Epidemiology of sports-related fatalities during organized school sports in Japanese high schools between 2009 and 2018

Limited literature has investigated epidemiology of sports-related fatalities during high school organizes sports in Japan. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to determine the frequency and incidence rate of sports-related fatalities in Japanese high schools by cause and sports, and to examine the type of on-site first responder. Insurance claim data of sports-related fatalities in Japanese high schools reported to Japan Sports Council Injury and Accident Mutual Aid Benefit System between 2009 and 2018 were retrieved as the primary data source. All fatalities were classified into direct or indirect type by the reported etiology and further categorized into cardiac-related, head and neck injury, exertional heat stroke (EHS), or other. Frequency and incidence rate were calculated by cause of death and sports, and incidence rates were expressed per 100,000 athlete-years (AY) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Information regarding first responder to the incident was also retrieved and examined by frequency. A total of 63 sports-related fatalities were analyzed. The overall incidence rate was 0.45 (95%CI = 0.25–0.65) per 100,000AY. The incidence rates of direct and indirect fatalities declined from 0.36 and 0.50 per 100,000AY to 0.28 and 0.00 per 100,000AY, respectively. The leading cause of deaths was cardiac-related (n = 30/63, 47.6%), followed by head and neck injury (n = 15/63, 23.8%) and EHS (n = 14/63, 22.2%). The number of fatalities was highest in male baseball (n = 12/63, 19.0%) and the incidence rate was highest in male judo (4.79 per 100,000 AY, 95%CI: 0.68–8.15). Coach was the most frequently reported first responder onsite (n = 52/63, 82.5%). Medically trained personnel were involved in onsite care in two cases (3.2%). In conclusion, the occurrence of sports-related fatalities has declined over time from 2009 to 2018. To deliver appropriate medical care onsite for better survival, employment of medically trained personnel should be promoted in high school sports setting in Japan.

Download Full-text

Trends in US High School Football Concussion Reporting, 2012-2017

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967119s00304 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (7_suppl5) ◽

pp. 2325967119S0030

Author(s):

Scott O. Burkhart ◽

Dustin M. Loveland ◽

Troy M. Smurawa ◽

John Polousky

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High Schools ◽

Student Athletes ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Event Type ◽

High School Football ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

High School Sports ◽

Injury Rates ◽

School Sports

Objectives: Football has been a sport with high concussion rates when examined independently (Rosenthal et al., 2014). Accurately describing injury trends in high school sports is necessary to identify student-athletes at the greatest risk of injury and where potential injury reduction interventions should be focused. With increased reported high school concussion injuries and associated state legislative requirements, increased incidence rates are needed. The purpose of this study was to provide updated high-school football concussion incidence rates. Methods: Data Source and Study Period This study used data from the Rank One Health Injury Surveillance Database (ROH ISD). Data for the current study were analyzed across 6 calendar years (2012 through 2017) from 1,999 high schools. Data from the current study examined high school football concussion data in males ages 14 to 18. The ROH ISD consists of a convenience sample of participating schools from 2012 to 2017. Exposure and injury data represent a convenience sample of US high schools. For the current study, only data provided across all 1,999 high schools were included. All 1,999 high schools included in the current study logged practice and game participation events for each individual athlete participating in football at the respective high school and athletic exposures (AEs) are an accurate representation of rostered athletes participating in either practices or games by age and calendar year. The ROH ISD was deemed Category 4 IRB exempt. Statistical Analysis Injury counts, practice exposures, game exposures, and distributions by event type (practice or game), age, and injury mechanism were examined. Injury rates per 1,000 AEs and injury rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated by event type. Injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were used to examine differences by calendar year. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated to compare event type by calendar year. All 95% confidence intervals (CIs) not containing 1.0 were considered statistically significant. Results: 997,308 male student-athletes participated in high school football. ATs recorded a total of 14,103 concussions in high school football from a total of 235,134 total injuries across all high school sports. High school football concussions accounted for 6% of all injuries in high school sports from 2012-2017. More concussions occurred in games (51.8%) than practices (48.2%). Decreases were found in annual injury rates for practices in high school football student-athletes from 2012 to 2016 with an increase in 2017. Decreases were found in annual injury rates for games from 2012 to 2016 with an increase in 2017. IPR decreased by year from 2012 to 2016 (with an increase in 2017. IRR and RR comparisons for games versus practices were significant from 2012 to 2017 (Table 1). Conclusion: This study marks the largest epidemiological high school football concussion incidence investigation to date. The findings from this study provide updated high school football concussion incidence rates and provide further evidence of differences in injury rates when comparing practices and games. The higher rates of concussions occurring in games relative to practices emphasize prior trends of injury risk relative to the level of competition. Overall, results highlight a decline in injury rates over time and lower rates of injury compared to prior high school football epidemiological concussion studies. [Table: see text]

Download Full-text

Epidemiology of sudden death in organized school sports in Japan

Injury Epidemiology ◽

10.1186/s40621-021-00326-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yuri Hosokawa ◽

Yuki Murata ◽

Rebecca L. Stearns ◽

Miwako Suzuki-Yamanaka ◽

Kristen L. Kucera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Sudden Death ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Student Athletes ◽

Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽

Medical Personnel ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

School Sports

Abstract Background Nearly half of the sudden deaths documented in Japanese middle and high school occurred during school organized sport activities. However, no study to date has calculated the incidence rates of these deaths by sport. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the epidemiology of sudden death in organized school sports in Japan. Methods Data submitted to Japan Sport Council (JSC) Injury and Accident Mutual Aid Benefit System between 2005 and 2016 were retrieved from JSC website for analysis (n = 1137). Case information on fatal incidents that occurred during organized school sports in middle and high school students were extracted for analysis (n = 198). Descriptive statistics about activity type, sex, sport, cause of death, and presence of on-site trained medical personnel were calculated using frequencies and proportions. Sudden death incidence rates were expressed per 100,000 athlete-years with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The overall incidence rate of sports-related death was 0.38 deaths per 100,000 athlete-years (95%CI = 0.30, 0.45). Only three cases (2%) reported having trained medical personnel on-site at the time of death. Most deaths were in male student athletes (n = 149/162, 92%), with 7.5 times greater fatality rate in male compared to female student athletes (incidence rate ratio, 7.5; 95%CI = 4.43, 13.22). Baseball (n = 25/162, 15.4%), judo (n = 24/162, 14.8%), soccer/futsal (n = 20/162, 12.3%), and basketball (n = 18/162, 11.1%) accounted for 53.7% of deaths. Accounting for the number of participants in the respective sport, the three highest average incident rates of death were reported in rugby (4.59 deaths per 100,000 athlete-years, 95%CI = 2.43, 6.75), judo (3.76 deaths per 100,000 athlete-years, 95%CI = 1.58, 5.93), and baseball (0.59 deaths per 100,000 athlete-years, 95%CI = 0.38, 0.79). The top three causes of death were sudden cardiac arrest (n = 68/162, 42.0%), head trauma (n = 32/162, 19.8%), and heat related injury (n = 25/162, 15.4%). Conclusions In conclusion, the highest rates of sports-related death among Japanese student athletes were observed in the following: rugby, male athletes, and during practices. The leading cause of death was sudden cardiac arrest.

Download Full-text

Incidence of Injuries in High School Softball and Baseball Players

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-46.6.648 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 648-654 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Ellen Shanley ◽

Mitchell J. Rauh ◽

Lori A. Michener ◽

Todd S. Ellenbecker

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

South Carolina ◽

High Schools ◽

Upper Extremity ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Injury Rates ◽

School Sports ◽

Initial Injury ◽

Subsequent Injury

Context: Participation in high school sports has grown 16.1% over the last decade, but few studies have compared the overall injury risks in girls' softball and boys' baseball. Objective: To examine the incidence of injury in high school softball and baseball players. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Greenville, South Carolina, high schools. Patients or Other Participants: Softball and baseball players (n = 247) from 11 high schools. Main Outcome Measure(s): Injury rates, locations, types; initial or subsequent injury; practice or game setting; positions played; seasonal trends. Results: The overall incidence injury rate was 4.5/1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), with more injuries overall in softball players (5.6/1000 AEs) than in baseball players (4.0/1000 AEs). Baseball players had a higher initial injury rate (75.9/1000 AEs) than softball players (66.4/1000 AEs): rate ratio (RR) = 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.4, 1.7. The initial injury rate was higher than the subsequent injury rate for the overall sample (P < .0001) and for softball (P < .0001) and baseball (P < .001) players. For both sports, the injury rate during games (4.6/1000 AEs) was similar to that during practices (4.1/1000 AEs), RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.7, 2.2. Softball players were more likely to be injured in a game than were baseball players (RR = 1.92, 95% CI = 0.8, 4.3). Most injuries (77%) were mild (3.5/1000 AEs). The upper extremity accounted for the highest proportion of injuries (63.3%). The incidence of injury for pitchers was 37.3% and for position players was 15.3%. The rate of injury was highest during the first month of the season (7.96/1000 AEs). Conclusions: The incidence of injury was low for both softball and baseball. Most injuries were minor and affected the upper extremity. The injury rates were highest in the first month of the season, so prevention strategies should be focused on minimizing injuries and monitoring players early in the season.

Download Full-text

Medical Supervision of High School Athletics in Chicago: A Follow-up Study

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967119862503 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 232596711986250

Author(s):

Nathaniel S. Jones ◽

Kyle Wieschhaus ◽

Brendan Martin ◽

Pietro M. Tonino

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High Schools ◽

The United States ◽

Return To Play ◽

Athletic Trainer ◽

Public High Schools ◽

High School Sports ◽

Medical Supervision ◽

Concussion Management ◽

School Sports

Background: High school sports participation in the United States has increased dramatically over the past 25 years. A corresponding increase in the number of injuries has been noted, particularly in contact sports such as football. This has led medical and sports organizations nationwide to advocate for proper medical supervision of athletes at games and practices. Purpose: To gather information from Chicago public high schools to gauge how medical supervision for high school sports has changed in 2017 compared with 2003. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Survey questionnaires were sent to the athletic directors of all 99 Chicago public high schools to complete via email. The questionnaire survey contained the same questions as in a survey conducted in 2003 by Tonino and Bollier, with the addition of 4 novel questions relating to emergency action plans (EAPs), automated external defibrillators, concussion management policy, and tackling progression drills. Results: The response rate was 66.67% (66/99 schools). Of the 66 responding schools, all with football programs, no school had a physician on the sideline at home games (decrease from 10.6% in 2003), 37.9% had an athletic trainer present (increase from 8.5% in 2003), and 63.6% had a paramedic available (decrease from 89.4% in 2003). In 2017, 65.6% of responding schools had a coach certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) available at practice to handle medical problems, compared with 89.4% in 2003 ( P < .001). Regarding the 4 novel questions, 93.9% of the responding schools had proper tackling progression drills in place, followed by 89.1% who had appropriate EAPs and 93.9% with concussion management protocols, including return-to-play and return-to-learn protocols. Conclusion: Although significant improvement was found in athletic trainer coverage, especially at games, physician coverage was lacking and fewer coaches were certified in CPR in 2017 compared with 2003. EAPs and concussion management protocols were present in most Chicago public high schools. Overall, greater medical supervision is needed, which we believe should come in the form of increased athletic training and physician involvement and coverage, given that expert, expedited medical care saves lives.

Download Full-text

Methods and Descriptive Epidemiology of Services Provided by Athletic Trainers in High Schools: The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Study

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-51.1.08 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (12) ◽

pp. 1310-1318 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Zachary Y. Kerr ◽

Thomas P. Dompier ◽

Sara L. Dalton ◽

Sayers John Miller ◽

Ross Hayden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High Schools ◽

Athletic Training ◽

High School Student ◽

Student Athletes ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

School Setting ◽

Descriptive Epidemiology ◽

Time Loss ◽

School Sports

Context Research is limited on the extent and nature of the care provided by athletic trainers (ATs) to student-athletes in the high school setting. Objective To describe the methods of the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) project and provide the descriptive epidemiology of AT services for injury care in 27 high school sports. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Athletic training room (ATR) visits and AT services data collected in 147 high schools from 26 states. Patients or Other Participants High school student-athletes participating in 13 boys' sports and 14 girls' sports during the 2011−2012 through 2013−2014 academic years. Main Outcome Measure(s) The number of ATR visits and individual AT services, as well as the mean number of ATR visits (per injury) and AT services (per injury and ATR visit) were calculated by sport and for time-loss (TL) and non–time-loss (NTL) injuries. Results Over the 3-year period, 210 773 ATR visits and 557 381 AT services were reported for 50 604 injuries. Most ATR visits (70%) were for NTL injuries. Common AT services were therapeutic activities or exercise (45.4%), modalities (18.6%), and AT evaluation and reevaluation (15.9%), with an average of 4.17 ± 6.52 ATR visits and 11.01 ± 22.86 AT services per injury. Compared with NTL injuries, patients with TL injuries accrued more ATR visits (7.76 versus 3.47; P < .001) and AT services (18.60 versus 9.56; P < .001) per injury. An average of 2.24 ± 1.33 AT services were reported per ATR visit. Compared with TL injuries, NTL injuries had a larger average number of AT services per ATR visit (2.28 versus 2.05; P < .001). Conclusions These findings highlight the broad spectrum of care provided by ATs to high school student-athletes and demonstrate that patients with NTL injuries require substantial amounts of AT services.

Download Full-text

An Epidemiologic Comparison of High School Sports Injuries Sustained in Practice and Competition

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.197 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 197-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 203

Author(s):

Julie A. Rechel ◽

Ellen E. Yard ◽

R. Dawn Comstock

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

High Schools ◽

Sports Injuries ◽

School Students ◽

High School Sports ◽

Injury Rates ◽

School Year ◽

School Sports ◽

Nationally Representative

Abstract Context: More than 7 million US high school students play sports. Objective: To compare practice and competition injury rates and patterns in 5 boys' sports (football, soccer, basketball, wrestling, and baseball) and 4 girls' sports (soccer, volleyball, basketball, and softball) during the 2005–2006 school year. Design: Prospective injury surveillance study. Setting: Injury data were collected from 100 nationally representative United States high schools via High School RIO (Reporting Information Online). Patients or Other Participants: Athletes from participating high schools injured while participating in a school-sanctioned practice or competition in one of the above sports. Main Outcome Measure(s): Practice and competition injury rates, body site, diagnosis, and severity. Results: High school athletes participating in these 9 sports at participating schools sustained 4350 injuries during the 2005–2006 school year, which corresponds to an estimated 1 442 533 injuries nationally. The rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was higher in competition (4.63) than in practice (1.69) (rate ratio [RR] = 2.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.58, 2.90). Of all sports, football had the highest competition (12.09) and practice (2.54) injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures. Compared with injuries sustained during practice, higher proportions of competition injuries were head/face/neck injuries (proportion ratio [PR] = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.34, 1.94), particularly in boys' soccer (PR = 7.74, 95% CI = 2.53, 23.65) and girls' basketball (PR = 6.03, 95% CI = 2.39, 15.22). Competition injuries were more likely to be concussions (PR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.56, 2.62), especially in boys' soccer (PR = 6.94, 95% CI = 2.01, 23.95) and girls' basketball (PR = 5.83, 95% CI = 2.06, 16.49). Higher proportions of competition injuries caused the athlete to miss more than 3 weeks of play (PR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.52), particularly in baseball (PR = 3.47, 95% CI = 1.48, 8.11) and volleyball (PR = 2.88, 95% CI = 1.01, 8.24). Conclusions: Rates and patterns of high school sport injuries differed between practice and competition. Providing athletic trainers with this information is a crucial step in developing the targeted, evidence-based interventions required to effectively reduce injury rates among the millions of high school student-athletes.

Download Full-text

Las instalaciones deportivas escolares a examen: Una evaluación de los institutos de Educación Secundaria de Ciudad Real (The high school sports facilities for review: An assessment of the province of Ciudad Real)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i17.34679 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 54-58

Author(s):

Jesús Montalvo Panadero ◽

José Luis Felipe Hernández ◽

Leonor Gallardo Guerrero ◽

Pablo Burillo Naranjo ◽

Marta García Tascón

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High Schools ◽

Educational Administration ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Sports Facilities ◽

Open Spaces ◽

High School Sports ◽

Ciudad Real ◽

School Sports ◽

Sport Facilities

Como objetivo de esta investigación nos planteamos evaluar la calidad de las instalaciones deportivas y el equipamiento de los Institutos de Educación Secundaria, comprobando si cumplen la normativa vigente. Se trata de una investigación de metodología cuantitativa, con carácter descriptivo, a través del uso de varias listas de control, diseñadas expresamente para esta investigación. La muestra está formada por 21 centros educativos de Ciudad Real. Los resultados obtenidos nos muestran que el 90,48% de los centros escolares cuentan con espacios abiertos para la práctica de la actividad física, pero sólo el 61,90% cuentan con espacios abiertos que cumplen la Normativa sobre Instalaciones Deportivas y de Esparcimiento (N.I.D.E.). En referencia a los espacios cubiertos, el porcentaje de centros educativos que cuentan con estos espacios para realizar las clases de Educación Física es de un 85,71%, aunque el espacio cubierto existente no cumple la normativa vigente en el 76,19% de los casos. Este estudio muestra que las instalaciones deportivas escolares, presentan grandes carencias, sobre todo de m2 disponibles, en espacios deportivos y complementarios, por lo que sería muy positivo que a la normativa N.I.D.E. se le otorgase un carácter prescriptivo para los centros educativos, pudiéndose así, demandar una mejor dotación a la Administración educativa correspondiente.Palabra clave: Instalaciones deportivas escolares, equipamiento deportivo, espacios descubiertos y espacios cubiertos.Abstract: The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the quality of the sports facilities and equipment of High Schools, according with current regulations. This is a quantitative research methodology, with descriptive character, using several check lists designed explicitly for this investigation. The sample consists of 21 High Schools. The results obtained, show us that 90.48% of High Schools have «open spaces» for the practice of physical activity, but only 61.90% of them have open spaces according with the regulations N.I.D.E. (Legislation about Sport Facilities and Recreation). In terms of «covered spaces», there is a 85,71% of High Schools that include these spaces to carry out the Physical Education classes, although the existing covered area does not comply the regulations currently in force in the 76.19% of the cases. This study shows that high school sports facilities, have serious shortcomings, especially m2 available in sporting and complementary, so it would be very positive that the current regulations (N.I.D.E.) are granted a prescriptive character, so that would be mandatory for High Schools, and able to sue a better endowment to the corresponding educational Administration. Key words: Sports facilities, sports equipment, open spaces and covered spaces.

Download Full-text

Aetiology and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death in young competitive athletes in the USA: a 4-year prospective study

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2020-102666 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bjsports-2020-102666 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Danielle F Peterson ◽

Kristen Kucera ◽

Leah Cox Thomas ◽

Joseph Maleszewski ◽

David Siebert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Middle School ◽

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Professional Athletes ◽

Coronary Artery Anomalies ◽

Competitive Athletes

ObjectiveTo investigate the aetiology and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) in US competitive athletes.MethodsProspective surveillance was conducted from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2018 through the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research in collaboration with national sports organisations. Autopsy reports, death certificates, and medical records were reviewed by an expert panel to determine aetiology. Athlete participation statistics from the National Federation of State High School Associations and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) were used to calculate incidence rates per athlete-years (AY). Comparisons of incidence rates were calculated using incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CIs.Results331 cases of confirmed SCA/D (158 survivors; 173 fatalities) were identified; 15.4% in middle school, 61.6% in high school and 16.6% in college and professional athletes. Average age was 16.7 (11–29) years, and the majority were in male (83.7%), basketball (28.7%) or American football (25.4%) athletes. Common causes included hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (20.6%), idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy (13.4%), coronary artery anomalies (12.0%) and autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death (9.6%). Coronary anomalies were more common in middle school athletes (28%), while cardiomyopathies (hypertrophic, arrhythmogenic, dilated, non-compaction or restricted) accounted for 47% of cases in college and professional athletes. Incidence was higher in male versus female athletes at the high school (1:43 932 AY (95% CI 1:38 101 to 1:50 907) vs 1:203 786 AY (95% CI 1:145 251 to 1:293 794); IRR 4.6 (95% CI 3.1 to 7.2)) and NCAA (1:34 906 AY (95% CI 1:25 385 to 1:49 173) vs 1:123 278 AY (95% CI 1:66 078 to 1:249 853); IRR 3.5 (95% CI 1.5 to 9.5)) levels. African American male NCAA Division I basketball players had the highest annual incidence rate of SCA/D (1:2087 AY (95% CI 1:1073 to 1:4 450)).ConclusionsCardiomyopathies account for nearly half of SCA/D cases in college and professional athletes, while coronary artery anomalies play a more prominent role than expected in middle school athletes. Over half of SCA cases in athletes result in sudden death, calling for improved prevention strategies.

Download Full-text

A Comparison of High School Sports Injury Surveillance Data Reporting by Certified Athletic Trainers and Coaches

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-44.6.645 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 645-652 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Ellen E. Yard ◽

Christy L. Collins ◽

R. Dawn Comstock

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High Schools ◽

Athletic Trainers ◽

Sports Injury ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Ankle Injuries ◽

Surveillance Study ◽

Certified Athletic Trainers ◽

High School Sports ◽

School Sports

Abstract Context: High school athletes sustain more than 1.4 million injuries annually. National high school sports injury surveillance forms the foundation for developing and evaluating preventive interventions to reduce injury rates. For national surveillance, individuals must report consistently and accurately with little one-on-one interaction with study staff. Objective: To examine the feasibility of relying on high school coaches as data reporters in a national, Internet-based sports injury surveillance study, using the same methods that have already proven successful in the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance Study, which calls on certified athletic trainers (ATs) as reporters. Design: Prospective injury surveillance study. Setting: Eighteen United States high schools Participants: Athletic trainers and varsity coaches for football, boys' and girls' soccer, and boys' and girls' basketball. Main Outcome Measure(s): Quantity and quality of exposure and injury reports. Results: All enrolled ATs participated, compared with only 43.0% of enrolled coaches. Participating ATs submitted 96.7% of expected exposure reports, whereas participating coaches submitted only 36.5%. All ATs reported athlete exposures correctly, compared with only 2 in 3 coaches. Participating ATs submitted 338 injury reports; participating coaches submitted only 55 (16.3% of the 338 submitted by ATs). Injury patterns differed between AT-submitted and coach-submitted injury reports, with ATs reporting a higher proportion of ankle injuries and coaches reporting a higher proportion of knee injuries. The reports submitted by ATs and coaches for the same injury had low agreement for diagnosis and time loss, with only 63.2% and 55.3% of pairs, respectively, providing the same response. The ATs lacked more responses for demographic questions, whereas coaches lacked more responses regarding the need for surgery. Conclusions: Whenever possible, ATs should be the primary data reporters in large, national studies. In high schools without access to an AT, researchers must be willing to devote significant time and resources to achieving high participation and compliance from other reporters.

Download Full-text

A survey study on sports injury by age for male athletes in combat sports

10.31083/jomh.2021.009 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Middle School ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Sports Injury ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

School Level ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Body Parts ◽

Combat Sports

Background: Sports injury is critical for elite athletes, especially those in combat sports, which have high injury risk as the athletes attack their opponents' bodies to win. The purpose of this study was to examine the injury frequency according to the injured area and injury rate on two occasions (training and competitions) by age and sports in male combat athletes. Methods: The subjects in this study comprised 1,263 athletes who were registered as athletes in middle school, high school, university, and professional levels in men's combat sports (boxing, fencing, judo, taekwondo, and wrestling) at the Korean Sports and Olympic Committee. An online-based survey was conducted. We carried out a frequency analysis using the R statistics program, and calculated a 95% conﬁdence interval. Results: The highest injury experience rates were in boxing (59.3%) and taekwondo (72.7%) for professional level, in judo (60.5%) and wrestling (57.7%) for university level, and in fencing (54.8%) for high school level. The results of the analysis showed that injury occurred least frequently in the following body parts: the head in fencing (19.1%) and judo (18.0%), torso in taekwondo (14.1%) and wrestling (18.1%), and lower extremities in boxing (13.7%). The most frequently injured body parts werethelowerextremitiesinfencing(33.1%)andtaekwondo(38.9%), upperextremitiesinjudo(30.5%)andwrestling(31.9%), and head in boxing (37.4%). The injury incidence rates during competitions, by age, were 0.03, 0.11, 0.14, and 0.14 for the middle school, high school, university, and professional levels, respectively. The injury incidence rates during competitions, by sports, were 0.06, 0.07, 0.14, 0.15, and 0.16 in judo, wrestling, taekwondo, boxing, and fencing, respectively. The injury incidence rates during training, by age, were 1.33, 1.46, 1.71, and 1.75 for the middle school, high school, university, and professional levels, respectively. The injury incidence rates during training, by sports, were 1.25, 1.36, 1.57, 1.79, and 1.86 in judo, wrestling, fencing, taekwondo, and boxing, respectively. The overall analysis of injury incidence rate is 0.10 during competitions, and 1.52 during training, irrespective of age and sports type. Conclusion: The area of injury and proportion vary according to the type of sports. However, in accordance with the deﬁnition of time loss, the injury incidence rate during training was tenfold compared to the IR during competitions, and the injury incidence rate in striking sports was higher than in grappling sports during both training and competitions.

Download Full-text