scholarly journals From a case-control survey to a diagnostic viral gastroenteritis panel for testing of general practitioners’ patients

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0258680
Author(s):  
Lesla E. S. Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet ◽  
Jacky Flipse ◽  
Janny A. Wallinga ◽  
Marloes Vermeer ◽  
Wil A. van der Reijden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Human Parechovirus ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Panel ◽  
Control Survey ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
Norovirus Gii ◽  
Enteropathogenic Viruses

Objective To evaluate the pathogenicity of a broad range of 11 possible gastroenteritis viruses, by means of statistical relationships with cases vs. controls, or Ct-values, in order to establish the most appropriate diagnostic panel for our general practitioner (GP) patients in the Netherlands (2010–2012). Methods Archived stool samples from 1340 cases and 1100 controls were retested using internally controlled multiplex real-time PCRs for putative pathogenic gastroenteritis viruses: adenovirus, astrovirus, bocavirus, enterovirus, norovirus GI and GII, human parechovirus, rotavirus, salivirus, sapovirus, and torovirus. Results The prevalence of any virus in symptomatic cases and asymptomatic controls was 16.6% (223/1340) and 10.2% (112/1100), respectively. Prevalence of astrovirus (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 10.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34–80.06) and norovirus GII (aOR 3.10; CI 1.62–5.92) was significantly higher in cases versus controls. Rotavirus was encountered only in cases. We did not find torovirus and there was no statistically significant relationship with cases for salivirus (aOR 1,67; (CI) 0.43–6.54)), adenovirus non-group F (aOR 1.20; CI 0.75–1.91), bocavirus (aOR 0.85; CI 0.05–13.64), enterovirus (aOR 0.83; CI 0.50–1.37), human parechovirus (aOR 1.61; CI 0.54–4.77) and sapovirus (aOR 1.15; CI 0.67–1.98). Though adenovirus group F (aOR 6.37; CI 0.80–50.92) and norovirus GI (aOR 2.22, CI: 0.79–6.23) are known enteropathogenic viruses and were more prevalent in cases than in controls, this did not reach significance in this study. The Ct value did not discriminate between carriage and disease in PCR-positive subjects. Conclusions In our population, diagnostic gastroenteritis tests should screen for adenovirus group F, astrovirus, noroviruses GI and GII, and rotavirus. Case-control studies as ours are lacking and should also be carried out in populations from other epidemiological backgrounds.

Investigation of Children with Acute Gastroenteritis by Multiplex PCR Method in Central Part of Turkey

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Yılmaz ◽  
Havva Kaya ◽  
Mehmet Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Norovirus Gii

Abstract Objective Gastroenteritis is a disease that affects all age groups, especially children, and causes high mortality and morbidity in all countries. The most common agents of acute gastroenteritis are viral agents. As a result, millions of diarrhea attacks and hospital admissions occur worldwide every year due to viral gastroenteritis. This study uses the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to investigate the viruses that are the causative agents of viral gastroenteritis in the pediatric patient group in Konya, Turkey. Methods Stool samples of 94 patients aged 0 to 18 years sent from Emergency clinics and Pediatric outpatient clinics, Meram Medical Faculty Hospital Pediatric clinics, Konya Necmettin Erbakan University to Medical Microbiology Laboratory with a diagnosis of gastroenteritis between February and December 2018 were included in the study. Stool samples were stored at –80°C until the time of the analysis. Deoxyribonucleic acid/ribonucleic acid isolation from stool samples was performed with EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v2.0 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) using an automatic extraction system (BioRobot EZ1 system, Qiagen). The presence of astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus (GI, GII), and sapovirus agents was investigated by the multiplex PCR method (Fast Track Diagnostics, Luxembourg) viral gastroenteritis kit. Results Viral gastroenteritis agents were detected in 56.3% of the patients. One viral agent was detected in 47 (50%) of these patients and at least two viral agents in 6 (6.3%) of them. Norovirus GII was detected in 20 (21.2%) of the children included in the study, adenovirus in 13 (13.8%), rotavirus in 11 (12.8%), astrovirus in 11 (11.7%), sapovirus in 4 (4.2%), and norovirus GI in 1 (1.06%). When the distribution of viral agents was examined by months, the most number of agents were observed (21; 35%) in May, followed by April and June (12; 20%). Considering the distribution of the prevalence of the agents by age, it was seen to be mainly between 0 and 12 months (42%). Conclusion Considering that the most common viral agent in our region is norovirus GII, it will be useful to investigate the norovirus that is not routinely examined in children who are admitted to clinics with the complaint of gastroenteritis. It will be appropriate to examine routinely adenovirus, rotavirus, and norovirus in the laboratory, especially in children with diarrhea and vomiting in the winter and spring months.

scholarly journals A foodborne norovirus outbreak in a nursing home and spread to staff and their household contacts

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Parrón ◽  
J. Álvarez ◽  
M. Jané ◽  
T. Cornejo Sánchez ◽  
E. Razquin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Gastroenteritis Outbreak ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Cleaning Staff

AbstractOn 16 March 2018, a nursing home notified a possible acute gastroenteritis outbreak that affected 11 people. Descriptive and case–control studies and analysis of clinical and environmental samples were carried out to determine the characteristics of the outbreak, its aetiology, the transmission mechanism and the causal food. The extent of the outbreak in and outside the nursing home was determined and the staff factors influencing propagation were studied by multivariate analysis. A turkey dinner on March 14 was associated with the outbreak (OR 4.22, 95% CI 1.11–16.01). Norovirus genogroups I and II were identified in stool samples. The attack rates in residents, staff and household contacts of staff were 23.49%, 46.22% and 22.87%, respectively. Care assistants and cleaning staff were the staff most frequently affected. Cohabitation with an affected care assistant was the most important factor in the occurrence of cases in the home (adjusted OR 6.37, 95% CI 1.13–36.02). Our results show that staff in close contact with residents and their household contacts had a higher risk of infection during the norovirus outbreak.

Case-Control Studies

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth H. Keogh ◽  
D. R. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies

Clinical Trials in Thrombosis: Secondary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (01) ◽  
pp. 049-056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian R Klimt ◽  
P. H Doub ◽  
Nancy H Doub
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Definitive Answer ◽  
Inhibition Of Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Prospective Trials

SummaryNumerous in vivo and in vitro experiments, investigating the inhibition of platelet aggregation and the prevention of experimentally-induced thrombosis, suggest that anti-platelet drugs, such as aspirin or the combination of aspirin and dipyridamole or sulfinpyrazone, may be effective anti-thrombotic agents in man. Since 1971, seven randomized prospective trials and two case-control studies have been referenced in the literature or are currently being conducted, which evaluate the effects of aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or dipyridamole in combination with aspirin in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. A critical review of these trials indicates a range of evidence from no difference to a favorable trend that antiplatelet drugs may serve as anti-thrombotic agents in man. To date, a definitive answer concerning the therapeutic effects of these drugs in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease is not available.

Molecular Detection of Group A Rotavirus in under Five Years Old Children with Acute Diarrhoea Admitted to Yangon Children’s Hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Group A Rotavirus ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Considerable Morbidity

Rotaviruses are regarded as the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality among children especially under five years of age worldwide. In developing countries like Myanmar, where diarrhoea is in the priority childhood disease, rotavirus surveillance and detection of rotavirus genotypes are utmost important. A hospital-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Yangon Children‟s Hospital among under five children admitted for acute diarrhoea from January to October 2016. This study includes detection of Group A rotavirus antigen by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and genotyping by multiplex RT-PCR. From a total of 488 collected samples, rotavirus antigen was detected in 219 samples (45%). Rotavirus diarrhoea was most common among the age of 6-11 months (38.8%) followed by 12-23 months (37.9%). The results showed that boys were more commonly affected than girls. Detection of rotavirus positivity was peak in February (57.6 %). Out of 219 stool samples with positive ELISA result, 40 stool samples with high optical density value were proceeded for further determination of G and P genotypes. Regarding distribution of G genotypes, the most common G genotype was G9 which comprised 45%, and that of P genotype was P[8] which comprised 92.5%. Regarding combination of G and P genotypes, the most frequent combination is G9P[8], and it constituted 42.5%. Untypable genotypes were seen in 30% of G and 2.5% of P typing. As rotavirus infection can be prevented by vaccine, WHO recommended that rotavirus vaccination should be included in national immunization program especially in countries where prevalence of rotavirus is high. The distribution of G and P genotypes is important in consideration of appropriate vaccine in pre-vaccination and evaluation of effectiveness of vaccine in post-vaccination period. Therefore, the information on currently circulating genotypes of rotavirus in this study will serve as valuable data for vaccination programme.

Association between ALDH2 Gene Polymorphism and Late-onset Alzheimer Disease: An Up-to-date Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
Haitao Liu ◽  
Wei Ge ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Xue Kong ◽  
Weiming Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Aldh2 Gene

Objectives: Previous case-control studies have focused on the relationship between ALDH2 gene polymorphism and late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD), but no definite unified conclusion has been reached. Therefore, the correlation between ALDH2 Glu504Lys polymorphism and LOAD remains controversial. To analyze the correlation between ALDH2 polymorphism and the risk of LOAD, we implemented this up-to-date meta-analysis to assess the probable association. Methods: Studies were searched through China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, China Biology Medicine, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Clinical- Trials.gov, Embase, and MEDLINE from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2018, without any restrictions on language and ethnicity. Results: Five studies of 1057 LOAD patients and 1136 healthy controls met our criteria for the analysis. Statistically, the ALDH2 GA/AA genotype was not linked with raising LOAD risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96-2.28, p = 0.07). In subgroup analysis, the phenomenon that men with ALDH2*2 had higher risk for LOAD (OR = 1.72, 95%CI = 1.10-2.67, p = 0.02) was observed. Conclusions: This study comprehends only five existing case-control studies and the result is negative. The positive trend might appear when the sample size is enlarged. In the future, more large-scale casecontrol or cohort studies should be done to enhance the association between ALDH2 polymorphism and AD or other neurodegenerative diseases.

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