scholarly journals Acute gastroenteritis and the usage pattern of antibiotics and traditional herbal medications for its management in a Nigerian community

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0257837
Author(s):  
Oluwapelumi Olufemi Adeyemi ◽  
Ade Stephen Alabi ◽  
Oluwasanmi Anuoluwapo Adeyemi ◽  
Olaoluwa Temitope Talabi ◽  
Oreoluwa M. Abidakun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Herbal Medication ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Herbal Medications ◽  
Causative Agents

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is the highest cause of mortality worldwide in children under the age of 5 years, with the highest mortalities occurring in low-to-middle income countries. Treatment can involve use of unregulated herbal medication and antibiotics. A cross sectional study was carried out to investigate the use of antibiotics and traditional herbal medications in the management of AGE among Yòrùbá-speaking communities in Kwara State, Nigeria. Our findings suggest habitual use of antibiotics (54.6%) and herbal medication (42.5%) in the management of AGE with high levels of self-prescription of antibiotics (21.7%) and herbal medications (36.2%) within the community. Ethanolic extracts of selected herbal plants reported (i.e. Aristolochia ringens, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Etanda Africana, Ficus capensis, Ficus vogelii, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum gratisimum, Senna alata, Sorghum bicolor and Vernonia amygdalina) were investigated for antibacterial properties, using bacteria known to be causative agents of AGE. Our findings showed that, with exception of Ficus vogelii, which enhanced bacterial growth, the plant extracts reported all showed some antibacterial activity. We further discuss our findings within a regulatory context, with the aim to guide the use of traditional and herbal medication in low-to medium income countries (LMICs) and reduce the potential risks associated with the development of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Prevalence of MDR organism (MDRO) carriage in children and their household members in Siem Reap Province, Cambodia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta R Singh ◽  
Bunsoth Mao ◽  
Konstantin Evdokimov ◽  
Pisey Tan ◽  
Phana Leab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Final Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Siem Reap ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background The rising incidence of infections caused by MDR organisms (MDROs) poses a significant public health threat. However, little has been reported regarding community MDRO carriage in low- and middle-income countries. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in Siem Reap, Cambodia comparing hospital-associated households, in which an index child (age: 2–14 years) had been hospitalized for at least 48 h in the preceding 2–4 weeks, with matched community households on the same street, in which no other child had a recent history of hospitalization. Participants were interviewed using a survey questionnaire and tested for carriage of MRSA, ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) by culture followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing. We used logistic regression analysis to analyse associations between collected variables and MDRO carriage. Results Forty-two pairs of households including 376 participants with 376 nasal swabs and 290 stool specimens were included in final analysis. MRSA was isolated from 26 specimens (6.9%). ESBL-producing Escherichia coli was detected in 269 specimens (92.8%) whereas ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from 128 specimens (44.1%), of which 123 (42.4%) were co-colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli. Six (2.1%) specimens tested positive for CPE (4 E. coli and 2 K. pneumoniae). The prevalence ratios for MRSA, ESBL-producing E. coli and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae carriage did not differ significantly in hospital-associated households and hospitalized children compared with their counterparts. Conclusions The high prevalence of ESBL-E across both household types suggests that MDRO reservoirs are common in the community. Ongoing genomic analyses will help to understand the epidemiology and course of MDRO spread.

scholarly journals Depression and its associated factors among pregnant women in central Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 205510292098844
Author(s):  
Bao-Yen Luong-Thanh ◽  
Lan Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Linda Murray ◽  
Manuel Eisner ◽  
Sara Valdebenito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Quota Sampling

To date, little attention has been given to prenatal depression, especially in low and middle-income countries. The aim of this research was to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors amongst pregnant women in a central Vietnamese city. This cross-sectional study included 150 pregnant women from 29 to 40 weeks of gestation, from eight wards of Hue city, via quota sampling from February to May 2019. We employed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess depression. Findings suggest the need to provide routine screening of pregnant women in primary care for depressive symptoms and other mental health problems.

scholarly journals Prevalence and correlates of adherence to movement guidelines among urban and rural children in Mozambique: a cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taru Manyanga ◽  
Joel D. Barnes ◽  
Jean-Philippe Chaput ◽  
Peter T. Katzmarzyk ◽  
Antonio Prista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries

Abstract Background Insufficient physical activity, short sleep duration, and excessive recreational screen time are increasing globally. Currently, there are little to no data describing prevalences and correlates of movement behaviours among children in low-middle-income countries. The few available reports do not include both urban and rural respondents, despite the large proportion of rural populations in low-middle-income countries. We compared the prevalence of meeting 24-h movement guidelines and examined correlates of meeting the guidelines in a sample of urban and rural Mozambican schoolchildren. Methods This is cross-sectional study of 9–11 year-old children (n = 683) recruited from 10 urban and 7 rural schools in Mozambique. Moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sleep duration were measured by waist-worn Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers. Accelerometers were worn 24 h/day for up to 8 days. Recreational screen time was self-reported. Potential correlates of meeting 24-h movement guidelines were directly measured or obtained from validated items of context-adapted questionnaires. Multilevel multivariable logit models were used to determine the correlates of movement behaviours. Meeting 24-h movement guidelines was defined as ≥60 min/day of MVPA, ≤2 h/day of recreational screen time, and between 9 and 11 h/night of sleep. Results More rural (17.7%) than urban (3.6%) children met all three 24-h movement guidelines. Mean MVPA was lower (82.9 ± 29.5 min/day) among urban than rural children (96.7 ± 31.8 min/day). Rural children had longer sleep duration (8.9 ± 0.7 h/night) and shorter recreational screen time (2.7 ± 1.9 h/day) than their urban counterparts (8.7 ± 0.9 h/night and 5.0 ± 2.3 h/day respectively). Parental education (OR: 0.37; CI: 0.16–0.87), school location (OR: 0.21; CI: 0.09–0.52), and outdoor time (OR: 0.67; CI: 0.53–0.85) were significant correlates of meeting all three 24-h movement guidelines. Conclusions Prevalence and correlates of meeting movement guidelines differed between urban and rural schoolchildren in Mozambique. On average, both groups had higher daily MVPA minutes, shorter sleep duration, and higher recreational screen time than the 24-h movement guidelines recommend. These findings (e.g., higher than recommended mean daily MVPA minutes) differ from those from high-income countries and highlight the need to sample from both urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Frailty among HIV-1 Infected Adults under Antiretroviral Therapy in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wulunggono Wulunggono ◽  
Evy Yunihastuti ◽  
Hamzah Shatri ◽  
Edy Rizal Wahyudi ◽  
Youdiil Ophinni
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Independent Predictive Factor ◽  
Frailty Phenotype ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Hiv 1

Background: Increasing age of HIV-1 infected population brought about the risk of frailty as comorbidity, whose prevalence is higher in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Indonesia as an LMIC also bears a major burden of HIV-1 epidemic with a similarly aging population, but the prevalence of frailty and its predictors are unknown. Objectives: To identify the prevalence of frailty and analyze its associated factors, among HIV-1 infected adults under antiretroviral therapy in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-infected individuals with inclusion criteria of age ≥30 years old and underwent ART for at least 6 months. The main assessment was done using Fried’s frailty phenotype score, which categorizes subjects into non-frail, pre-frail, or frail. Factors associated with frailty were characterized and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: A total of 164 subjects were recruited; male subjects were 118 (72%), the median age was 40.5 years old, and the median CD4 nadir was 53 cells/μl. Frailty was identified among 90 (54.9%) subjects with 84 (51.2%) identified as pre-frail and 6 (3.7%) as frail, with dominant frailty phenotype was weakness in grip strength. The multivariate model showed that depression was the only factor significantly correlated with pre-frailty and frailty (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.04-4.43, p=0.036). Conclusion: Frailty is a common occurrence among HIV-infected patients under ART, with depression as an independent predictive factor.

scholarly journals Association between Acne and Body Mass Index: A Hospital Based Cross Sectional Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Saraswoti Neupane ◽  
Binamra Basnet ◽  
Tara Devi Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Introduction: Acne vulgaris is a common and chronic inflammatory skin disease of pilosebaceous unit. Obesity is one of the biggest problems in western life style but nowadays, the problem is increasing even in low and middle-income countries. Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to accurately measure obesity.Objective: To find out the association between different categories of BMI and severity of acne.Materials and methods: This was a cross sectional prospective study conducted in the outpatient department of Gandaki Medical College from January to July, 2017. All the newly diagnosed patients with acne were included in the study. Height and weight of the patients was recorded and BMI was calculated. BMI was categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Type of lesions were noted and severity of acne was graded from 1 to 4.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0 for windows. One-way Analysis of Variance between groups (ANOVA) test was applied. P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results: There were altogether 249 patients with acne. Age of the patients ranged from 10 to 44 years with mean age of 20.82 ±5.9 years. Most of the patients were in the age group of 11-20 years. Female: male ratio was 1:1.4. Majority of patients (65.5%) had normal BMI. Most of the patients had Grade 2 acne (52.6%). There was no significant association between the BMI and severity of acne (p=0.129).Conclusion: There was no significant association between BMI and severity of acne.

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