage was known. Holding other things constant, non-mask wearers were 23 percentage points less likely to cooperate than mask wearers when facing a mask-wearing partner, and 26 percentage points more likely to cooperate than mask wearers when facing a non-mask wearing partner. Our analysis suggests social identity effects to be one of the main drivers of people’s decision whether to wear or shun face masks during the pandemic. Policy makers should therefore take social perception of face masks into account when designing not only what public messages to deliver, but also who to deliver these messages.

Internet and Suicide

2011 ◽  
pp. 384-390
Author(s):  
Dianne Currier
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Information Resources ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Communities Of Interest ◽  
Public Health Officials

It is now commonly accepted that the appearance and expansion of Internet-based communication has given rise to new possibilities for forging social networks and establishing “communities of interest.” One such ‘interest group’ which has found a community online comprises those who wish to end their lives. This has become a cause for concern to public health officials, governments, and suicide prevention professionals, while on the other hand possibilities for outreach and prevention in the new medium are being explored. The ways in which suicidal individuals have availed themselves of the information resources and connective possibilities of the Internet are outlined below, along with how governments and other parties interested in suicide prevention have responded to this new domain of risk.

Cooperation, Conflict, and Reaction

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Cumbler
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New England ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Stream Pollution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

When James Olcott spoke before Connecticut farmers for “anti-stream pollution,” he urged the public to mobilize to stop water pollution by “ignorant or reckless capitalists.” In identifying the “ignorant and reckless capitalists,” Olcott focused the attention of the farmers on industrial waste and the role of manufacturers in their search for profits in causing pollution. Although manufacturers and the courts argued that industrialization brought wealth and prosperity to New England and hence was a general good, Olcott challenged this idea. He saw the issue as a conflict between industrialization and its costs on the one hand and the public good on the other. Concern over industrial pollution and the potential conflict between it and public health had already arisen in Massachusetts. Although the Massachusetts State Board of Health realized that the interests of the “capitalists” and those of the public health officials might be in conflict, in 1872 it hoped that with improved knowledge, “a way will be eventually found to joining them into harmonious relations,” much as Lyman believed science and technology would resolve the conflict between fishers and mill owners. The board's interest in “harmonious relations” also reflected a realization that at least for the last several years, the courts had seen pollution as an inevitable consequence of civilization and had been favorable toward industrialists, especially if no obvious alternative to dumping pollution existed. In 1866, William Merrifield sued Nathan Lombard because Lombard had dumped “Vitriol and other noxious substances” into the stream above Merrifield's factory, “corrupting” the water so badly that it destroyed his boiler. Chief Justice Bigelow ruled that Lombard had invaded Merrifield's rights. “Each riparian owner,” the judge wrote, “has the right to use the water for any reasonable and proper purpose. . . . An injury to the purity or quality of the water to the detriment of the other riparian owners, constitutes in legal effect, a wrong.” In 1872, Merrifield again went to court, claiming the City of Worcester regularly dumped sewage into Mill Brook, by which the waters became greatly corrupted and unfit to use.”

scholarly journals Mechanically tenderized meat

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Wrixon ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Martin MacLeod ◽  
Lorraine McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Operator Experience ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

  Background: In 2012, mechanically tenderized meat raised public health concern when an E.Coli 0157:H7 outbreak was linked to the tenderization process. It was discovered that the machinery pushed the E.Coli from the surface of contaminated meat products such as steaks and roasts, into the interior, where it was able to survive the cooking process. Concerns were raised by Lorraine McIntyre and the BCCDC about this issue, and their desire to improve their knowledge base in order to adequately assess the risk. Methods: Data was gathered via a survey conducted electronically and by telephone. Questions were asked to determine the proportion of retail establishments that use their own tenderizing equipment. Questions also asked about other industry practices such as current sanitization and labeling practices. Results: The results of this study were that 24% of surveyed establishments mechanically tenderize their meat products. Of these establishments, 33% have a label that states the meat has been tenderized mechanically and 17% provide cooking instructions on this label. An association was found between mechanically tenderizing meat and establishment type, which suggests that grocery stores are more likely to mechanically tenderize than other establishments, such as restaurants. On the other hand, no association was found between operator experience and their level of knowledge regarding the risks of mechanical tenderization. Conclusions: Overall, this study has demonstrated the likelihood is high that consumers purchase and consume beef that has been mechanically tenderized at the retail level. The results from this study can be used to aid public health officials in quantifying the risk of mechanical tenderization at a retail level and aid in the development and implementation of new legislation such as mandatory labeling of all mechanically tenderized meat.  

scholarly journals Face Masks, Public Policies and Slowing the Spread of COVID-19: Evidence from Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Karaivanov ◽  
Shih En Lu ◽  
Hitoshi Shigeoka ◽  
Cong Chen ◽  
Stephanie Pamplona
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Policy Simulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Province Level ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract We estimate the impact of indoor face mask mandates and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on COVID-19 case growth in Canada. Mask mandate introduction was staggered over two months in the 34 public health regions in Ontario, Canada. Using this variation, we find that mask mandates are associated with a 25 percent or larger weekly reduction in new COVID-19 cases in July and August, relative to the trend in absence of mandate. Province-level data provide corroborating evidence. We control for factors such as mobility (using Google geo-location data) and past cases. Our analysis of additional survey data shows that mask mandates led to an increase of about 30 percentage points in self-reported mask wearing in public. Counterfactual policy simulations suggest that mandating indoor masks nationwide in early July could have reduced new COVID-19 cases in Canada by 25 to 40 percent in mid-August (700 to 1,100 fewer cases per week).

scholarly journals Discriminant COVID-19 Outcomes Based on Safety Adherence in an Active Lifestyle Retirement Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 729-730
Author(s):  
Mitchell Roberts ◽  
Erica Sappington ◽  
Leonardo Guerra ◽  
Lindsey Collins ◽  
Ali Yalcin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Retirement Community ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Active Lifestyle ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Precision Health

Abstract Compliance with preventive behaviors recommended by public health officials plays a critical role in the control and prevention of COVID-19. Data were collected from those living in The Villages, FL, and surrounding communities via The Villages Health COVID-19 Rapid Testing Program in partnership with The UFHealth Precision Health Research Center. A descriptive ecological study was conducted to model COVID-19 positivity result variations by age, sex and adherence to CDC safety recommendations using chi-square tests. 9,993 tests were performed using Abbott's BinaxNOW™ COVID-19 Ag Card, and 931 (9.30%) positive cases were confirmed between 10/19/2020-2/26/2021. Median age was 69 years (range:12-103), and 5,578 (55.8%) individuals were female. No significant differences were found in positive test status (≥65=9.8%,<65=8.8%) amongst those over 65 (n=6567) and under 65 (n=3180) years old [X2 (1, N=9847)=2.49,p=.114]; however, positive test result differed by sex with males (10.6%) testing positive at higher rates than females [8.3%, X2(1, N =9993)=14.888, p< .001)]. A significant relationship between preventative behaviors and positive test status was also found. Not engaging in regular handwashing (p< .001) and failing to stay 6 feet or more away from others outdoors (p< .001) was significantly associated with positive test status. Further, not wearing a face mask in businesses/shops (p<.001) or indoors around 6+ people, (p<.001) was significantly associated with positive test status. In light of debate around the efficacy of mask wearing, these findings signal the importance of following CDC recommended public health behaviors for all ages across the lifespan to reduce the spread of COVID-19 infection.

Perspectives on Prevention: A Dialogue Between Public Health Officials and Community Psychologists

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven B. Pokorny ◽  
Peter Y. Ji ◽  
Jospeh L. Sherk ◽  
P. Jacob Rebus ◽  
Olga Rabin-Belyaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Officials

BLOCKADE OF THE SURGE OF PROLACTIN AT PRO-OESTRUS BY ADMINISTRATION OF ANTI-OESTROGENIC SUBSTANCE, MER-25

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yokoyama ◽  
Hiroshi Tomogane ◽  
Katuaki Ôta
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACT A non-steroidal oestrogen antagonist, MER-25, was administered to cycling rats for elucidating the role of oestrogen in the surge of prolactin observed on the afternoon of pro-oestrus (POe). In animals injected with 20 mg of MER-25 intramuscularly on the afternoon (16.30 h) of the first day of dioestrus (D-1), the surge of prolactin was blocked while the level of prolactin on the afternoon of POe of these animals was significantly higher than that of the corresponding controls injected with oil. Ovulation was also blocked in these animals treated with the drug on the afternoon of D-l. On the other hand, treatment on the morning (10.30 h) of the 2nd day of dioestrus failed to prevent not only the surge of prolactin but also ovulation. These observations provide strong evidence for the view that oestrogen is responsible for the surge of prolactin on the afternoon of POe, and that the surge is accompanied by that of LH.

Performance of two combine harvester header in soybean crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
E. M. Samogim ◽  
T. C. Oliveira ◽  
Z. N. Figueiredo ◽  
J. M. B. Vanini
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
And Performance

The combine harvest for soybean crops market are currently available two types of combine with header or platform, one of conventional with revolving reel with metal or plastic teeth to cause the cut crop to fall into the auger header and the other called "draper" headers that use a fabric or rubber apron instead of a cross auger, there are few test about performance of this combine header for soybean in Mato Grosso State. The aim of this work was to evaluate the soybean harvesting quantitative losses and performance using two types combine header in four travel speed. The experiment was conducted during soybean crops season 2014/15, the farm Tamboril in the municipality of Pontes e Lacerda, State of Mato Grosso. The was used the experimental design of randomized blocks, evaluating four forward harvesting speeds (4 km h-1, 5 km h-1, 6 km h-1 and 7 km h-1), the natural crops losses were analyzed, loss caused by the combine harvester (combine header, internal mechanisms and total losses) and was also estimated the  field performance of each combine. Data were submitted to analysis of variance by F test and compared of the average by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results show the draper header presents a smaller amount of total loss and in most crop yield when compared with the conventional cross auger.

Dealing with COVID-19: lessons learned from the Italian experience

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Mirella Aliberti ◽  
Francesco De Caro ◽  
Giovanni Boccia ◽  
Rosario Caruso ◽  
Mario Capunzo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Future Plans

: Italy was the first western nation affected by the pandemic and was observed as a pilot case in the management of the new coronavirus epidemic. The outbreak of COVID-19 disease has been very difficult in Italy, on June 25, 2020 there are 239,821 total cases of which 33,592 deaths nationwide. Three lessons emerged from this experience that can serve as a blueprint to improve future plans for the outbreak of viruses. First, early reports on the spread of COVID-19 can help inform public health officials and medical practitioners in effort to combat its progression; second, inadequate risk assessment related to the urgency of the situation and limited reporting to the virus has led the rapid spread of COVID-19; third, an effective response to the virus had to be undertaken with coherent system of actions and simultaneously.

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