scholarly journals Intergenerational educational mobility in Bangladesh

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0255426
Author(s):  
Mohammed Nazmul Huq ◽  
Moyazzem Hossain ◽  
Faruq Abdulla ◽  
Sabina Yeasmin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Transition Probability Matrix ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Geographical Regions

Introduction Social mobility is considered as an important indicator of the economic development of a country. However, it varies widely across geographical regions and social groups in developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper intends to evaluate the intergenerational mobility in Bangladesh across generations. Methods and materials This paper considers a nationally representative sample survey of 8,403 respondents (rural: 5,436 and urban: 2,967). The male and female respondents aged 23 years and above were included in the sample. The education attainment of a son or daughter as compared to their father’s education level was considered as the measure of intergenerational mobility. Transition probability matrix and different social mobility indices were used to find out the intergenerational education mobility in Bangladesh. Results The findings reveal that approximately three-fourth (74.5%) of the respondents attained formal education, while more than half (58.3%) of the respondents’ father was illiterate. The educational status of the respondents and their father who lived in urban areas was relatively better than who lived in rural areas. It is also observed that 91.2% and 81.6% of the intergenerational class movement was upward among sons and daughters respectively. The probability of a higher educated father will have a higher educated child is higher in urban areas than in rural areas of Bangladesh. The intergenerational mobility is higher in the primary, secondary, and higher secondary educational levels, though the illiterate and higher education levels are the least mobile classes. In addition, the limiting probabilities reveal that the chance of sending sons to schools by an illiterate father is less as compared to their daughters. Such difference is more obvious in the urban areas, i.e., it is highly likely that sons of the illiterate father are also illiterate. Conclusion Bangladesh has been progressing remarkably in recent years. To keep the pace of the ongoing economic development in the country, it is necessary to give more attention to the illiterate people especially the girls who live in rural areas. The authors anticipate that the findings will be helpful for the policymakers as the relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility is vital for several aspects of the economic development of a country.

scholarly journals Dentition Status and Treatment Needs of 5 and 12 Year Old School Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Guntur, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
S Suresh ◽  
V Narayana Rao ◽  
Zaheer Ahmed ◽  
Pratap KVNR
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Deciduous Teeth ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the caries prevalence and treatment needs of 5 and 12 year old school children in urban and rural areas of Guntur. Materials and Methods A multi stage random sampling was used to select the sample; survey was conducted among 800 children of 5 and 12 year old in government and private schools from rural and urban areas of Guntur. Results The caries prevalence of 5 year olds was 33.25% (urban 32.5% and; rural 34%) and mean dmft was 0.83±1.5 (urban 0.71 and rural 0.95). The caries prevalence of 12 year olds was 25.75% (urban 31.5% and rural 20%) and mean dmft was0.41±0.89 (urban 0.54 and rural 0.28). Conclusion Caries prevalence was greater in deciduous teeth of 5 year old children than that in permanent dentition of 12 year old children. Among 12 year olds caries prevalence was greater in urban subjects than rural subjects. There is a huge unmet treatment need for dental caries. There is a definite need to bring awareness and motivation in these children to undergo preventive and curative treatments in order to improve their oral health.

Entrepreneurship Education and Economic Development in Nigeria: Policy Issues and Options

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Nnadozie Udefuna ◽  
Chiedo Akalefu ◽  
Chinako Asogwa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
Vital Component

The standard of education in Nigeria has been declining, the level of unemployment continues to rise and the nation's economic development is stagnant. Its educational institutions appear to engage more in unproductive paperwork and teaching than in entrepreneurship education that would help to equip young graduates to become self-employed and employers. In 2011 some 24% of Nigerians were jobless, with unemployment rates of over 17% in urban areas and nearly 26% in rural areas. A productive education system is a vital component of a developed economy, but in Nigeria the education sector has long suffered from neglect. Corruption, poor continuity in government and a dearth of qualified personnel in the teaching profession are some of the principal impediments. The authors recommend a review of the country's educational policies so that these policies can be made responsive to social and economic needs.

ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNIZATION OF UNDER FIVE CHILDREN OF RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF UDAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Ganesh Salvi ◽  
Maitri Hathi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Impact

Background: The impact of immunization is not uniform in different social groups till today despite of EPI since long. Current study was held to assess the level of knowledge and actual practice of immunization by mothers of under ve children in a rural and urban belt of Udaipur district. A cross sect Methods: ional study was conducted in blocks Binder, Badgav, Ladiya , Kotra, Girva and Salumber of Udaipur district. Randomly 400 families (200 urban, 200 rural) were selected. Ample health education should be given to parents residing in rural areas to rai Result and conclusion: se their knowledge regarding immunization. In rural areas anganwadi workers, ASHA etc should play a signicant role in bringing awareness about immunization and their benets. The group based approach, frequent camps would be more rewarding compared to area approach due to poor socio-economic development of marginalized group likes rural area for programmes like immunization of children.

Examining calorie undernourishment in India: Is it due to choice or inadequacy?

2020 ◽  
pp. 026010602094973
Author(s):  
Udaya S Mishra ◽  
Balakrushna Padhi ◽  
Rinju
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Lower Magnitude ◽  
Common Understanding

Background: Calorie undernourishment is often associated with poverty but India presents a unique scene of decline in money-metric poverty and rise in calorie deprivation. Existing literature has varied explanation towards this effect. However, neither are the poor entirely calorie compromised nor do all the non-poor qualify calorie compliance. Aim: This is an attempt at verifying whether calorie undernourishment is a result of choice of food basket or the inadequacy of food expenditure. Method: An answer to this question is attempted with the exploration of data obtained from the National Sample Survey Organization’s Consumption Expenditure of Indian households for the periods 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Results: Findings reveal that over the last one decade, the average per capita per day calorie intakes have slightly increased from 2040.55 Kcal in 2004–2005 to 2087.33 Kcal in 2011–2012, which has led to the increased share of well-nourished households from 20.21% in the 61st round to 22.78% in the 68th round of survey in rural areas, whereas the similar increase in urban areas is from 36.1% to 40.65%. Conclusions: Calorie undernourishment among the non-poor is observed that calorie undernourishment, if any, among the non-poor is entirely due to choice but the same among the poor has a divide between choice and inadequacy. The urban poor are calorie compromised more due to choice rather than inadequacy as against their rural counterparts. With higher poverty, calorie, non-compliance among the poor is more due to choice when compared with lower magnitude of poverty. These observations form a basis for contesting the common understanding that calorie compromise is entirely driven by inadequacy/incapacity of food expenditure. could be viewed in terms of the food choices made, especially among the poor while setting the minimum threshold of food expenditure to be calorie compliant.

scholarly journals Trends of low physical activity among Iranian adolescents across urban and rural areas during 2006–2011

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Amiri ◽  
Parisa Naseri ◽  
Golnaz Vahedi-Notash ◽  
Sara Jalali-Farahani ◽  
Yadollah Mehrabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Urban Girls ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractIt is well documented that physical inactivity is related to weight gain and a whole host of chronic diseases. This study investigated trends of low physical activity among Iranian adolescents in urban and rural areas between 2006–2011. A total of 12,178 adolescents, aged between 15 and 19 years, participated in National Surveys of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases. Data on physical activity was obtained using the global physical activity questionnaire. A complex sample survey and multinomial logistic regression were used to model physical activity levels. The percentage of adolescents who had low levels of physical activity increased from 2006 to 2011 in both urban and rural areas. Low and moderate levels of physical activity were lower in rural girls as compared with urban girls, with a prevalence ratio of 0.59 (95% CI 0.47–0.74) and 0.59 (95% CI 0.47–0.74), respectively. The corresponding values for boys residing in rural areas compared with boys in urban areas were 0.56 (95% CI 0.43–0.75) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.48–0.74), respectively. The adolescents' lifestyles showed an increasing trend for physical inactivity in both genders; however, in rural areas, only girls had a rising affinity for a sedentary lifestyle throughout the 2006–2011 years.

Mobility in India: Recent Trends and Issues Concerning Database

Social Change ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-644
Author(s):  
Amitabh Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
The People ◽  
Recent Trends

Dismissing the postulate that the geographical, linguistic and other social divisions are constraining the movement of Indians across states, researchers have presented evidences—pattern of rail passenger traffic, changes in population distribution across different age cohorts and so on to show that the movement of people across states is much larger than what has been generally determined, using the data from the census and National Sample Survey. The basic objective of the paper is to examine if the process of migration and urbanisation in India is indeed unconstrained so that the people in backward regions and rural areas, who get dispossessed of their livelihood options or social linkages, can freely move into the developed regions or urban areas, It analyses these processes and recent trends while probing into methodological and data related issues in migration studies in India. The migration trends for socio-economically vulnerable sections of population are presented in the context of their access to urban and metropolitan space.

The impact of the Greek crisis on the consumers’ behaviour: some initial evidences?

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 890-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Noelle Duquenne ◽  
George Vlontzos
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the changes on food consumption patterns of households, due to the ongoing economic crisis in Greece. Design/methodology/approach – A sample survey among a random sample of 932 households living in the region of Thessaly, central Greece, was carried out, with the consuming behaviour to be focused on 20 basic food products. An exploratory factor analysis, followed by a hierarchical classification of the households, was implemented. Findings – Six patterns of food consumption's behaviour have been detected, revealing that most of the households have modified their eating habits, by reducing the quantities consumed and/or looking for less expensive brands. Only 15 per cent of the households do not seem to be affected by the crisis and the austerity policy. The spatial dimension of the research signify that low-income households in urban areas, where the majority of the population lives, are deeply affected by the crisis, with these percentages to be even higher at semi-urban and rural areas. Originality/value – This is the first attempt of assessment of the impact of the economic crisis in Greece on food consumption pattern, verifying its significant negative impact on an inelastic need, such food consumption is.

Assessing socio-economic development in Bodoland Territorial Area District of Assam in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1541-1559
Author(s):  
Nicodim Basumatary ◽  
Bhagirathi Panda
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Socio Economic Development

PurposeThe study attempts to assess the socio-economic development in Bodoland Territorial Area District (BTAD) of Assam in North Eastern Region of India. This region is one of the most underdeveloped areas in India. The study also examines whether demographic and social characteristics in the form of social groups, number of family members, number of employed members in the family, education of the head of household, sources of income and location determine the variation in the level of socio-economic development. The authors surveyed 400 households during February to May 2018 in both rural and urban areas of BTAD to achieve the objective of the study.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the concept of Amartya Sen's capability approach (CA) for assessment of development and constructed an index of Multidimensional Development.FindingsThere is variation in the distribution of developmental parameters across the study area. It is found that urban locations have better achievement in the multidimensional index score, while the spread of development is not even in the rural locations. An interesting revelation of this study is that while urban areas depict better performance in income, asset, education and empowerment, they have a relatively lower score in health dimension as compared to rural areas. The study shows that level of development depends on demographic as well as social characteristics of the households.Research limitations/implicationsThis study does not analyse temporal dynamics of development that is necessary to examine how development evolves because of data constraints.Originality/valueThe study provides an understanding of the socio-economic development in BTAD area in a multidimensional framework. This study is the first of its kind to assess the nature and extent of development realised in BTAD through the capability framework. The study supports more recent findings.

Non-Economic Factors in the Economic Retardation of the Rural Malays

1967 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brien K. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Annual Income ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Plural Society ◽  
Average Annual Income

Malaya has a plural society in which Malays form 49·8 per cent of the total population, Chinese 37·2 per cent and Indians 11·2 per cent. Apart from this racial diversity, there is the added fact that the Malays tend to live in the rural areas whereas the immigrant groups tend to live in the urban areas or on the plantations, and only to a much lesser extent in the rural areas. For example, of the rural population of Malaya, Malays form 70 per cent, Chinese 17 per cent and Indians 11 per cent. In the urban areas of Malaya, Malays make up 23 per cent of the population, Chinese 65 per cent and Indians 10 per cent. In 1957 the average annual income of the adult male in the Malay community was $1,463, as against $3,223 in the Chinese community and $2,031 in the Indian. From these figures it is clear that the Malays have lagged behind the immigrant communities in respect of economic development.

scholarly journals State and perspectives of the demographic development of the geospace of the republic of Srpska

2006 ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drasko Marinkovic
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
The Republic

Yearly rates of population increase and the data about the relative participation of particular areas in the total number of the population of the Republic of Srpska point to the interdependence between the natural movement and the tract processes of emigration, deagrarization and urbanization. These processes are in the harmony with the demographic transition which is followed by the changes in the structure of the active population. Unfavourable tendencies in the re-distribution and reinstatement of the tract-demographic polarization have the reflection in the disturbances in the demographic structures and in the strengthening of the process of the total ageing of the population, specially in the rural areas. These tendencies result in a more pronounced polarization in the reproduction of the population in which the urban areas take over the priority. With the trend of the low and negative natural increase, which has the immediate influence on the accelerated process of ageing of the population, further growth of the population and socio-economic development of the Republic of Srpska are questionable. In order to secure the constant growth of the population of this area, it is urgently necessary to conduct the measures of the population politics, that is, it is necessary to match the demographic and general socio-economic development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document