scholarly journals The impact of cigarette prices on smoking participation and tobacco expenditure in Vietnam

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260415
Author(s):  
Cuong Viet Nguyen ◽  
Thu Thi Le ◽  
Nguyen Hanh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Cigarette Price ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
The Real ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cigarette Prices

Vietnam is one of countries with the highest number of smokers in the world and the high smoking prevalence among men in the region. Although the real cigarette prices increased by around 4% during the 2010–2015 period, the prevalence of daily cigarette smoking among men decreased slightly from 31.3% to 30.7% during this period. This raises the question of whether cigarette consumption is sensitive to price. In this study, we estimated the effect of cigarette prices on smoking participation and tobacco expenditure in Vietnam. We found that a one-percent increase in the real cigarette price reduced the probability of cigarette smoking among males by 0.08 percentage points (95% CI from -0.06 to -0.10), equivalent to the price elasticity of the smoking prevalence at -0.26 (95% CI from -0.16% to -0.33%). Using this estimate, we predict that if the cigarette price is increased by 10%, the daily cigarette smoking prevalence among men would decrease from 30.7% to 29.9% and the number of male smokers would decline by around 270 thousand. Higher cigarette prices also reduced per capita tobacco expenditure of households. A one-percent increase in the cigarette price decreased per capita expenditure on tobacco consumption expenditure of households by 0.43 percent (the 95% CI from -0.029 to 0.822). This finding suggests that raising tobacco taxes and prices can be an effective measure to reduce tobacco use.

scholarly journals Effects of global and domestic tobacco control policies on cigarette consumption per capita: an evaluation using monthly data in China

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e025092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxin Xu ◽  
Xiulan Zhang ◽  
Teh Wei Hu ◽  
Leonard S Miller ◽  
Mengnan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cigarette Prices

IntroductionChina consumes 44% of the world’s cigarettes. Robust tobacco control measures are needed to contain the trend of increasing cigarette consumption. This paper examines the effectiveness of policy interventions introduced in China on reducing the country’s tobacco use.MethodsThe paper uses data on China’s monthly cigarette consumption per capita from January 2000 to June 2017 to estimate the impact of specific policies on China’s tobacco consumption. Tobacco consumption is calculated from monthly sales data from the China National Tobacco Corporation and demographic data from the China National Bureau of Statistics. The policies studied include the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), national tobacco-related policy changes and two tobacco tax increases implemented in China during the study period. Segmented regression analysis is used to estimate the immediate effects of the policies studied and changes in the time trends resulted from these policy changes.FindingsThe impact of national policy changes in China is almost 20 times greater than the impact of the WHO FCTC treaty itself, and national policy changes in tobacco control are a determining factor in reversing the trend of increasing tobacco consumption in China. The 2015 tax increase, which raised retail cigarette prices, produced both immediate and trend effects, with a total incremental effect 7.8 times that of the 2009 tax increase, which did not result in higher cigarette prices for the consumer.InterpretationsTranslating global tobacco control policies into domestic policies will generate a much greater impact on reducing average cigarette consumption, and tobacco taxes that are reflected in the retail prices of cigarettes will be more effective in reducing cigarette consumption.

scholarly journals Effects of Prices on Youth Cigarette Smoking and Tobacco Use Initiation in Ghana and Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Asare ◽  
Michal Stoklosa ◽  
Jeffrey Drope ◽  
Aidan Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
African Region ◽  
Global Youth Tobacco Survey ◽  
Background Population ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cigarette Prices

Background: Population growth in the African region is set to outpace the rate of decline in smoking prevalence, leading to a projected increase in the total number of smokers. As most tobacco users initiate during their adolescent years, tobacco prevention strategies targeting youth will be particularly important. Methods: This study estimated the impact of cigarette prices on youth cigarette smoking and tobacco use initiation in Ghana and Nigeria using the Global Youth Tobacco Survey data. First, we used cross-section data and logit models to estimate the effects of prices on youth cigarette smoking. Second, we created pseudo longitudinal data and used continuous-time hazard models to evaluate the impact of cigarette prices on tobacco use initiation. Results: We found that higher cigarette prices decreased both 30-day cigarette smoking and tobacco use onset significantly in both Ghana and Nigeria. Additionally, the price elasticity of cigarette smoking and tobacco use initiation ranged from −0.44 to −1.13, and −1.04 to −3.66, respectively. Conclusions: As one of the first studies on youth tobacco consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa, this study strongly suggests that policies that increase real cigarette prices can lower both cigarette smoking and tobacco use initiation among youth in Ghana and Nigeria.

scholarly journals Impact of price and non-price policies on household cigarette consumption and nutrient intake in smoking-tolerant Indonesia

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e039211
Author(s):  
Triasih Djutaharta ◽  
Nachrowi Djalal Nachrowi ◽  
Aris Ananta ◽  
Drajat Martianto
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cigarette Price ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Budget Share ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of cigarette price and smoking environment on allocation of household expenditure and its implication on nutrition consumption.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted using the 2014 National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), the 2014 Village Potential Survey (PODES) and the 2013 Basic National Health Survey (RISKESDAS). SUSENAS and PODES data were collected by the Central Bureau of Statistics. RISKESDAS was conducted by National Institute of Health Research and Development (Balitbangkes), Indonesian Ministry of Health (MOH).Setting and participantsThe sample covered all districts in Indonesia; with sample size of 285 400 households. These households are grouped into low, medium and high smoking prevalence districts.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe impact of cigarette price and smoking environment on household consumption of cigarette, share of eight food groups, as well as calorie and protein intake.Result1% increase in cigarette price will increase the cigarette budget share by 0.0737 points and reduce the budget share for eggs/milk, prepared food, staple food, nuts, fish/meat and fruit, from 0.0200 points (eggs/milk) up to 0.0033 points (fruit). Reallocation of household expenditure brings changes in food composition, resulting in declining calorie and protein intake. A 1% cigarette price increase reduces calorie and protein intake as much as 0.0885% and 0.1052%, respectively. On the other hand, existence of smoke-free areas and low smoking prevalence areas reduces the household budget for cigarettes.ConclusionA pricing policy must be accompanied by non-pricing policies to reduce cigarette budget share.

scholarly journals Motivations for Smoking Cessation and the Impact of Regulatory Tax Increases Amongst Fathers within the Pacific Islands Families Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
El-Shadan Tautolo ◽  
Leon Iusitini ◽  
Steve Taylor ◽  
Janis Paterson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
High Smoking Prevalence ◽  
The Impact

Aims: To examine the prevalence of smoking, motivations for cessation, and impact of tobacco excise tax increases amongst a cohort of Pacific fathers at 11 years after the birth of their child.Methods: Within the context of broader interviews, 723 Pacific fathers participating in the Pacific Islands Families (PIF) Study were surveyed about their smoking at the 11-year measurement point. Prevalence of smoking was calculated, alongside motivations to quit, and the impact of increases to the excise tax on tobacco.Results: Smoking prevalence amongst Pacific fathers remains high (38%) at 11 years postpartum, although 81% of smokers disclosed interest in quitting smoking. The strongest motivation to quit smoking was their ‘own health’ (n = 185, 82%), followed by ‘the cost’ (n = 148, 66%), and the impact on ‘their child's health’ (n = 113, 50%). Among smokers, 12% (n = 31) had never attempted to quit, whereas 63% (n = 159) had made multiple attempts. Approximately 70% (n = 191) of smokers indicated the New Zealand Government-initiated tobacco excise tax increases caused them to reduce their tobacco consumption.Conclusions: High smoking prevalence amongst this cohort raises serious concerns about the risks Pacific families and communities face from smoking. Maintaining a sustained series of tobacco excise tax increases, alongside the utilisation of information on key motivators for Pacific fathers to quit smoking, may prove more effective in supporting Pacific communities to achieve the New Zealand Government's Smokefree 2025 goal.

Abstract P204: Tobacco Use And The AHA 2030 Impact Goals: A Simulation

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Levy ◽  
Sydney L Goldberg ◽  
Emily P Hyle ◽  
Krishna P Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
The Impact

Background: The AHA’s 2030 Impact Goals seek to increase population health-adjusted life expectancy (LE) by 2y. Tobacco is a top contributor to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We estimated the potential contribution of improved tobacco control to achieve the 2030 Impact Goals in the US. Methods: We used the validated STOP microsimulation model with NHIS estimates of age- and sex-stratified mortality and CVD incidence to project changes in LE, as well as 10y, 20y, and lifetime CVD cumulative incidence, if cigarette smoking declined among the current US population. We assessed the impact of preventing initiation (current v never smokers) or increasing cessation (current v former smokers) at different ages. To examine the maximum impact of population-wide cessation, we projected changes in population LE and CVD incidence if smoking prevalence among those ≥20yo went immediately to 0%. Results: Preventing smoking initiation increases LE by 10.2y (men [M]) and 9.1y (women [W]) and reduces lifetime CVD incidence by 16.8% (M) and 26.2% (W) compared to lifetime smoking. Even cessation at age 60 extends LE by 3.7y (M) and 2.5y (W) and reduces 10y CVD incidence by 39.1% (M) and 59.4% (W) (Table). Total elimination of cigarette smoking in the 2020 US population aged ≥20y (e.g. by outlawing cigarettes) would increase the cohort LE by 0.4 (M) and 0.2 (W) years and reduce 20y CVD incidence by 6.0% (M) and 7.0% (W). Conclusion: Preventing smoking initiation offers the greatest benefit, but cessation at any age substantially improves LE and reduces CVD risk. The modest potential contribution of tobacco elimination to achieving the 2030 Impact Goals is due to already low smoking prevalence: <14% (projected) in 2020.

scholarly journals Smoking Prevalence Increases following Canterbury Earthquakes

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Erskine ◽  
Vivien Daley ◽  
Sue Stevenson ◽  
Bronwen Rhodes ◽  
Lutz Beckert
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
The Impact

Background. A magnitude 7.1 earthquake hit Canterbury in September 2010. This earthquake and associated aftershocks took the lives of 185 people and drastically changed residents’ living, working, and social conditions.Aim. To explore the impact of the earthquakes on smoking status and levels of tobacco consumption in the residents of Christchurch.Methods. Semistructured interviews were carried out in two city malls and the central bus exchange 15 months after the first earthquake. A total of 1001 people were interviewed.Results. In August 2010, prior to any earthquake, 409 (41%) participants had never smoked, 273 (27%) were currently smoking, and 316 (32%) were ex-smokers. Since the September 2010 earthquake, 76 (24%) of the 316 ex-smokers had smoked at least one cigarette and 29 (38.2%) had smoked more than 100 cigarettes. Of the 273 participants who were current smokers in August 2010, 93 (34.1%) had increased consumption following the earthquake, 94 (34.4%) had not changed, and 86 (31.5%) had decreased their consumption. 53 (57%) of the 93 people whose consumption increased reported that the earthquake and subsequent lifestyle changes as a reason to increase smoking.Conclusion. 24% of ex-smokers resumed smoking following the earthquake, resulting in increased smoking prevalence. Tobacco consumption levels increased in around one-third of current smokers.

Smoking in Italy, 1990-1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo La Vecchia ◽  
Romano Pagano ◽  
Adriano Decerli ◽  
Monica Ferraroni
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Italian Women ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Smoking prevalence and patterns in Italy were analyzed using data from the 1990-1991 Italian National Health Survey, based on a sample of 27, 135 males and 28,854 females aged 15 years or over, randomly selected within strata of geographic area and size of the place of residence and of the household, in order to be representative of the general Italian population. Overall, 26.9% of the Italians aged 15 years or over described themselves as current smokers (37.2% males, 17.4% females), and 14.0% as ex-smokers (22.2% males, 6.4% females). The difference in smoking prevalence between males and females was 65% below age 45, but increased substantially with increasing age up to 5-fold above age 65. Moderate smokers (< 15 cigarettes per day) were 12.6% of males and 10.4% of females, intermediate smokers (15 to 24 cigarettes per day) 17.7% of males and 5.5% of females, and heavy smokers (> 25 cigarettes per day) 6.3% of males and 1.5% of females. Pipe or cigar smokers were 0.6% of males. The averange number of cigarettes per smoker per day was 16.6 (17.9 for males, 14.0 for females). The overall smoking prevalence of 26.9% was the lowest registered since 1949, thus confirming the long-term steady decline of smoking, particularly among males. Smoking prevalence, however, has remained constant over the last 15 years among females, after substantial rises in previous calendar years. These falls in overall self-reported smoking prevalence were reflected in declines of legal sale figures (-15% between 1986 and 1991), although it is difficult to quantify the impact of smuggling on total tobacco consumption. Thus, at least part of the falls in self-reported tobacco consumption is attributable to increased underreporting. In males, but not in females, smoking was less frequent in northern (and wealthier) areas of the country, and in more educated individuals. The opposite pattern was observed in females, indicating that even more educated Italian women have not yet recognized the accumulated evidence on the health consequences of smoking. These patterns in smoking are reflected by recent trends in lung cancer, which show some decline in males but persistent upward trends in females, although still on much lower absolute values.

scholarly journals The Impact of Immigrants on Host Country Wages, Employment and Growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M Friedberg ◽  
Jennifer Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Immigrant Labor ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Income Growth ◽  
The Impact

The popular belief that immigrants have a large adverse impact on the wages and employment opportunities of the native-born population of the receiving country is not supported by the empirical evidence. A 10 percent increase in the fraction of immigrants in the population reduces native wages by 0-1 percent. Even those natives who are the closest substitutes with immigrant labor do not suffer significantly as a result of increased immigration. There is no evidence of economically significant reductions in native employment. The impact on natives’ per capita income growth depends crucially on the immigrants’ human capital levels.

scholarly journals Are Smoking Habits Changing among Spanish Health Professionals? Results from the SUN Cohort 1999–2008

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. TUI.S3001 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ruiz-Canela ◽  
M.A. Martínez-González ◽  
C. López-del Burgo ◽  
J. De Irala ◽  
J.J. Beunza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Current Smoker ◽  
Smoking Habits ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Impact

Introduction Smoking by health professionals is a very negative habit not only for their own health, but also because it diminishes their capacity to influence their smoker patients to quit their habits. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the trend of the smoking prevalence, as well as the impact of the 2005 Spanish Smoking Act, among healthcare professionals. Methods Participants were asked about their smoking consumption in the baseline and the follow-up questionnaires in a Spanish dynamic prospective cohort of university graduates (the SUN Project) from 1999 to 2008. Non-conditional logistic regression models were fit to assess the relationship between type of profession and prevalence of smoking. Results The proportion of current smokers at the entrance into the cohort was 16.4% for physicians, 20.8% for pharmacists, 23.4% for nurses and 24% for other university graduates. The risk of being current smoker (adjusted OR [95% CI]) was lower in physicians (0.68 [0.61–0.76]) but not in pharmacists (0.94 [0.84–1.06]) or nurses (0.94 [0.84–1.05]) compared to other university graduates. All professional groups presented a statistically significant decline of smoking prevalence from 1999 to 2008. This decline might be at least partly due to the impact of the Spanish legislation on their smoking habits. Conclusion This study shows a decline in smoking prevalence among Spanish physicians. This decline has reached lower levels than what is current among other professionals and the general population. However, there is still a high number of smokers among health professionals, thus more efforts are needed to achieve lower levels of tobacco consumption.

scholarly journals Tobacco control within and beyond WHO MPOWER: outcomes from Taiwan SimSmoke

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Sanna ◽  
Wayne Gao ◽  
Ya-Wen Chiu ◽  
Hung-Yi Chiou ◽  
Yi-Hua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
The Status ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

IntroductionAdult smoking prevalence in Taiwan rapidly declined from 26.5% in 2005 to 20.0% in 2015. Nevertheless, future projections on smoking-attributable deaths and current per capita consumption do not paint an equally bright picture.MethodsWe used SimSmoke, a tobacco control simulation model to assess the impact of tax increases and other policies by predicting past and projecting over future decades smoking rates and smoking-attributable mortality.ResultsThe model accurately depicts the decline in smoking prevalence observed in Taiwan from 2000 to 2015. Nonetheless, under the ‘status quo’ scenario, smoking-attributable mortality is projected to continue growing, peaking at 26 602 annual deaths in 2039 and cumulative deaths >1 million by 2044. By comparing projections with current policies with a counterfactual scenario based on the 2000 policy levels, SimSmoke estimates that tobacco control in Taiwan has been able to reduce smoking prevalence by 30% in 2015 with 450 000 fewer smoking-attributable deaths by 2060. Modified scenarios show that doubling the retail price of cigarettes and fully implementing the remaining MPOWER measures would avert approximately 45 000 lives by 2040 and 130 000 by 2060.ConclusionsTobacco will be a leading cause of death in Taiwan for the coming decades, showing yet again the long-term consequences of smoking on public health. The MPOWER package, even if adopted at the highest level with a large tax increase, is unlikely to reduce smoking prevalence to the endgame goal of 5% in the next five decades.

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