scholarly journals Estrogen and COVID-19 symptoms: Associations in women from the COVID Symptom Study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Costeira ◽  
Karla A. Lee ◽  
Benjamin Murray ◽  
Colette Christiansen ◽  
Juan Castillo-Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Estrogen Exposure ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Hormonal Therapies ◽  
The Uk

It has been widely observed that adult men of all ages are at higher risk of developing serious complications from COVID-19 when compared with women. This study aimed to investigate the association of COVID-19 positivity and severity with estrogen exposure in women, in a population based matched cohort study of female users of the COVID Symptom Study application in the UK. Analyses included 152,637 women for menopausal status, 295,689 women for exogenous estrogen intake in the form of the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), and 151,193 menopausal women for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Data were collected using the COVID Symptom Study in May-June 2020. Analyses investigated associations between predicted or tested COVID-19 status and menopausal status, COCP use, and HRT use, adjusting for age, smoking and BMI, with follow-up age sensitivity analysis, and validation in a subset of participants from the TwinsUK cohort. Menopausal women had higher rates of predicted COVID-19 (P = 0.003). COCP-users had lower rates of predicted COVID-19 (P = 8.03E-05), with reduction in hospital attendance (P = 0.023). Menopausal women using HRT or hormonal therapies did not exhibit consistent associations, including increased rates of predicted COVID-19 (P = 2.22E-05) for HRT users alone. The findings support a protective effect of estrogen exposure on COVID-19, based on positive association between predicted COVID-19 with menopausal status, and negative association with COCP use. HRT use was positively associated with COVID-19, but the results should be considered with caution due to lack of data on HRT type, route of administration, duration of treatment, and potential unaccounted for confounders and comorbidities.

scholarly journals Estrogen and COVID-19 symptoms: associations in women from the COVID Symptom Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Costeira ◽  
Karla A Lee ◽  
Benjamin Murray ◽  
Colette Christiansen ◽  
Juan Castillo-Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
The Uk

Background: Men and older women have been shown to be at higher risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes. Animal model studies of SARS-CoV and MERS suggest that the age and sex difference in COVID-19 symptom severity may be due to a protective effect of the female sex hormone estrogen. Females have shown an ability to mount a stronger immune response to a variety of viral infections because of more robust humoral and cellular immune responses. Objectives: We sought to determine whether COVID-19 positivity increases in women entering menopause. We also aimed to identify whether premenopausal women taking exogenous hormones in the form of the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) and post-menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have lower predicted rates of COVID-19, using our published symptom-based model. Design: The COVID Symptom Study developed by Kings College London and Zoe Global Limited was launched in the UK on 24th March 2020. It captured self-reported information related to COVID-19 symptoms. Data used for this study included records collected between 7th May - 15th June 2020. Main outcome measures: We investigated links between COVID-19 rates and 1) menopausal status, 2) COCP use and 3) HRT use, using symptom-based predicted COVID-19, tested COVID-19, and disease severity based on requirement for hospital attendance or respiratory support. Participants: Female users of the COVID Symptom Tracker Application in the UK, including 152,637 women for menopause status, 295,689 for COCP use, and 151,193 for HRT use. Analyses were adjusted for age, smoking and BMI. Results: Post-menopausal women aged 40-60 years had a higher rate of predicted COVID (P=0.003) and a corresponding range of symptoms, with consistent, but not significant trends observed for tested COVID-19 and disease severity. Women aged 18-45 years taking COCP had a significantly lower predicted COVID-19 (P=8.03E-05), with a reduction in hospital attendance (P=0.023). Post-menopausal women using HRT or hormonal therapies did not exhibit consistent associations, including increased rates of predicted COVID-19 (P=2.22E-05) for HRT users alone. Conclusions: Our findings support a protective effect of estrogen on COVID-19, based on positive association between predicted COVID-19 and menopausal status, and a negative association with COCP use. HRT use was positively associated with COVID-19 symptoms; however, the results should be considered with caution due to lack of data on HRT type, route of administration, duration of treatment, and potential comorbidities. Trial registration: The App Ethics has been approved by KCL ethics Committee REMAS ID 18210, review reference LRS-19/20-18210

The influence of endogenous and exogenous hormonal factors on migraine in spontaneous postmenopausal women: A nationwide population-based study in South Korea

Cephalalgia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 033310242110444
Author(s):  
Seonghoon Kim ◽  
Si Baek Lee ◽  
Yun Jeong Hong ◽  
Yongbang Kim ◽  
Kyungdo Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Hormonal Factors ◽  
Estrogen Exposure ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Lifetime Number ◽  
Korean National Health Insurance ◽  
New Diagnosis

Background Hormonal and menstrual factors are known to influence migraines in women. However, studies in the postmenopausal period are relatively insufficient for clinical translation. This study investigated the influence of endogenous and exogenous hormonal factors on migraines in spontaneous menopausal women. Methods We obtained and analyzed the data related to hormonal factors from the Korean Health Examination database. A migraine diagnosis was identified using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database between 2009 and 2018. We observed migraine occurrence in spontaneous postmenopausal women. Study populations were divided into two groups depending on new diagnosis of migraine during the follow up periods. We investigated the association between endogenous and exogenous hormonal factors and migraine. Results 1,114,742 spontaneous postmenopausal women were enrolled. Migraine risk tended to increase in the shorter lifetime number of years of menstruation group compared to the group with lifetime number of years of menstruation ≥40 years. All of the hormone replacement therapy (HRT) groups showed higher risk compared with the non-HRT group. Migraine risk tends to increase with greater postmenopausal years compared to the postmenopausal <5 years group. Conclusion Our study suggests that female hormonal factors, including endogenous and exogenous estrogen exposure, may be associated with migraine occurrence in spontaneous menopausal women.

Does hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women have any effect upon nasal physiology?

2008 ◽  
Vol 122 (7) ◽  
pp. 707-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
D C Wild ◽  
C M Philpott ◽  
C R Wolstenholme ◽  
G E Murty
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Life Questionnaire ◽  
Female Hormone ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Nasal Physiology ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
Age Range

AbstractBackground:Previous studies have suggested that the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and the oral contraceptive pill have an effect upon nasal physiology.Objectives:This study aimed to assess the effects upon nasal physiology of female hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women. This has not been previously studied.Methods:Twenty post-menopausal women (age range 36 to 70 years; mean age 57.0 years) underwent measurements of the nasal airway, including anterior rhinoscopy, peak nasal inspiratory flow rate, acoustic rhinometry, anterior rhinomanometry, mucociliary clearance time and rhinitis quality of life questionnaire. Measurements of nasal patency were recorded prior to commencing hormone replacement therapy and at a time point 77–195 days (mean 101.9 days) following commencement.Results:There was no statistical difference found for any of the variables, using the paired t-test (p > 0.05 for all).Conclusions:Female hormone replacement therapy has no discernable effect upon nasal physiology and should not be considered a cause of rhinitic symptoms.

Age factor and implication of human papillomavirus type-specific prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. LAI ◽  
A. CHAO ◽  
C. J. CHANG ◽  
C. C. HUANG ◽  
L. C. WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cervical Cytology ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Abnormal Cytology ◽  
Normal Cytology ◽  
Normal Cervical Cytology

SUMMARYThe prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women with normal cervical cytology varies widely according to the population studied. Two non-overlapping population-based cohort studies of women aged ⩾30 years for the periods 2008–2009 (n=5026) and 2004–2005 (n=10 014) were analysed. The prevalence rate of HPV was 11·0% (95% CI 10·5–11·6). HPV infection was significantly associated with age, menopausal status, and inversely associated with hormone replacement therapy. There was an increasing trend of α3/α15, α5/α6, and multiple HPV infections with increasing age. The five most common types were HPV52, 18, 53, 58 and 70, while HPV16, 31, 33 ranked 21st, 25th, and 16th, respectively, in the merged cohort with normal cytology (n=14 724). HPV16, 31, and 33 were significantly associated with abnormal cytology, which could have resulted in their rarity in the total merged cohort (n=15 040).

The association between breast density and HER2-positive breast cancer: A population-based case-control study.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e12556-e12556
Author(s):  
Vivian Tan ◽  
Jennifer Payne ◽  
Nicole Paquet ◽  
Sian Iles ◽  
Daniel Rayson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Breast Screening ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Mammographic Breast Density ◽  
Her2 Positive ◽  
Increased Risk

e12556 Background: Little is known about the association between mammographic breast density and the subtypes of breast cancer including HER2-positive breast cancers (HER2-BrCa). The objective of this study was to assess the strength of association between breast density and HER2-BrCa in a population-based screening program. Methods: This is a population-based case-control breast cancer study of women aged 40 to 75 who underwent digital breast screening from 2009 to 2015 in Nova Scotia, Canada. Cases included women diagnosed with HER2-BrCa at screen or before their next screen (interval); controls included women without screen-detected cancer matched to cases by age and year of screen. Measures of mammographic breast density (percent density, BI-RADS-4th and -5th edition) were obtained from automated software (densitasai) and linked with clinical risk factor data (age, parity, total breast volume, post-menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy, family history and history of core biopsy). The association between breast density and cancer risk was assessed by calculating the odds ratios [OR] with 95% confidence intervals using multivariable logistic regression. Results: A total of 209 cases (median age, 58.8 years) and 6812 controls (median age, 59.4 years) were included. The risk of HER2-BrCa increased with increasing levels of percent breast density. High breast density according to BIRADS-4th and -5th editions was significantly associated with HER2-BrCa: BIRADS -4th 3/4 vs 1: OR 2.50 (1.68 - 3.68); BIRADS-5th C/D vs A: OR 2.58 (1.71 - 4.01). The association between higher breast density and increased risk of HER2-BrCa remained after adjustment for clinical factors. Conclusions: The risk of HER2-BrCa was associated with progressively higher mammographic breast density, although to a lesser extent than breast cancer in general. Accurate risk models including breast density may support the development of more breast-screening protocols that can lead to more strategic use of healthcare resources.

scholarly journals Are Twins and Singletons Comparable? A Study of Disease-related and Lifestyle Characteristics in Adult Women

Twin Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 464-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby Andrew ◽  
Deborah J. Hart ◽  
Harold Snieder ◽  
Marlies de Lange ◽  
Tim D. Spector ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Disease ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Hypertensive Drug ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThe classic twin study is sometimes described as “the perfect natural experiment” for the investigation of the aetiology of complex disease, but assumptions of the twin design need to be empirically tested if their results are to be considered unbiased and representative of singleton populations. In this study comparisons of disease and prevalence of lifestyle characteristics have been made between twin participants in the St Thomas' Hospital UK adult twin registry, the largest twin volunteer register in the UK for the study of diseases of ageing, and a parallel population-based study of singleton women. The only differences found were for weight, where monozygotic (MZ) twins were lighter and had a smaller variance than dizygotic (DZ) twins and singletons. For the other variables studied, volunteer twins were not found to differ from age-matched singleton women in distribution or prevalence of: bone mineral density, osteoarthritis, blood pressure, hypertensive drug use, height, history of hysterectomy and ovariectomy, menopausal status and current alcohol and overall tobacco consumption. We conclude that the results of twin studies can be generalised to singleton populations for these measures and disease outcomes.

Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to risk of breast cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Somaye Rigi ◽  
Asma Salari-Moghaddam ◽  
Sanaz Benisi-Kohansal ◽  
Leila Azadbakht ◽  
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Glycemic Load ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
The Status ◽  
Dietary Glycemic Index ◽  
Stratified Analysis

Abstract Objective: Previous studies on the association between glycemic index (GI) and load (GL) in relation to breast cancer risk are contradictory. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary GI and GL and risk of breast cancer in Iranian women. Design: Population-based case-control. Dietary GI and GL were assessed using a validated Willett-format 106-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Setting: Isfahan, Iran. Participants: Cases were 350 patients with newly diagnosed stage I-IV breast cancer, for whom the status of breast cancer was confirmed by physical examination and mammography. Controls were 700 age-matched apparently healthy individuals who were randomly selected from general population. Results: After controlling for potential confounders, individuals in the highest tertile of dietary GI had 47% higher odds of breast cancer than women in the lowest tertile (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.02-2.12). Stratified analysis by menopausal status showed such association among postmenopausal women (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.02-2.23). We found no significant association between dietary GL and odds of breast cancer either before (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 0.99-1.84) or after adjustment for potential confounders (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.86-1.79). In addition, stratified analysis by menopausal status revealed no significant association between dietary GL and odds of breast cancer. Conclusions: Our findings showed a significant positive association between dietary GI and odds of breast cancer. However, we observed no significant association between dietary GL and odds of breast cancer.

scholarly journals Proinflammatory Dietary Intake is Associated with Increased Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: Results from the Population-Based Prospective Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1196
Author(s):  
Imran Khan ◽  
Minji Kwon ◽  
Nitin Shivappa ◽  
James R. Hébert ◽  
Mi Kyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Inflammatory Index ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Hdl

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health challenge throughout the world, although studies on its association with the inflammatory potential of diet are inconsistent. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) and the risk of MetS and its components in a Korean population. Data from 157,812 Korean adults (mean age 52.8 years; 53,304 men and 104,508 women with mean follow-up of 7.4 years) collected by members of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study form the basis for this report. DII scores were calculated based on Semi-Quantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire data. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association between DII scores and MetS. In women, higher DII scores (pro-inflammatory diet) increased the risk of MetS (hazard ratio [HR]quintile5 v. 1 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–1.69; p for trend ≤ 0.0001) and its five components. A positive association was observed for postmenopausal women, with a 50% higher risk of developing MetS (HRquintile5 v. 1 1.50; 95% CI 1.23–1.83; p for trend = 0.0008) after fully adjusting for potential confounders. Irrespective of the menopausal status of women, higher DII (=Q5) scores were positively associated with all 5 components of MetS (p < 0.05). In men, higher DII scores significantly increased the risk of low HDL cholesterol [HR]quintile5 v. 1 1.59 (1.27–1.99); p for trend = 0.0001], elevated waist circumferences [HR]quintile5 v. 1 1.28 (1.08–1.52); p for trend = 0.01], and high blood pressure [HR]quintile5 v. 1 1.17 (1.03–1.32); p for trend = 0.05]. These results indicate that diet with pro-inflammatory potential, as represented by higher DII scores, is prospectively associated with increased risk of MetS, and the relationship is stronger in women than in men.

scholarly journals Reproductive Factors and the Risk of Incident Dementia: Results From the UK Biobank

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Gong ◽  
Katie Harris ◽  
Sanne A E Peters ◽  
Mark Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Reproductive Factors ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Estrogen Exposure ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Endogenous Estrogen ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background: To examine the risk of incident all-cause dementia associated with reproductive factors in women, and the number of children in both sexes; and whether the effects vary by age, socioeconomic status (SES), smoking status and body mass index in the UK Biobank.Methods: A total of 273,265 women and 228,966 men without prevalent dementia from the UK Biobank were included in the analyses. Cox proportional hazard regressions estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for reproductive factors with incident all-cause dementia.Results: Over a median of 11.3 years follow-up, 1,680 dementia were recorded in women and 2,021 in men. Adjusted HRs (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) for dementia were 1.20 (1.08, 1.35) for menarche <12 years, and 1.24 (1.10, 1.39) for menarche ≥15 years compared to 13 years; 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) for ever been pregnant; 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) for each abortion; 1.29 (1.12, 1.49) for menopause at <47 compared to 50 years; 1.13 (1.01, 1.27) for hysterectomy; 0.80 (0.72, 0.90) for oral contraceptive pills use; and 1.56 (1.40, 1.73) for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use. The U-shaped associations between the number of children and the risk of dementia were similar for both sexes. There was evidence for early (natural and artificial) menopause, and a greater number of children were associated with a higher risk of dementia among women of relatively lower SES only.Conclusions: Shorter cumulative endogenous estrogen exposure in women is associated with higher dementia risk, although female biological factors involved in childbearing are unlikely to account for risk variation.

scholarly journals Estradiol: micrograms or milligrams

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy M W Kirk ◽  
Nalin Wickramasuriya ◽  
Nicholas J Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Turner Syndrome ◽  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Ethinyl Estradiol ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
List Type ◽  
The Uk

Summary Estrogen is used to induce puberty in peripubertal girls with hypogonadism. Although both synthetic and natural forms are available, along with different routes of administration, in the UK oral ethinyl estradiol and the low-dose oral contraceptive pill are commonly used as hormone replacement therapy for practical reasons. We present five peripubertal girls (aged 12.5–14.9 years) with hypogonadism (two with primary hypogonadism due to Turner syndrome and three with central (secondary) hypogonadism as part of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency) who for a variety of reasons have received milligram doses of estradiol (E2) in error for between 6 weeks and 6 months, instead of the expected microgram doses of ethinyl estradiol. Although there are no direct comparisons in peripubertal girls between synthetic and natural estrogens, all girls had vaginal bleeding whilst receiving the milligram doses and have ended up with reduced final heights, below the 9th centile in 1 and below the 2nd centile in 4. Whilst reduction in final height may be part of the underlying condition (especially in Turner syndrome) the two girls with height predictions performed prior to receiving the estrogen overdose have not achieved their predicted height. Estrogen is one of the few drugs which is available in both milligram and microgram formulations. Clinicians need to be alert to the possibility of patients receiving the wrong formulation and dosage in error. Learning points Girls with primary and secondary gonadal failure require assistance with pubertal induction. Although several different formulations and route of administration are available, for practical reasons, the majority of girls in the UK receive oral ethinyl estradiol. Estrogen preparations are available in both milligram and microgram formulations, with potential for receiving the wrong dose. Girls receiving milligram rather than microgram preparations all had vaginal bleeding and a short final height.

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